园黄梨气调贮藏研究初报

研究了气调指标对园黄梨贮藏效果的影响。结果表明，气调贮藏可抑制梨果实呼吸作用，减少果实消耗，保持硬度，并有利于提高果实品质。适宜的气体组合可延缓果实衰老，防止果实褐变且延长贮藏期。5％O2＋0％～1％CO2是长期贮藏园黄梨的理想气体指标。     

蓝莓塑料箱式气调保鲜技术研究

采用4种调气嘴调控的塑料气调箱进行箱内气体成分变化规律及贮藏蓝莓的保鲜效果试验,结果表明：在冷藏（0±0．5）℃条件下,装有蓝莓果实的4种调气嘴调控的塑料气调箱内有相似的气体变化规律,即CO2含量不断上升,O2含量不断下降,均在22天时出现CO2明显增加现象。蓝莓贮藏75天结果表明．各处理气调箱内的气体环境均可显著地控制果实腐烂率与软果率．其中调气嘴B处理气调箱内的蓝莓果实保鲜效果最好．可保持较高的可溶性固形物含量。好果率达到91．23％。塑料箱式气调保鲜技术贮藏蓝莓适宜的气体浓度为：CO2 10％～12％,O2 6％～9％。应用该技术贮藏蓝莓可比现有其它贮藏方法延长保鲜期30～40天．     

动态气调对"翠香"猕猴桃贮藏效果的影响

为了提高"翠香"猕猴桃在贮藏和销售中的果实品质,采用乙醇含量为指示的动态气调(0～30 d:1.5％O2+5.5％CO2;30～60 d:2.5％O2+4.5％CO2;60～100 d:3.5％O2+3.5％CO2),并与普通气调(2.5％O2+4.5％CO2)、机械冷藏相比较,研究其对"翠香"猕猴桃贮藏期间生理营养品质变化和冷害表现的影响.结果表明:贮藏100 d时,与机械冷藏相比,动态气调显著延缓了果实硬度和可滴定酸含量的下降,保持了可溶性固形物和VC含量,降低呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率;与普通气调相比,动态气调可有效抑制果实的腐烂率和失重率的上升,显著减少贮藏后期冷害的发生,更好地保持果实品质,延长猕猴桃的贮藏期与货架期.动态气调的保鲜效果最好,在一定程度上减少了果实后期病害,提高果实的贮藏品质.     

外源乙烯对CA贮藏桃果实内源乙烯生物合成的影响

以八月脆桃果实为试材,研究了不同浓度外源乙烯（0μL／L,20～50μL／L,50～80μL/L）对桃果实气调贮藏（9％～11％CO2＋9％-11％O2）期间内源乙烯生成量、ACS和ACO活性变化的影响。结果表明,在整个贮藏过程中,外源乙烯处理果实的内源乙烯生成量显著高于未加外源乙烯的气调贮藏和冷藏对照果实;外源乙烯处理果实ACS活性亦高于气调和冷藏对照果实,但对ACO活性的影响不明显。     

不同气体贮藏条件对寒富苹果采后果实品质的影响

将寒富苹果分别置于10组不同比例O2和CO2的气调装置中（对照是流动的空气）,在0℃条件下贮藏60d．研究不同气调参数对贮藏期间果实品质及褐变的影响。结果表明,气调贮藏果实的硬度虽然保持较好,但是都不同程度地产生了CO2伤害,当环境中的CO2浓度〉1％时,果实NCO2伤害而产生褐变。VC含量减少,电导率上升。总体品质下降,然而对照果实始终未发生褐变的现象。说明寒富苹果是不耐CO2气体的苹果品种,贮藏期出现的果实褐变是由CO2伤害造成的。因此,寒富苹果在贮藏时．应及时通风换气．如在贮藏中采用塑料袋包装,应避免扎口,防止果实产生CO2伤害。     

冰温气调对红富士苹果贮藏效果的影响

研究了冰温条件下不同气体成分对红富士苹果果实生理及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,八成熟红富士苹果的冰点为-1．5℃,其冰点温度与果实的成熟度呈负相关;适宜的冰温气调贮藏条件可明显地抑制红富士苹果呼吸及乙烯释放速率．减缓果实组织相对电导率的上升和杲肉硬度及可溶性固形物（TSS）的下降速率,贮藏8个月仍能保持良好的品质;红富士苹果较长期冰温贮藏的适宜气体指标为：O2 1％～3％,CO2〈2％。     

