我国不同类型人工牧地生产力的比较研究

各类人工牧地的生物生产力依次为热性中生型>热性旱生型>暖温性中生型>寒温性中生型>寒温性旱生型。就营养生产力而言,代谢能、消化能、粗蛋白、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、总粗养分和粗灰分以热性中生型人工牧地最高,寒温性旱生型人工牧地的各项营养生产力均为最低。中生型与旱生型比较,其生物生产力和营养生产力皆为前者明显高于后者。与天然牧地比较,在各类有机营养物质中,各类人工牧地的粗蛋白生产力提高幅度最大。     

我国各类人工牧地的营养价值评价

本文依据水热状况和饲用植物的生态型 ,将我国人工牧地划分为寒温性中生型、温暖性中生型、热性中生型、寒温性旱生型和热性旱生型 5类 ;中生型和旱生型 2类组。评价结果表明 ,营养成分含量以温暖性中生型的粗蛋白、可消化蛋白、粗脂防和粗灰分最高 ;热性旱生型的钙和磷含量最高 ;各类型的粗纤维、无氮浸出物和总养分含量比较接近。营养比以温暖性中生型最低 ,其后依次为寒温性中生型 <寒温性旱生型 <热性中生型 <热性旱生型。各类人工牧地的营养比虽有所差别 ,但均属NC营养类型。消化能和代谢能各类人工牧地的差别较小     

我国各类人工牧地的营养价值评价

本文依据水热状况和饲用植物的生态型,将我国人工牧地划分为寒温性中生型、温暖性中生型、热性中生型、寒温性旱生型和热性旱生型5类;中生型和旱生型2类组.评价结果表明,营养成分含量以温暖性中生型的粗蛋白、可消化蛋白、粗脂防和粗灰分最高;热性旱生型的钙和磷含量最高;各类型的粗纤维、无氮浸出物和总养分含量比较接近.营养比以温暖性中生型最低,其后依次为寒温性中生型<寒温性旱生型<热性中生型<热性旱生型.各类人工牧地的营养比虽有所差别,但均属NC营养类型.消化能和代谢能各类人工牧地的差别较小.     

我国南方地区天然牧地营养价值和生产能力评价及其开发潜力

在我国南方地区,西部天然牧地的营养价值与东部比较接近;生产力后者较高;生产量前者显著高.中高山地带天然牧地的营养价值高于丘陵低山地带,但生产力和生物生产量低于后者;营养生产量,西部以前者高,东部以后者高.与北方牧区比较,南方地区天然牧地的生产力较高,营养价值和生产量较低.从开发潜力看,南方地区西部高海拔地带以人工牧地较大;东部以农林用地生产饲用植物的较大.     

我国不同自然区域天然牧地和人工牧地营养价值的比较研究

从天然牧地看 ,青藏大区具有高蛋白、高脂肪、高无氮浸出物、高灰分、高代谢能及低纤维 (即 5高 1低 )的特征 ;南方大区恰好相反 ,呈现为 5低 1高的特征 ;北方大区的各项营养成分含量居中。就人工牧地而言 ,粗蛋白含量亦为青藏大区较高 ,粗脂肪和粗灰分则以南方大区较高 ,而粗纤维、无氮浸出物和代谢能 3个大区相近。人工牧地与天然牧地比较 ,前者的粗蛋白、可消化蛋白、Ca和P的含量显著地高 ,营养比和粗脂肪明显地低 ,而 2类牧地的代谢能、粗纤维、无氮浸出物和粗灰分相近或略有差异。由此表明 ,人工牧地在营养价值方面优于天然牧地 ,原因主要在于其蛋白质含量较高、营养比较低。     

我国不同自然区域天然牧地和人工牧地营养价值的比较研究

从天然牧地看，青藏大区具有高蛋白、高脂肪、高无氮浸出物、高灰分、高代谢及低纤维（即5高1低）的特征；南方大区恰好相反，呈现为5低1高的特征；北方大区的各项营养成分含量居中。就人工牧地而言，粗蛋白含量亦为青藏大区较高，粗脂肪和粗灰分则以南方大区较高，而粗纤维、无氮浸出物和代谢能3个大区相近。人工牧地与天然牧地比较，前者的粗蛋白、可消化蛋白、Ca和P的含量显著地高，营养比和粗脂肪明显地低，而2类牧地的代谢能、粗纤维、无氮浸出物和粗灰分相近或略有差异。由此表明，人工牧地在营养价值方面优于天然牧地，原因主要在于其蛋白质含量较高、营养比较低。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市蒿属植物资源调查

为了掌握内蒙古鄂尔多斯市蒿属植物的资源现状,在该市进行了不同种类的蒿属植物资源调查。调查结果表明,鄂尔多斯市共有蒿属植物32种(含4个变种),分为中生、盐生或盐中生、旱生或旱中生、超旱生4大类。其中,中生植物有14种,旱生或旱中生植物有14种,盐生或盐中生植物有2种,超旱生植物有2种,主要分布在温性荒漠草原平原丘陵荒漠草原亚类和沙地荒漠草原亚类草地上。由此可以看出,鄂尔多斯市蒿属植物资源丰富,分布广泛,适应性强。     

采用不同指标评价牧地载畜力的比较研究

选用代谢能、消化能、总热能、干物质、粗蛋白和可消化粗蛋白质等6项指标,进行全国不同类型、不同区域的天然牧地和人工牧地载畜力的比较评价,结果表明,采用代谢能或者消化能作指标较为适宜,通常不宜采用总热能、干物质、粗蛋白或可消化粗蛋白质作指标,特别是当牧地饲用植物的蛋白质含量较高(如各种人工牧地和高寒类天然牧地)或较低(如草丛类和南方区的天然牧地)之时.     

采用不同指标评价牧地载畜力的比较研究

选用代谢能、消化能、总热能、干物质、粗蛋白和可消化粗蛋白质等6项指标,进行全国不同类型、不同区域的天然牧地和人工牧地载畜力的比较评价,结果表明,采用代谢能或者消化能作指标较为适宜,通常不宜采用总热能、干物质、粗蛋白或可消化粗蛋白质作指标,特别是当牧地饲用植物的蛋白质含量较高(如各种人工牧地和高寒类天然牧地)或较低(如草丛类和南方区的天然牧地)之时。     

免耕人工草地的生态与生产力动态变化研究

通过对免耕人工草地与翻耕人工草地的生态变化和生产力动态变化对比试验研究,结果表明:与翻耕人工草地相比,免耕人工草地的植物群落结构较复杂,群落稳定性强;土壤表层有机质和速效养分较高,土壤化学性状更优;可有效降低水土流失;风干草产量提高15.4%,增产效果显著;风干草的粗蛋白含量平均高0.2个百分点,牧草质量较优;有效利用年限更长,至少在6年以上。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.