Structure of the prefusion form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G

Glycoprotein G of the vesicular stomatitis virus triggers membrane fusion via a low pH-induced structural rearrangement. Despite the equilibrium between the pre- and postfusion states, the structure of the prefusion form, determined to 3.0 angstrom resolution, shows that the fusogenic transition entails an extensive structural reorganization of G. Comparison with the structure of the postfusion form suggests a pathway for the conformational change. In the prefusion form, G has the shape of a tripod with the fusion loops exposed, which point toward the viral membrane, and with the antigenic sites located at the distal end of the molecule. A large number of G glycoproteins, perhaps organized as in the crystals, act cooperatively to induce membrane merging.     

Crystal structure of the low-pH form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G

The vesicular stomatitis virus has an atypical membrane fusion glycoprotein (G) exhibiting a pH-dependent equilibrium between two forms at the virus surface. Membrane fusion is triggered during the transition from the high- to low-pH form. The structure of G in its low-pH form shows the classic hairpin conformation observed in all other fusion proteins in their postfusion conformation, in spite of a novel fold combining features of fusion proteins from classes I and II. The structure provides a framework for understanding the reversibility of the G conformational change. Unexpectedly, G is homologous to gB of herpesviruses, which raises important questions on viral evolution.     

重组甲基转移酶致弱水疱性口炎病毒的致病性与免疫原性

为了研究有效的水疱性口炎病毒疫苗,控制水疱性口炎疾病的蔓延,用甲基化能力致弱的重组水疱性口炎病毒VSV-E1764A,VSV-S1827A,VSV-Y1650A和VSV-F1691A作为疫苗,通过口腔灌服途径将1×106 PFU的重组病毒接种5周龄BALB/c小鼠,研究以上重组病毒的致病性和免疫原性.结果表明:重组病毒VSV-S1827A,VSV-Y1650A和VSV-F1691A对小鼠的致病性减弱,而VSV-E1764A仍然具有较强的致病性;免疫后的小鼠用野生型水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)进行攻毒,发现VSV-S1827A和VSV-Y1650A能够诱导高水平的中和抗体,从而保护小鼠免于攻击.总之,甲基化酶致弱的水疱性口炎病毒VSV-S1827A和VSV-Y1650A不仅对动物的致病性减弱,而且表现出良好的免疫原性;因此,甲基化酶致弱的水疱性口炎病毒可能成为有良好开发前景的活疫苗.     

Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D prevents latent herpes in mice

In humans, herpes simplex virus causes a primary infection and then often a latent ganglionic infection that persists for life. Because these latent infections can recur periodically, vaccines are needed that can protect against both primary and latent herpes simplex infections. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants that contain the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D gene under control of defined early or late vaccinia virus promoters were constructed. Tissue culture cells infected with these recombinant viruses synthesized a glycosylated protein that had the same mass (60,000 daltons) as the glycoprotein D produced by HSV-1. Immunization of mice with one of these recombinant viruses by intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized HSV-1 and protected the mice against subsequent lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Immunization with the recombinant virus also protected the majority of the mice against the development of a latent HSV-1 infection of the trigeminal ganglia. This is the first demonstration that a genetically engineered vaccine can prevent the development of latency.     

稳定表达传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2蛋白突变体细胞系的建立

根据传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)HZ2株VP2基因序列设计1对引物,将该基因成功克隆到真核表达载体pDsRed2-N1中,构建重组质粒pDsRed2-N1-VP2(简称PVP2);以PVP2作为过渡载体,运用PCR定点突变技术,对第279位点和第284位点的氨基酸残基分别或同时进行突变,共构建P279、P284和PDA 3株突变体;在此基础上构建能稳定表达HZ2株IBDV及其突变体VP2蛋白的Vero细胞系,间接免疫荧光试验检测表明,Vero细胞系中IBDV VP2蛋白已成功表达.这为进一步深入研究IBDV毒力及抗原变异致病机制奠定了基础;此外,利用定点突变技术改造VP2蛋白,建立不同毒力的突变体,在探求高效、廉价的IBDV DNA疫苗上也有广阔的应用前景和重要意义.     

表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白的重组腺病毒的生物学特性及免疫研究

对狂犬病毒G+N双基因复制缺陷型腺病毒穿梭载体进行转染,以获得融合表过狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白重组腺病毒,并对其进行生物学特性和免疫学研究.结果表明:将含有狂犬病毒G+N的重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV/G+N与腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1在大肠杆菌细胞内同源重组,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒载体pAd/G+N,经PacI酶切后转染HEK-293细胞,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒.重组腺病毒在HEK-293细胞中连续传代15代次后,在细胞内的病变时间缩短为20 h以内.经测定,重组腺病毒对HEK-293细胞的TCID50为10-8.0.mL-1,用RT-PCR法可检测到狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白基因片段;重组腺病毒经口服免疫小白鼠,对狂犬病毒CVS毒株的免疫保护率可达80%.     

