Structure of the prefusion form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G

Glycoprotein G of the vesicular stomatitis virus triggers membrane fusion via a low pH-induced structural rearrangement. Despite the equilibrium between the pre- and postfusion states, the structure of the prefusion form, determined to 3.0 angstrom resolution, shows that the fusogenic transition entails an extensive structural reorganization of G. Comparison with the structure of the postfusion form suggests a pathway for the conformational change. In the prefusion form, G has the shape of a tripod with the fusion loops exposed, which point toward the viral membrane, and with the antigenic sites located at the distal end of the molecule. A large number of G glycoproteins, perhaps organized as in the crystals, act cooperatively to induce membrane merging.     

Crystal structure of the low-pH form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G

The vesicular stomatitis virus has an atypical membrane fusion glycoprotein (G) exhibiting a pH-dependent equilibrium between two forms at the virus surface. Membrane fusion is triggered during the transition from the high- to low-pH form. The structure of G in its low-pH form shows the classic hairpin conformation observed in all other fusion proteins in their postfusion conformation, in spite of a novel fold combining features of fusion proteins from classes I and II. The structure provides a framework for understanding the reversibility of the G conformational change. Unexpectedly, G is homologous to gB of herpesviruses, which raises important questions on viral evolution.     

重组甲基转移酶致弱水疱性口炎病毒的致病性与免疫原性

为了研究有效的水疱性口炎病毒疫苗,控制水疱性口炎疾病的蔓延,用甲基化能力致弱的重组水疱性口炎病毒VSV-E1764A,VSV-S1827A,VSV-Y1650A和VSV-F1691A作为疫苗,通过口腔灌服途径将1×106 PFU的重组病毒接种5周龄BALB/c小鼠,研究以上重组病毒的致病性和免疫原性.结果表明:重组病毒VSV-S1827A,VSV-Y1650A和VSV-F1691A对小鼠的致病性减弱,而VSV-E1764A仍然具有较强的致病性;免疫后的小鼠用野生型水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)进行攻毒,发现VSV-S1827A和VSV-Y1650A能够诱导高水平的中和抗体,从而保护小鼠免于攻击.总之,甲基化酶致弱的水疱性口炎病毒VSV-S1827A和VSV-Y1650A不仅对动物的致病性减弱,而且表现出良好的免疫原性;因此,甲基化酶致弱的水疱性口炎病毒可能成为有良好开发前景的活疫苗.     

Identity of HeLa cell determinants acquired by vesicular stomatitis virus with a tumor antigen

Growth of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in HeLa cells results in progeny containing non-VSV antigens with a molecular weight around 75,000. The non-VSV antigens were detected by antiserums to HeLa cell determinants. These antiserums precipitate whole virions but do not neutralize them. Because one of the antiserums is directed to a tumor-specific surface antigen of HeLa cells, it appears that VSV specifically acquires such antigens during its passage through human tumor cells.     

水疱性口炎病毒N基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

针对水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)N基因设计特异性引物,在引物中分别加入EcoR 和Xho 酶切位点。RT-PCR扩增后得到目的基因,将其克隆到表达载体pET30c,连接产物转化于DH5α菌株,在含Kan+的平板上37℃培养24h,然后挑取白色菌落,鉴定为阳性者,转化于BL21菌株,再经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导获得高效表达。表达融合蛋白分子质量为53ku(目的蛋白大约47ku),同预期蛋白大小相近。Westernblot检测表明,其能与本病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应,表达蛋白有望成为有价值的VSV诊断抗原。     

水泡性口炎病毒核蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达和鉴定

根据已经发表的IN型水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)核蛋白(N)基因的序列设计1对特异引物,应用RT-PCR技术扩增编码IN VSV的N基因,将PCR产物按相应的阅读框架克隆到表达载体pET-32a。并将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌 BL21株,以1．0 mmol·L-1 IPTG在37℃的条件下诱导,N基因得到了高效表达。经过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及用 VSV阳性血清进行Western blotting试验,结果表明所表达的融合蛋白产物分子质量与预期的65．3 ku相符。     

Homologous viral interference: induction by RNA from defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus

The viral RNA isolated from the defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus was capable of interfering with the replication of this virus in chick embryo cells. The data indicate that the interfering ability of the defective particles of this virus is due to their nucleic acid component.     

