基于贪心算法的温室钵苗稀植移栽路径优化

温室育苗中,钵苗需从高密度穴盘向低密度穴盘移栽以获得生长空间。温室钵苗自动移栽机获取穴盘中钵苗健康信息并对健康钵苗进行稀植移栽,代替传统人工作业,且效率高、质量好。钵苗稀植移栽路径包括移栽机末端执行器从原点出发,将高密度盘内的健康钵苗逐一抓取移栽至低密度盘,直到完成回到出发点。钵苗取栽位置的先后秩序决定了稀植路径的长短,遍历搜索算法规划路径计算量巨大,无法满足移栽实时性要求。本文基于贪心算法对常规的4种固定顺序路径规划方案分别优化,共组成8种路径规划方案,分别对稀疏和密集穴盘稀植路径进行规划,比较分析优化算法的有效性。结果表明按列扫描的2种贪心优化方案比固定顺序方案要优,规划路径长度与穴盘缺苗数量成正比趋势。最优化方案GAS3对密集穴盘稀植规划路径,相比固定顺序方案的优化幅度达10.6%,算法平均耗时0.84 s。穴盘缺苗数对路径缩短优化效果有显著影响,缺苗数增加后优化幅度有所降低。贪心优化方案使稀植移栽路径得到优化,也满足作业实时性要求,提高了钵苗移栽效率。     

穴盘苗补苗自动移栽路径规划优化研究

为了提高穴盘苗补苗自动移栽机的工作效率,需要对补苗自动移栽路径进行规划优化。本文构造了穴苗位置坐标与穴苗序号之间的映射关系公式,并基于欧式距离模型建立了移栽路径长度的目标函数。对于补苗自动移栽路径规划问题,采用遗传算法对目标函数进行求解。通过采取基于空穴孔数量染色体编码机制和最优染色体保存策略,提出了一个求解移栽路径规划优化的算法模型,并通过仿真试验对算法的有效性和效率进行了验证。结果表明,该算法与蚁群算法、标准遗传算法相比较,缩短了运算时间且可以获得最优的路径。     

蔬菜移栽钵苗检测与缺苗补偿系统设计与试验

为解决蔬菜穴盘苗全自动移栽机因穴盘缺苗、取投苗失败等因素导致的漏栽现象,设计了基于多传感器的钵苗检测及缺苗补偿系统(补苗系统)。补苗系统作为独立功能模块,包括补苗装置、钵苗检测单元和控制系统,使用反射型光纤传感器和激光传感器联合检测的方法,对分行苗杯定位和苗杯内钵苗进行识别。利用光纤传感器分别对辣椒、番茄、甘蓝钵苗进行多高度检测试验,以获取光纤传感器最佳检测高度和最佳缺苗判定阈值。设计了自动补苗装置,并对补苗过程进行运动学分析。使用触摸屏、PLC、EM253位置模块等控制元件设计了控制系统,实现整机及补苗系统的控制。对补苗系统进行不同移栽频率下的性能对比试验,试验结果表明：在单行栽植频率分别为60、70、80 株/min时,补苗系统识别成功率分别为98.15%、98.15%、97.69%,移栽机平均漏栽率分别为1.85%、2.31%、2.31%,比未启用补苗系统时漏栽率分别降低了14.59、14.36、15.52个百分点,为进一步提高蔬菜移栽作业品质提供参考。     

基于遗传算法的穴盘苗自动移钵路径优化

设施农业钵苗培育中,穴盘里不健康钵苗剔除后进行补种作业是一个重要环节.自动移钵路径是指末端执行器自原点出发,从移栽穴盘中逐一抓取健康钵苗补种到目的穴盘,直到完成回到出发点.该移钵路径问题与旅行商问题(TSP)具相似性,目标函数均为总路径长度,但其约束条件也具有特殊性.基于遗传算法提出了一套适合求解移钵路径优化问题的模型算法,并对算法的有效性进行了典型算例分析.模拟结果表明该算法得到的优化路径长度较常规采用的固定顺序路径长度要优,移栽完50株钵苗优化幅度8.5％以上,路径缩短3.7m以上,平均运算时间0.65 s.算法使得移钵路径得到了优化,且满足移钵机器人实时性要求,移栽效率进一步得到了提高.     

基于贪心—蚁群钵苗自动移栽路径分段优化算法研究

针对由于穴盘孔数增大,蚁群算法收敛速度慢,且难于达到全局最优的问题,综合蚁群算法和贪心算法的优点,提出基于贪心—蚁群钵苗自动移栽路径分段寻优算法(GACS算法)。GACS算法首先将穴盘进行分段,然后利用蚁群算法进行段内最优路径,最后利用贪心算法确定段间最优连接路径,从而实现钵苗自动移栽路径达到全局最优。以运行时间和路径长度为评价指标,将GACS算法与蚁群算法进行对比。结果表明:分段数是算法重要参数,50、72和128规格穴盘,所对应的最佳分段数分别为2、4和6。由于采用分段策略,GACS算法较蚁群算法在性能上有了显著提高,算法时间缩短到蚁群算法的20%以下,最优路径长度比蚁群算法更短,算法收敛速度更快。GACS算法能够有效地解决钵苗自动移栽过程中的路径优化问题,提高移栽效率。     

