大型泵站虹吸式出水流道优化水力设计

采用三维紊流数值模拟的方法,揭示了大型泵站虹吸式出水流道内的三维流动形态;提出通过建立虹吸式出水流道几何模型并借助三维紊流数值模拟的方法,逐一改变流道几何尺寸、观察流态变化、逐步优化流道型线,以最终实现虹吸式出水流道的优化水力设计;通过专门设计的模型试验,验证了虹吸式出水流道优化水力设计的效果。     

谏壁泵站出水流道的FD分析

将计算流体力学（CFD）软件应用于泵站出水流道的分析与设计，基于Navier-Stokes方程和标准κ－ε紊流模型，依据三维数值模拟的结果，优化与泵站出水流道设计相关的几何参数，使流道内的流态接近于较理想流态，从而保证出水流道的设计具有良好的性能。     

谏壁泵站出水流道的CFD分析

将计算流体力学(CFD)软件应用于泵站出水流道的分析与设计.基于Navier-Stokes方程和标准k～ε紊流模型,依据三维数值模拟的结果,优化出与泵站出水流道设计相关的几何参数,使流道内的流态接近于较理想流态,从而保证出水流道的设计具有良好的性能.     

箱涵式双层流道后壁结构优化分析

为优化箱涵式双层流道后壁结构,基于CFX软件,采用RNG k-?紊流模型,对方形、圆形、ω形后壁进行了数值模拟,分析了不同组合方式对箱涵式进出水流道内流态的影响.数值结果表明:方形后壁的进水流道流态较好,但是出水流道的流态比较紊乱,出水流道段断面流速均匀度较差,加权平均角较低,进水流道后壁形状为ω形,出水流道后壁形状为...     

竖井式贯流泵装置进出水流道优化CFD

竖井式贯流泵装置流道顺直、水力损失小,并具有投资较少、结构较简单、安装维护方便等许多优点。为掌握竖井式贯流泵装置的水力特性,以便于对选择泵型和进、出水流道结构形式提供初步依据,结合盐城西闸站竖井式贯流泵进、出水流道优化,采用三维湍流数值计算的方法,分别对出水流道型线,进水流道高度、宽度及型线等多参数进行了优化,提出了综合考虑土建投资和水力性能的进、出流道设计方案。研究结果表明:进水流道竖井内外型线显著影响进水流态;改变进水流道的宽度和高度,提高了叶轮进口的流速均匀度和改善了入泵条件;减小出水流道宽度和取消原设计方案中的平直段管,改善了渐变扩散段的流态和压力分布。结果可为竖井式进、出水流道的水力设计、流道尺寸的合理确定提供理论依据。相关成果已在工程实施,取得了较好效果。     

大型低扬程泵站直管式出水流道优化水力设计

针对低扬程泵站直管式出水流道内较为严重的脱流问题,提出了直管式出水流道优化水力设计方法:以最大限度地回收水流动能和减少流道水力损失为目标,通过建立直管式出水流道几何数学模型以及借助CFD三维湍流数值模拟,逐步优化直管式出水流道的型体。通过专门设计的流道模型试验,测试了直管式出水流道的水力损失;结合某大型泵站的应用实例,验证了直管式出水流道优化水力设计的效果。     

新型肘形进水流道水力特性预测

提出一种新型肘形进水流道,具有型线简单,容易设计和施工方便等优点。采用定常雷诺平均N S方程和标准kε紊流模型,数值模拟了该新型肘形进水流道的三维紊流。在详细分析内部流态的基础上,从流道出口断面轴向流速分布均匀度、出口水流偏流角和流道阻力系数3个方面对其水力特性进行了全面的预测,并与按常规设计的肘形进水流道的水力特性进行了比较。计算结果表明,新型肘形进水流道具有优良的水力特性,出口水流的轴向流速分布均匀度高,偏流角小,可为水泵提供良好的进水条件。     

泵站虹吸式出水流道优化设计

对虹吸式出水流道的型线进行数学建模的基础上,开发了基于流道参数的优化设计软件,该软件能够快速进行流道型线的绘制,并能使流道的型线自动符合流速渐变的原则.结合三维紊流数值模拟对流道内流场进行三维空间的仿真,检验了流道的水力性能.建立了以虹吸式出水流道水力损失为目标函数、驼峰断面位置为求解变量的最优化问题数学模型,求解结果表明：当驼峰位于流道进口的正上方,即进口弯管段变为近似直管时,整个虹吸式出水流道的水力损失为最小.说明在设计虹吸式出水流道时,在泵站结构布置允许的条件下,驼峰的位置应尽可能向流道进口方向靠近,以减小出水流道的水力损失,提高泵装置效率.     

双向竖井贯流泵装置数值模拟及试验分析

基于标准k-ε紊流模型,雷诺时均N-S方程,运用流体计算CFD软件对某泵站双向竖井贯流泵装置进行三维流动数值模拟及水力性能优化设计。通过改变竖井流道的外轮廓线优化竖井流道,以及增加直导叶方案进一步对整体泵装置进行水力性能的优化,使水力损失下降12.6%,流道内流态平整,正向效率提高1.8%,反向效率提高大于3%。并与物理模型试验进行对比,正向误差为0.3%,反向误差为3%,结果基本吻合,满足工程应用要求,说明数值模拟应用到泵装置的优化设计是合理,可靠的,本文的研究以期为同类型泵站的优化设计提供参考。     

钟型进水流道轴流泵装置数值优化与试验分析

基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和雷诺时均N-S方程,运用流体计算CFD软件对钟型进水流道的轴流泵装置进行三维流动数值模拟以及水力性能的优化设计。通过先局部后整体的方法先单独对钟型进水流道进行优化,然后在整体泵装置内对弯管式出水流道进行优化,对进、出水流道进行三维参数化建模,进水流道以出口断面速度均匀度和水力损失为目标函数,出水流道以泵装置效率为目标函数,针对设计流量工况点,分别对进水流道和出水流道各控制参数方案进行数值模拟计算,分析不同控制尺寸对进、出水流道水力性能的影响。最后通过模型试验对优化方案数值计算结果进行可靠性验证。数值模拟和模型试验结果表明,优化后钟型进水流道的水力损失由0.348 m降低到0.148 m,钟型进水流道出口流速均匀度由54.59%提高到93.35%;弯管式出水流道的水力损失由0.464 m降低到0.415 m,通过优化流态得到了改善。模型泵装置试验在叶片安放角0°时,设计工况下泵装置效率达到74%,泵装置最高效率为76.47%,高效区运行范围较宽;进出水流道无漩涡产生,流态均匀,数值模拟和模型试验外特性曲线误差在5%以内,进水流道水力损失曲线趋势相同。运用数值模拟优化计算钟型进水流道的轴流泵装置,缩短了试验周期,节约了成本,可为同类泵站的设计和安全运行提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。