浅谈人工分蜂和蜜蜂的合并

养蜂要做好人工分蜂和蜜蜂的合并工作.怎样做好?笔者谈谈个人的一些做法,供蜂友们参考. 1人工分蜂 人工分蜂又称人工分群,它是增加蜂群数量,扩大生产的基本方法,用培育的产卵蜂王、成熟王台或者储备蜂王以及一部分带蜂子脾或蜜睥组成新蜂群.人工分蜂能按计划,在最适宜的时期繁殖新蜂群.个别蜂群发生"分蜂热"时,可以及时采取人工分蜂的方法把蜂群分开,能够制止蜂群发生自然分蜂,避免收捕的麻烦和分蜂群飞逃的损失.     

中蜂自然分蜂与收捕

文章指出引起蜜蜂分蜂主要是环境因素、季节因素和蜂群因素;蜂王物质不足、工蜂营养过剩和环境温度偏高等导致工蜂卵巢发育的因素。提出了分蜂热阶段的划分和解除、分蜂热的简单控制及自然分蜂群团集以后的收捕方法。     

自然分蜂的前兆与对策

<正>蜜蜂在蜜粉源丰富、气候适宜、蜂群强盛时,原群蜂王与一半以上的工蜂以及部分雄蜂飞离原巢,另择新居的群体活动,称为自然分蜂,简称分蜂。分蜂能扩大蜜蜂群体,是蜂群自然增殖的惟一方式。分蜂活动可使蜂群数量增加和分布区域扩大,促进蜜蜂种群繁荣。但是,分蜂对养蜂生产影响很大。在分蜂准备期间蜂群呈怠工状态,减少采集、造脾和育虫,限制蜂王产卵,蜂群的这种"怠工"状态在蜂学术语中称为分蜂热。如果分蜂发生,将使原群的群势损失一     

对分蜂热的几点认识

<正>分蜂热是指蜂群内部物质能量积累到一定程度后的分蜂情绪积累过程,最显著的标志就是培育分蜂王台。自然分蜂一般发生在春夏时节,是蜜蜂群体繁衍的唯一方式。分蜂是蜂群的繁衍过程,能使其数量增多,分布地域扩大,满足蜜蜂对种群繁荣的需求;分蜂也是蜜蜂千万年来遵循"物竞天择、适者生存"的自然规律,对外部环境刺激反应的繁衍进化形式。若从蜜蜂种群繁衍角度来看蜂群春季复壮、夏季强盛、秋季渐减、冬季休眠的活动,都无不是围绕种群繁衍这个中心来开     

快速解除分蜂热的三种方法

养强群夺高产是每个养蜂者期盼的事 ,但蜂群养得强壮了 ,如管理措施不当 ,也容易产生分蜂热 ,一旦产生了分蜂热 ,就会影响花期蜂群获得高产。如何快速解除分蜂热 ,使蜜蜂极积投入到采集中去呢 ?下面谈谈三种简易办法 ,供同行们参考。方法一 :把产生分蜂热蜂群内的王台除净 ,在蜜蜂大量活动时和一弱群直接调换位置 ,这样一来蜂群的内环境发生改变 ,而弱群内虫卵较多 ,蜂王产卵积极 ,解决了老子过多 ,哺育蜂过剩的问题 ,分蜂意念马上就可解除。方法二 :将分蜂群的蜂王带两框将要出房的老子一并提出 ,让蜂王休息备用 ,过 2日待蜜蜂知晓失王后 ,…     

我控制中蜂分蜂热的方法

中蜂有喜分蜂的习性,各地也都摸索出很多控制中蜂分蜂的方法,現把我在四川屏山县用的控制中蜂分蜂热的方法簡介如下: 一、人工分蜂法在流蜜期以前,当蜂群发生分蜂热的时候,用臥式箱将蜜蜂和子脾均分成两区。在有王群的一区,把王台清除掉,将卵、虫脾放在蜜蜂     

春季控制中蜂分蜂热的蜂群组织方法

在春季控制中蜂发生分蜂热,是加快蜂群繁殖壮大群势,提高产蜜量的关键。近年来,我们对中蜂发生分蜂热的主要原因初步进行了分析和研究,认为要控制中蜂发生分蜂热,就必须在蜂群未发生分蜂情绪之前,在蜂群管理工作上加以组织,区别对待,才能收到较好的效果。现将控制中蜂分蜂热的蜂群组织方法介绍如下。     

不要以为……

正不要以为蜂螨寄生率不高就不采取措施防治。蜂螨繁殖迅速,主要集中在夏末秋初危害蜜蜂,对繁殖越冬适龄蜂极为不利,甚至能使蜂群垮掉!不要以为蜂群繁殖成双箱体蜂群后,并且换入了新蜂王,就可高枕无忧了。殊不知蜂群"培养"起来的"分蜂热"是顽固的,短时间内难以解除,会发生自然分蜂!如果分蜂群落在高大的树上,则难以收回。     

“分蜂热”及其控制的观察

蜜蜂是真社会性昆虫,分蜂是其种族繁衍的唯一方式。养蜂者需要根据外界环境条件对分蜂有选择地进行控制,当外界蜜源条件好或即将越冬的时候,需要保持强群控制分蜂,当外界主要蜜源不属于流蜜期时可以适当分蜂以扩大养殖规模。在总结"分蜂热"出现的原因和前人控制分蜂方法的基础上,在实践中通过(1)去除王台,添加巢础,增加脾距;(2)去王;(3)囚王,去脾;(4)人工分蜂等方法对分蜂群进行控制。经观察分析,认为控制分蜂应该以原始群或分出群不能正常的繁衍为基准进行操作处理。     

采取切实措施防止自然分蜂

每年春末夏初,蜜蜂发展到顶峰时期必然会产生"分蜂热",这已形成规律.自然分蜂会给蜂场造成重大损失:凡起分蜂热的蜂群,工蜂出勤大大减少,蜂王产卵骤降,蜂王身体缩小,巢门前"呆蜂"增多,呈"怠工"状态.此时,如不及时采取措施,蜂王会带领一半左右的工蜂,飞离原巢,另建新巢.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.