基于Delta并联机构钵苗移栽机器人尺度综合与轨迹规划

Delta并联机构具有速度快、运动精度高、灵活性强等特点,非常适合穴盘育苗过程中的移钵作业及补苗需要。基于三自由度Delta并联机构和气动取苗爪,设计了一种高速钵苗移栽机器人。通过建立Delta并联机构的单支链约束方程,求解出钵苗移栽机器人的可达工作空间;为使其可达工作空间尽可能接近设计工作空间,以机构雅可比矩阵条件数作为惩罚条件,建立起兼顾钵苗移栽机器人整机尺寸与运动学性能的尺度综合目标函数,并应用遗传算法得到机构最优尺寸参数。根据盘到盘钵苗移栽的运动要求,对移栽轨迹进行规划并选取五次多项式作为移栽动平台的运动规律函数。基于机构尺度综合和轨迹规划设计物理样机,并进行盘到盘的钵苗移栽和健壮苗补苗性能试验,结果表明:随着移栽动平台携苗运动最大加速度的提高,钵土破碎率逐渐加大,钵苗移栽合格率逐渐降低,在最大加速度amax为30 m/s2时,钵苗移栽合格率可达95.5%,移栽速率可达2 149株/h,在此加速度下进行健壮苗补苗试验,补苗合格率可达92%,证明了将Delta并联机构用于钵苗移栽机器人的可行性,以及尺度综合和轨迹规划的合理性。     

基于邻域搜索的穴盘苗移钵路径优化蛙跳算法

在农业钵苗培育环节中常出现漏栽或钵苗不健康的情况,补种作业利用钵苗移栽机器人末端执行器从原点出发,从移栽穴盘中选取健康钵苗逐一补种到目的穴盘中,最后回到出发点的过程。本文基于混合蛙跳算法提出了一套解决补种作业过程中自动移钵问题的模型算法,较好解决了末端执行器在补种作业中的路径优化问题。针对自动移钵问题的特殊性,蛙跳算法模型融入了邻域搜索策略、交换因子、交换序和交叉操作等思想,算法简单且稳定性好。本算法有效解决了自动移钵路径的优化问题,移钵路径长度得到了大幅度的优化,提高了移栽效率。     

钵苗移栽机器人控制系统设计研究

钵苗移栽是温室穴盘育苗生产中的重要环节。为实现穴盘钵苗智能化移栽作业,设计了一种高速钵苗移栽机器人。该机器人主要由穴盘定位输送系统和平动二自由度钵苗移栽系统构成,基于准确定位抓取、快速移动栽植的作业要求和系统工作原理,以PLC为核心,结合传感器和伺服控制技术对移栽机器人运动控制系统进行了设计。控制系统首先基于穴盘钵苗位置坐标信息,规划出取苗爪移栽路径;然后根据并联机构运动学逆解模型,对并联机构两主动关节伺服驱动电机的转动规律进行控制,并通过系统间的运动协调,实现钵苗从高密度盘到低密度盘或营养钵的连续高速移栽作业。以育苗期28天、钵体含水率为60%左右的黄瓜苗为对象,在移栽动平台最大加速度为45m/s2、移栽频率为45次/min的条件下,进行128孔穴盘到50孔穴盘的连续钵苗移栽运行试验。试验表明,该钵苗移栽机器人控制系统设计合理,系统间运动协调可靠,移栽成功率平均达91.4%,单爪移栽速率可达2 700株/h,满足了自动化移栽作业要求。     

温室穴盘钵苗成排取苗移植手部件设计与试验

温室穴盘钵苗成苗后需要从穴盘移植到培养槽孔,但因人工作业效率低,限制了其规模化生产。为实现高效、高质量自动化移栽作业,本文设计一种用于温室穴盘钵苗高速取、放苗移栽作业的爪片插入式成排移植手部件,分析取苗作业过程移植手的受力及取放苗过程移植手的变形,结合ADAMS刚柔耦合仿真试验开展植苗手优化设计,确定爪片尖点拟合曲线及移植手抓取穴盘钵苗的运行轨迹。以移植手取苗深度、基质含水率、升降速度和水平横移速度为试验因素,开展成排移植手部件取、放苗正交试验,并确定最佳参数组合。结果表明,当取苗深度48mm、基质含水率69.9%、升降速度0.24m/s和水平横移速度0.35m/s时,取放苗成功率为97.9%,效率10322株/h,满足高速、高效移栽要求。该研究为温室穴盘钵苗高速移栽部件的国产化开发提供参考。     

温室穴盘苗自动移栽机设计与试验

针对种苗从高密度穴盘移植到低密度穴盘,或者从穴盘直接移植到花盆的温室穴盘苗移栽生产需要,设计了一种轻简型自动移栽机。利用成熟的直线模组和无杆气缸组合设计出自动移栽机械臂,驱动取苗末端执行器往复于来源盘和目标盘进行取苗、移苗、栽苗操作,采用双排链传动实现穴盘和花盆输送,对穴盘苗的夹取操作采用气动两指四针钳夹式夹钵取苗方法。根据所设计的移栽机工作要求,构建电气控制系统。试制样机,开展试验研究。采用直线位移传感器系统检测分析机器取苗移栽移位性能,结果显示对于128/72孔穴盘苗,移栽效率分别达到1 221株/h和1 025株/h,运用单样本t检验法分析得到实测取苗移位间隔与理论设定穴孔间隔无显著差别,标准差低于0.5,整机工作精度准确。以当地自行培育的种苗为移栽对象,进行温室穴盘苗移栽生产试验,对比分析自动取苗移栽效能,结果显示多种穴盘苗移栽成功率平均达到90.70%,苗钵夹取破碎率低于5%,自动取苗移栽效果较好。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。