红富士苹果气调贮藏参数的研究

气调对比试验结果表明，气调贮藏可明显抑制富士苹果果肉硬度下降，减少内源乙烯含量，贮期达8个月仍能保持良好的品质；富士苹果贮藏期间的果肉褐变主要同CO2浓度有关，降O2会增加果实对CO2的敏感性；果实衰老也可导致富士苹果的果实褐变；2％CO2＋5％O2是富士苹果长期贮藏的理想气体指标。     

不同气调贮藏方式对大久保桃冷藏后品质的影响

研究了不同气调贮藏方式(变动气调、间歇气调、常规(静态)气调)对大久保桃冷藏及货架期3 d后果实品质变化的影响.结果表明,与冷藏对照相比,适宜的气调处理可明显降低果实冷害的敏感性、延缓果肉组织膜透性和褐变度的上升趋势、减轻出汁率的上升,有效保持了果实硬度、色泽、风味;对可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响不大;其中较适宜气体指标是5% O2+ 10% CO2;与常规(静态)气调相比,变动气调贮藏进一步降低了果实的冷敏感性,减轻了在低温条件下果实的冷害症状,贮藏70 d,果肉无褐变,货架期间,仍保持了较好的后熟特性,改善了果实的贮后品质.     

气调贮藏对玉露香梨品质的影响

在（0±1）℃条件下,研究了不同气体组分对玉露香梨果实采后生理及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,适当的低O2可有效地延缓玉露香梨贮藏过程中果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量的下降,减缓果肉组织相对电导率的升高,抑制酚类物质下降及PPO活性的上升。玉露香梨适宜的气调指标阈值为C02〈1％,O25％～10％;承受CO2的极值为1％,承受低O2的极值为5％。     

气调贮藏对新疆厚皮甜瓜采后生理及贮藏效果的影响

以新疆厚皮甜瓜“金凤凰’’为试材,采用O2体积分数为4％-6％、CO2体积分数为0．2％-0．5％的气体指标,在温度为（6±0．5）℃、贮藏湿度65％～70％的条件下进行了新疆厚皮甜瓜CA贮藏试验,并以温度为（6±0．5）℃、相对湿度为65％。70％、无气调控制的普通冷藏为对照,结果表明,在6℃贮藏条件下,CA贮藏显著抑制了甜瓜的呼吸强度,降低了失重率,延缓了果实的衰老,而且有效抑制了果肉硬度、可溶性固形物和还原糖含量的下降,降低了果实的腐烂程度,保持了较好的品质和风味。     

红树莓菇娘果复合饮料的配方优化研究

为探究红树莓菇娘果复合饮料的最佳配方,以红树莓、菇娘果两种果实的汁液为原料,辅以白砂糖、复合稳定剂进行复配试验。以感官评分为考察指标,设计单因素试验,确定红树莓汁、菇娘果汁、白砂糖和复合稳定剂（魔芋胶+黄原胶）的最佳添加量。在单因素试验的基础上,设计L9(34)正交试验,优化饮料原、辅材料的配比,得到最优配方为：以水的质量为基础质量,稳定剂添加量0.18%,白砂糖添加量6%,菇娘果汁添加量60%,红树莓汁添加量50%。采用最优工艺制作的复合饮料产品色泽清亮,稳定均匀,酸甜适中,融合了红树莓和菇娘果的风味,且其理化性质及微生物指标均符合国家质量标准要求。     

Chitosan applications pre- or postharvest prolong raspberry shelf-life quality

Raspberries are fruit with high metabolism that makes them very perishable, impairing their storage and shelf-life. Chitosan coatings have the potential to improve their postharvest life by reducing water loss, respiration rate and decay incidence. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of different concentrations of chitosan, applied pre- or postharvest, on the retention of quality attributes of fresh raspberries. The chitosan concentrations tested were 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0%. The postharvest treatment was applied immediately after harvest, dipping the fruit in the solutions for 5 min. The pre-harvest treatment was done with one hand-spray application per week for three weeks, starting when the fruit were just turning pink. In both experiments the fruit were stored at 0 °C and 90% RH. Pre- or postharvest use of chitosan at 1 or 2% was effective in maintaining titratable acidity and retarding respiration and ethylene production, weight loss and decay incidence. Application by both means resulted in the highest chitosan concentrations accelerating a reduction of ascorbic acid contents. Firmness was maintained only when the fruit were treated pre-harvest at 2%. Thus, application of chitosan at 1 or 2% postharvest and 2% pre-harvest was able to retain key raspberry quality attributes for 15 and 12 days, respectively.     