Establishment of an avian leukosis virus subgroup A-resistant cell line

Rapid diagnostic methods for classifying avian Ieukosis subgroups in the field were needed for routine,large-scale screening.As a first step in method development,we inserted the avian Ieukosis virus subgroup A(ALV-A) envgene into plasmid pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) and used this construct to transfect DF-1 cells.Zeocin-resistant cells were obtained after 2 weeks of zeocin selection.Then,the cells were analyzed using PCR,immunofluorescence,and Western blot for expression of the envA-encoded envelope protein after 30 serial passages.The DF-1/Acell line was completely resistant to 10~4TCID_(50)/0.1mL(50%tissue culture infective dose) ALV-A and was partially resistant to 10~5 TCID_(50)/0.1 mL ALV-A viral particles.By comparing the DF-1/Aand DF-1 cell lines,an ALV-A isolate was identified using a gag-specific ELISA for capsid protein p27.Thus,we established a DF-1/Acell line that was resistant to ALV-A infection.This cell line will be useful as a diagnostictool.     

稳定表达T_7RNA聚合酶的猪睾丸细胞系的建立

根据GenBank中登录的T7RNA聚合酶基因参考序列,设计合成了1对特异性引物扩增对T7RNA聚合酶基因进行扩增,将测序正确的T7RNA聚合酶基因和真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP双酶切后进行连接构建pIRES2-EGFP-T7RNA RNA质粒。再将构建正确的pIRES2-EGFP-T7RNA质粒经用脂质体法转染猪睾丸细胞,通过G418筛选和单细胞克隆化,同时构建pET-32a-RED原核表达质粒载体,用其检测T7启动子控制下的红色荧光蛋白的表达。结果表明,建立的ST/T7RNA细胞系经20次传代仍然能稳定表达T7RNA聚合酶。结果显示,成功建立能稳定表达T7RNA聚合酶的猪睾丸细胞系,为猪瘟病毒反向遗传操作平台奠定了基础。     

稳定表达人TMPRSS2蛋白质悬浮生长MDCK细胞系的构建

为了构建能稳定表达人Ⅱ型跨膜型丝氨酸蛋白酶(TMPRSS2)的重组MDCK细胞,并考察该重组细胞株对禽流感H9亚型病毒的增殖能力,采用基因工程的方法,将TMPRSS2基因克隆入真核表达载体中获得重组表达载体p IRES-TMPRSS2。采用25 000线性PEI进行悬浮生长MDCK细胞的转染操作,经两轮G418抗性筛选获得能够稳定表达该蛋白质的重组MDCK-Sus-TMPRSS2细胞。RT-PCR、Western blot以及间接免疫荧光检测(IFA)的结果显示,TMPRSS2已在该重组细胞株中正常表达。该重组细胞的悬浮比生长速率达到0.438 d-1;在3 L反应器中,最大细胞密度可达到1 ml6.83×106个。在对6株禽流感H9亚型病毒的连续盲传试验中,经MDCK-Sus-TMPRSS2细胞盲传的子代病毒可以获得较高的血凝效价和半数组织感染滴度。     

Measles virus matrix protein synthesized in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cell line

Measles virus generally produces acute illness. Rarely, however, persistent infection of brain cells occurs, resulting in a chronic and fatal neurological disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Evidence indicates that expression of the measles virus matrix protein is selectively restricted in this persistent infection, but the mechanism underlying this restriction has not been identified. Defective translation of matrix messenger RNA has been described in one SSPE cell line. This report presents evidence that in a different SSPE tissue culture cell line IP-3-Ca, the matrix protein is synthesized but fails to accumulate. A general scheme is proposed to reconcile the different levels at which restriction of matrix protein has been observed.     

低pH条件下不同氮源对水稻根通气组织形成的影响

以5个水稻品种(农垦57、泗优917、扬稻6号、汕优63和巴西早稻)为试验材料,在pH4．5和6．5的条件下分别供应NH4^ -N和NO3^--N2种形态氮源,利用石蜡切片技术研究低pH条件下,不同氮形态对水稻根系通气组织形成的影响。结果表明：所有处理中,距水稻幼苗根尖0～10mm内和15mm处通气组织都未明显发育,但在距根尖25mm处的切片显示出明显的差异。在近中性条件(pH6．5)下,氮源的形态对水稻根通气组织的发育几乎没有影响。在低pH条件下,NH4^ -N加快了籼稻(扬稻6号和汕优63)皮层细胞通气组织的形成,而NO3^-—N减慢了粳稻(农垦57和泗优917)和早稻(巴西早稻)通气组织的形成。     

表达Cre重组酶的真核细胞系的建立及在重组伪狂犬病病毒研究中的应用

根据Cre基因序列设计并合成1对引物,PCR扩增出Cre基因编码区,克隆于pIREShyg载体,得到重组质粒pIREShyg-Cre,转染HEK-293A细胞后经400 μg·mL-1 Hygromycin B的筛选,将其中1个阳性克隆命名为293A-Cre.利用伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)S03109株(带有gfp报告基因表达盒及loxP位点)感染293A-Cre细胞,荧光显微镜观察、PCR及Western blot检测gfp基因的表达.结果表明,S03109感染293A-Cre二代后loxP位点间的gfp表达盒被删除,获得重组病毒S0419.将S0419感染已转染pBlulox的293A-Cre细胞,在RK13细胞上筛选得到表达LacZ的重组病毒S06293.S06293在293A-Cre细胞上传代2次,X-Gal原位染色表明LacZ的表达消失.测序结果证实,在Cre重组酶作用下,2个同向loxP序列之间的外源基因序列被正确除去.以上结果表明,本研究构建的稳定表达Cre重组酶的293A-Cre细胞系可以用于在包含有loxP位点的PRV基因组中外源基因的快速删除或整合.     