Structure of the immature dengue virus at low pH primes proteolytic maturation

Intracellular cleavage of immature flaviviruses is a critical step in assembly that generates the membrane fusion potential of the E glycoprotein. With cryo-electron microscopy we show that the immature dengue particles undergo a reversible conformational change at low pH that renders them accessible to furin cleavage. At a pH of 6.0, the E proteins are arranged in a herringbone pattern with the pr peptides docked onto the fusion loops, a configuration similar to that of the mature virion. After cleavage, the dissociation of pr is pH-dependent, suggesting that in the acidic environment of the trans-Golgi network pr is retained on the virion to prevent membrane fusion. These results suggest a mechanism by which flaviviruses are processed and stabilized in the host cell secretory pathway.     

Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D: human monoclonal antibody produced by bone marrow cell line

Normal bone marrow cells from a donor positive for herpes simplex virus were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. The resulting lymphoblastoid cell line has secreted immunoglobulin G1 of the kappa type continuously for 2 years. This immunoglobulin, detected both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm, reacts with cells infected with herpes simplex virus. It defines an antigen that comigrates with the 55-kilodalton glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 1 and neutralizes the infectivity of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2.     

稳定表达猪miRNA let-7c细胞株的建立及其对CSFV的调控作用

【目的】构建含有let-7c前体基因的重组质粒pGene-pre-let-7c,建立稳定表达猪miRNAlet-7c细胞株,研究let-7c对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)复制的调控作用。【方法】利用RNA22软件筛选出CSFV基因组3′-UTR潜在的let-7c结合位点,PCR扩增出let-7c前体片段,连接到表达载体pGenesil-1.1-dBm2上,构建重组质粒pGene-pre-let-7c,采用脂质体法将重组质粒转染猪脐静脉血管内皮细胞(SUVEC),经G418抗性压力筛选获得阳性细胞株。对获得的阳性细胞株进行接毒试验,检测CSFV的复制情况。用MTT比色法检测阳性细胞的增殖情况。【结果】成功扩增出let-7c前体基因,并构建了pGene-pre-let-7c重组质粒。重组质粒转染SUVEC细胞后筛选获得了稳定表达let-7c的细胞株。let-7c可下调CSFV在细胞中的复制。【结论】let-7c可下调CSFV的RNA复制水平。     

Transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus from infected to noninfected black flies co-feeding on nonviremic deer mice

Vesicular stomatitis is an economically important arboviral disease of livestock. Viremia is absent in infected mammalian hosts, and the mechanism by which insects become infected with the causative agents, vesicular stomatitis viruses, remains unknown. Because infected and noninfected insects potentially feed on the same host in nature, infected and noninfected black flies were allowed to feed on the same host. Viremia was not detected in the host after infection by a black fly bite, but because noninfected black flies acquired the virus while co-feeding on the same host with infected black flies, it is concluded that a viremic host is not necessary for an insect to be infected with the virus. Thus co-feeding is a mechanism of infection for an insect-transmitted virus.     

Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D prevents latent herpes in mice

In humans, herpes simplex virus causes a primary infection and then often a latent ganglionic infection that persists for life. Because these latent infections can recur periodically, vaccines are needed that can protect against both primary and latent herpes simplex infections. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants that contain the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D gene under control of defined early or late vaccinia virus promoters were constructed. Tissue culture cells infected with these recombinant viruses synthesized a glycosylated protein that had the same mass (60,000 daltons) as the glycoprotein D produced by HSV-1. Immunization of mice with one of these recombinant viruses by intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized HSV-1 and protected the mice against subsequent lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Immunization with the recombinant virus also protected the majority of the mice against the development of a latent HSV-1 infection of the trigeminal ganglia. This is the first demonstration that a genetically engineered vaccine can prevent the development of latency.     