Mortality of eggs and third instar larvae of Anastrepha ludens and A. obliqua with insecticidal controlled atmospheres at high temperatures

The in vitro mortality of eggs and third instar larvae of Anastrepha ludens and A. obliqua was determined after exposure to 21 treatments of air or controlled atmospheres (CA) at high temperatures and 50% RH. Air at 44°C for 160 min caused very low mortality, which increased significantly by CA. Higher temperatures caused a more rapid kill. One hundred percent mortality was achieved for third instar larvae of both species in air or CA at 48°C for 220 min. A 100% mortality of eggs of A. ludens was achieved in air at 51°C for 240 min or in CA at 52°C for 240 min, and 100% mortality of eggs of A. obliqua was achieved in air or in CA at 55°C for 240 min. A. obliqua was slightly more tolerant than A. ludens, and eggs were more tolerant than third instar larvae in both species. CA had a synergistic effect at <50°C, but was slightly less effective than air at higher temperatures. Low O₂ concentrations were more effective than high CO₂ levels. The mean estimated temperatures for 50, 99 and 99.9968% mortality (LT₅₀s, LT₉₉s, LT_99.9968s) of eggs of A. obliqua (the most tolerant) exposed to 0 kPa O₂+50 kPa CO₂ for 240 min were 49.4, 54.8 and 60.9°C, respectively. We conclude that dry hot air at ≥44°C and 50% RH in CA (0 kPa O₂+50 kPa CO₂), for 160 min or longer, is effective in increasing mortality of eggs and third instar larvae of A. ludens and A. obliqua.     

Atomic force microscopy study of the ultrastructural changes of chelate-soluble pectin in peaches under controlled atmosphere storage

The influences of controlled atmosphere (CA) and storage time on ultrastructural degradation of chelate-soluble pectin (CSP) in yellow peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) were investigated. Freshly harvested peaches were stored at 2 °C under CA (CA1, 2% O₂ + 10% CO₂; CA2, 5% O₂ + 5% CO₂) or regular atmosphere conditions. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of CSP polymers were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the initial, the 15th and the 45th days. The frequency of small width CSP observations increased with time in both groups, but was greater in the regular atmosphere group, indicating CA conditions inhibited the degradation of CSP molecules. Widths of CSP chains were composed of four basic units with widths of 17.578, 19.531, 23.438 and 29.297 nm from the AFM determination. These results indicate that parallel linkages or intertwists between the basic units are fundamental structural conformations for CSP molecules.     

Influence of methyl jasmonate in conjunction with ethanol on the formation of volatile compounds in berries belonging to the Rosaceae

The effect of methyl jasmonate in combination with ethanol on the formation of aroma constituents in berryfruit belonging to the Rosaceae was investigated. Postharvest treatments of raspberries, strawberries and blackberries were carried out. After evaluating the aromatic fractions of the berries, esters and terpenes were the most abundant compounds. There were different effects of the treatment according to the berry species. In contrast to raspberries, which exhibited a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the total amount of volatiles after treatment, a significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of total volatile compounds was observed in strawberries, while no significant effect was found in blackberries. Esters and terpene compounds responded similarly in strawberries and blackberries suggesting similarity in the biochemistry of their aroma synthesis. In contrast, raspberry volatile compounds showed a different pattern, reflecting different biosynthetic pathways for aroma formation in raspberry. The natural volatile compounds, methyl jasmonate and ethanol, seemed to have either promoting effects on the formation of the (−)-enantiomers of chiral terpenes and ionones or inhibitory effects on the synthesis of the corresponding (+)-enantiomers.     

CA贮藏对新鲜石刁柏的影响

用9种不同的CA条件与低温空气贮藏进行比较,结果证明用CA贮藏法进行石刁柏的贮藏保鲜是可行的。在设定的10个试验区中,当O_2浓度保持在21％的前提下,适当提高CO_2的浓度可提高贮藏效果。以21％O_2,30％CO:_2的贮藏条件保鲜效果较好。当CO_2浓度为0％时,O_2的浓度在1～0％之间保鲜效果最好。在10个试验区中,以空气条件下贮藏效果最差。     

夏果型树莓和黑莓品种需冷量及药剂打破休眠效果的研究

以11个夏果型树莓(Rubus idaeus L.)和黑莓(Rubus idaeus L.)品种穗条为试材,进行人工低温（5℃恒温）处理,采用0~7.2℃模型估算芽萌发的需冷量,为保护地栽培适时进棚提供参考依据;以不同浓度GA3和H2NCN处理2个夏果型树莓品种的穗条,探索人工破眠的技术。结果表明：需冷量因品种、生态环境、休眠期温度及穗条本身发育情况不同表现各异,各试材需冷量从低于672 h到1344 h不等。其中最低的是‘Bristol’和‘Shawnee’,均小于672 h,最高的是‘Reveille’,为1344 h,其余的居中。使用化学药剂打破树莓的休眠是有效的,但破眠效果因浓度和品种而异：GA3对‘夏17号’的有效浓度范围较广;而H2NCN处理只有0.1%和0.3%对‘夏17号’效果良好,超过0.5%效果下降甚至发生毒害。各浓度药剂处理对‘夏19号’破眠效果不明显。     