Productive infection and cell-free transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus in a nonlymphoid cell line

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), American PL isolate, was transmitted by cocultivation and by cell-free filtrates to a nonlymphoid human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cell line, designated HOS/PL, but not to nine other lines bearing receptors for HTLV. HOS and HOS/PL cells are not dependent on interleukin-2 and do not express interleukin-2 receptors that are recognized by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. HTLV released by the Japanese MT2 cell line was also transmitted to HOS cells. The infected HOS cells release substantial titers of progeny HTLV which is antigenically indistinguishable from parental virus and is able to transform T cells.     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3ABC基因重组杆状病毒的构建与表达

通过设计特异引物,扩增获得口蹄疫病毒3ABC编码区的目的基因片段,将其用SalI和NcoI双酶切后,与经同样处理的带有一段信号肽序列的穿梭质粒pMelBac-B连接,经筛选、鉴定及DNA序列分析后,获得重组质粒pMel-3ABC.将重组质粒与线性化的杆状病毒骨架Bac-N-Blue共转染Sf9昆虫细胞,通过噬斑筛选和PCR鉴定,获得了含有目的基因的重组杆状病毒.用重组病毒感染Sf9昆虫细胞,通过间接ELISA方法,检测细胞培养基上清液中表达的口蹄疫病毒抗原.结果表明,口蹄疫病毒基因片段3ABC正确克隆到杆状病毒载体上,重组病毒可在昆虫细胞中表达目的蛋白.     

Role of duck plague virus glycoprotein C in viral adsorption:Absence of specific interactions with cell surface heparan sulfate

Many mammalian herpes viruses utilize heparan sulfate(HS) moieties present on cell surface proteoglycans as receptors for cell entry, and this process also requires viral glycoprotein C(gC) homologues. However, our understanding of the role of gC in facilitating attachment of other alpha-herpes viruses such as the duck plague virus(DPV) remains preliminary. To study the role of gC during DPV infection, we used a gC-deleted mutant virus(DPV-ΔgC-EGFP). Examination of the viral copy number by real-time PCR, as well as time course studies of viral adsorption and proliferation revealed that gC was involved in the viral binding to the cell surface. The affinity of viral glycoproteins(g B-DPV, gC-DPV, and g E-DPV) to HS was assessed using a prokaryotic expression system and HiTrap~(TM) Heparin HP column chromatography. In addition, to confirm that gC played a role in the interaction between DPV and HS, viruses were treated with the HS analogue heparin and host cells were treated with its inhibitors heparinase prior to exposure to DPV-ΔgC-EGFP or wild-type strain Chinese virulent duck plague virus(DPV-CHv). The effects of heparin and heparinase on virus infectivity demonstrated that function of gC on viral adsorption is independent of interactions between gC and heparin sulfate on cell surface. All in all, this study demonstrated that the gC of DPV can mediate viral adsorption in an HS-independent manner, which distinguish it from the gC of some other alpha-herpes viruses. Future studies will be required to identify the receptors involved in gC protein binding to cells. This work provides us a foundation for further studies of examining the roles of gC in the adsorption during duck plague virus infection.     

Partial purification and electron microscopy of virus in the EB-3 cell line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma

The virus in the EB-3 cell line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma was partially purified by digestion with proteolytic enzyme and by density-gradient centrifugation on potassium tartrate. Electron microscope studies of both sectioned and negatively stained samples suggest that the virus belongs to the herpes-virus group, although the exact number of capsomeres was not unequivocally established.     

The atomic structure of Mengo virus at 3.0 A resolution

The structure of Mengo virus, a representative member of the cardio picornaviruses, is substantially different from the structures of rhino- and polioviruses. The structure of Mengo virus was solved with the use of human rhinovirus 14 as an 8 A resolution structural approximation. Phase information was then extended to 3 A resolution by use of the icosahedral symmetry. This procedure gives promise that many other virus structures also can be determined without the use of the isomorphous replacement technique. Although the organization of the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 of Mengo virus is essentially the same as in rhino- and polioviruses, large insertions and deletions, mostly in VP1, radically alter the surface features. In particular, the putative receptor binding "canyon" of human rhinovirus 14 becomes a deep "pit" in Mengo virus because of polypeptide insertions in VP1 that fill part of the canyon. The minor capsid peptide, VP4, is completely internal in Mengo virus, but its association with the other capsid proteins is substantially different from that in rhino- or poliovirus. However, its carboxyl terminus is located at a position similar to that in human rhinovirus 14 and poliovirus, suggesting the same autocatalytic cleavage of VP0 to VP4 and VP2 takes place during assembly in all these picornaviruses.