稳定表达传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2蛋白突变体细胞系的建立

根据传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)HZ2株VP2基因序列设计1对引物,将该基因成功克隆到真核表达载体pDsRed2-N1中,构建重组质粒pDsRed2-N1-VP2(简称PVP2);以PVP2作为过渡载体,运用PCR定点突变技术,对第279位点和第284位点的氨基酸残基分别或同时进行突变,共构建P279、P284和PDA 3株突变体;在此基础上构建能稳定表达HZ2株IBDV及其突变体VP2蛋白的Vero细胞系,间接免疫荧光试验检测表明,Vero细胞系中IBDV VP2蛋白已成功表达.这为进一步深入研究IBDV毒力及抗原变异致病机制奠定了基础;此外,利用定点突变技术改造VP2蛋白,建立不同毒力的突变体,在探求高效、廉价的IBDV DNA疫苗上也有广阔的应用前景和重要意义.     

表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白的重组腺病毒的生物学特性及免疫研究

对狂犬病毒G+N双基因复制缺陷型腺病毒穿梭载体进行转染,以获得融合表过狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白重组腺病毒,并对其进行生物学特性和免疫学研究.结果表明:将含有狂犬病毒G+N的重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV/G+N与腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1在大肠杆菌细胞内同源重组,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒载体pAd/G+N,经PacI酶切后转染HEK-293细胞,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒.重组腺病毒在HEK-293细胞中连续传代15代次后,在细胞内的病变时间缩短为20 h以内.经测定,重组腺病毒对HEK-293细胞的TCID50为10-8.0.mL-1,用RT-PCR法可检测到狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白基因片段;重组腺病毒经口服免疫小白鼠,对狂犬病毒CVS毒株的免疫保护率可达80%.     

稳定表达猪Viperin的PK-15细胞系的构建与鉴定

为了探讨先天免疫效应因子Viperin的抗病毒作用,从猪外周血单核细胞中成功扩增了猪Viperin基因完整阅读框,克隆到真核表达载体p EGFP-C1中构建重组表达质粒p EGFP-Vi。阳性质粒经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定后通过脂质体Lipofectamine 2000介导转染PK-15细胞,荧光显微镜观察发现融合蛋白质EGFP-Viperin定位于细胞质中,不同于对照质粒EGFP在细胞中的均匀分布。共聚焦检测结果表明,重组蛋白质主要定位于细胞的内质网上。Western blot检测结果表明,猪Viperin蛋白质在PK-15细胞中以融合蛋白质的形式稳定表达,分子量约为7.0×104。     

Defective presentation of endogenous antigen by a cell line expressing class I molecules

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules associated with antigenic peptides derived from endogenously synthesized proteins. Binding to such peptides is a requirement for class I assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A mutant human cell line, T2, assembles and transports to its surface some, but not all, class I MHC molecules. The class I molecules expressed on the surface of T2 do not present peptides derived from cytosolic antigens, although they can present exogenously added peptides to CTL. The transported class I molecules may interact weakly with an unknown retaining factor in the ER such that they can assemble despite the relative shortage of peptides.     

Establishment of an avian leukosis virus subgroup A-resistant cell line

Rapid diagnostic methods for classifying avian Ieukosis subgroups in the field were needed for routine,large-scale screening.As a first step in method development,we inserted the avian Ieukosis virus subgroup A(ALV-A) envgene into plasmid pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) and used this construct to transfect DF-1 cells.Zeocin-resistant cells were obtained after 2 weeks of zeocin selection.Then,the cells were analyzed using PCR,immunofluorescence,and Western blot for expression of the envA-encoded envelope protein after 30 serial passages.The DF-1/Acell line was completely resistant to 10~4TCID_(50)/0.1mL(50%tissue culture infective dose) ALV-A and was partially resistant to 10~5 TCID_(50)/0.1 mL ALV-A viral particles.By comparing the DF-1/Aand DF-1 cell lines,an ALV-A isolate was identified using a gag-specific ELISA for capsid protein p27.Thus,we established a DF-1/Acell line that was resistant to ALV-A infection.This cell line will be useful as a diagnostictool.