江淮稻区杂交粳稻骨干亲本产量性状配合力的SSR标记位点鉴定

鉴定杂交粳稻亲本产量性状配合力的标记位点有助于利用分子标记辅助选择技术改良亲本配合力、提高杂交粳稻竞争优势水平。利用9个粳稻BT型不育系和10个恢复系, 按照北卡罗林那设计II (North Carolina Design II)配制90个F₁组合,在南京和盱眙两个环境下种植,测定了各亲本产量性状的配合力和SSR分子标记基因型;结合二者数据鉴定了6个产量性状配合力的标记位点。结果表明,在两个环境下综合评价配合力较优的不育系是BT-18A和武羌A,恢复系是C418。与亲本单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株日产量性状配合力显著相关的SSR标记位点,南京环境下分别检测到8、13、11、6、6和2个;盱眙环境下分别检测到12、21、8、15、10和7个;2个环境下都检测到的分别有4、11、5、3、5和1个。标记位点杂合基因型显示正向优势的,南京环境下占74% (34/46);盱眙环境下占53% (39/73)。2个环境下都检测到的标记位点中,有3个各自与3个产量性状配合力共相关;另有3个各自与2个产量性状配合力共相关;其余的只与单个产量性状配合力显著相关。数据库检索发现两环境下都检测到的标记位点中,有10个其附近存在控制相应性状的基因/QTL。讨论了利用鉴定出的标记位点改良粳稻恢复系产量性状配合力的策略。     

Anaerobic metabolism during short and long term storage of kiwifruit

Kiwifruit were stored in 0.25% O₂ (ULO), 1% O₂ (LO) and 2% O₂ + 5% CO₂ (CA) and the controls were kept in air. The fruit were held at 0 °C for 34 and 94 d of storage and, after these times, were transferred to 20 °C in air for 14 d of shelf life. During the short term storage (34 d), a significant increase in anaerobic metabolites, above all ethanol, was observed in ULO, LO, and CA fruit (166, 131, 120 μL/L). After the shift to shelf life, a large and unexpected increase in PDC (pyruvate decarboxylase), ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase in the direction of ethanol oxidation), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), and GPT (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase) was observed, resulting in ethanol depletion (ULO) or no further increase, and an increase in acetaldehyde which, in turn, could have hastened fruit ripening. Even the control fruit showed an increase in ethanol during storage and an increase in enzyme activity during shelf life, especially in ADH, but to a lesser extent without an increase in acetaldehyde. During the long term storage, anaerobic metabolites (ethanol and acetaldehyde) still increased and GPT activity rose significantly in the ULO and CA samples. A burst of enzyme activity was also observed during the second shelf life in the CA and LO samples, but not in the control, while in ULO fruit the activity rose continuously. GPT activity showed the highest peaks in CA and ULO fruit. An ethylene burst was observed in ULO and CA fruit during the second shelf life (about 25 μL/kg-h) but not during the first shelf life. The potential role of these enzymes in kiwifruit stress response during storage and shelf life is discussed.     

Physio-pathological responses of cabbage stored under controlled atmospheres

The response of cabbage to controlled atmospheres (CA) of 1–3% O₂ and 1–10% CO₂; 3% O₂ and 5% CO₂ was studied in relation to the incidence of physiological and pathological disorders. Fungal infections, pepper spot, low oxygen injury, weight loss, colour, odour, flavour and ethanol were evaluated. The findings show that CA did not reduce Botrytis cinerea rot in comparison to low temperature storage in air. PVC film and CA, on the other hand, reduced pepper spot by over 50% with respect to the air control. In particular, pepper spot was eliminated by high CO₂ (10%) levels. Low O₂ (1% O₂ and 1% CO₂) atmospheres caused 33 and 50% injury respectively after 89 and 109 days of storage. CA and PVC film reduced weight loss to 1%, as compared with 11% in the heads in air, which had shrivelled. The combination of 3% O₂/5% CO₂ and PVC film delayed yellowing with respect to air control. Concentrations of 1–3% O₂ and 10% CO₂ resulted in off odours and flavours after 74 days of storage. This result was confirmed by a considerable increase in ethanol concentrations. The most effective concentration tested was 3%O₂/5%CO₂ although, in general, infection by B. cinerea limited the storage life.