海南9种棕榈科植物木腐菌的物种多样性及其与温湿度相关性分析

海南省棕榈科植物种类繁多,其中槟榔、椰子是海南最主要的经济作物,大王棕、狐尾椰子、蒲葵等是重要的景观植物,棕榈科植物在热带农业和热带园林中占有重要地位。明确海南棕榈科植物上生长的木腐菌种类,可丰富海南木腐真菌资源,并有助于探索具有开发价值的木腐菌。从海南海口、东方、儋州、琼海、三亚、文昌、万宁、五指山、保亭、昌江、澄迈、定安、乐东、陵水、琼中15个市县的棕榈科植物上采集木腐菌样本284共份,初步鉴定出海南棕榈科植物上的木腐菌隶属于2门3纲8目15科24属34种,其中松芝[Ganodermacolossus(Fr.)C.F.Baker]为海南新记录种;棕榈科植物上木腐菌主要为多孔菌科和灵芝科真菌,其中狭长孢灵芝[Ganoderma boninense Pat.]为优势种。对海南岛气候与棕榈科植物木腐菌进行多样性分析,结果表明温度对木腐菌的生长影响不大;降雨量对木腐菌多样性的影响很大,并且与多样性指数呈正相关,木腐菌的种类随雨水的增加而增多。对不同棕榈科植物的木腐菌种类进行分析,结果发现槟榔、椰子和油棕的木腐菌种类最多,其它棕榈科植物木腐菌的数量和种类较少。      

介绍几种棕榈科植物主要病虫害种类及防治（上）

介绍几种棕榈科植物主要病虫害种类及防治（上）史国强（福建省热带作物研究所，漳州３６３００１）棕榈科植物树干挺拔，姿态雅致，枝叶婆婆可爱，是热带、亚热带地区优美的绿荫树及观赏植物，已成为园林绿化中必不可少的树种．近几年来，棕榈科植物的种植面积在我国南方...     

厦门棕榈科植物害虫调查

为了解厦门棕榈科植物害虫的发生情况,采用普查、抽查及咨询的方式进行系统调查。调查结果显示,厦门共有棕榈科植物害虫45种,分别属于昆虫纲的等翅目、直翅目、同翅目、缨翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、蛛形纲的真螨目和腹足纲的柄眼目,为厦门棕榈科植物虫害的防治和深入研究提供依据。     

利用海南棕榈科植物资源建立棕榈科植物品种园

本文主要阐述在海南建立棕榈科植物品种园的及其产生的社会影响。同时，根据棕榈科植物各品种特点，提出品种园的一些田间设计构想及实行措施。     

我国棕榈科植物的研究进展

综述我国棕榈科植物的资源与分布、分类、引种、生理学、园艺学及应用等方面的研究进展,就今后国内研究发展趋势进行简要阐述。     

椰心叶甲肠道微生物的分离鉴定及功能分析

椰心叶甲(Brontispa longissima Gestro)是近年来危害棕榈科植物的主要入侵害虫之一,能够对多种棕榈科植物造成严重危害.本研究通过对椰心叶甲肠道共生菌进行分离培养,并鉴定其相关功能,以探究肠道共生菌对椰心叶甲环境适应性的作用.对椰心叶甲幼虫肠道共生菌进行分离培养,提取DNA以通用引物扩增鉴定后,以...     

介绍几种适宜盆栽的棕榈科植物

本文介绍了几种适宜盆栽的棕榈科植物品种的特征、特性和用途。     

椰子木蛾生物防治研究进展

椰子木蛾(Opisina arenosella Walker)是近年来入侵我国的外来有害生物,是棕榈科植物上的重要害虫,现已成为一个亟需解决的问题。本文综述了应用寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、病毒等生防因子防治椰子木蛾的研究进展,并对椰子木蛾生物防治的研究发展方向做了一些探讨。     

闽南棕榈科植物主要虫害防治

描述闽南棕榈科植物主要害虫黑翅土白蚁、椰花二点象、红棕象甲、桉袋蛾、蛴螬的形态特征、生活习性及危害情况,并提出了有效的防治方法。     

中国椰子耐寒生理研究进展与展望

低温是限制椰子种植业发展的主要因素，严重制约着中国椰子产业的发展。综述了寒害对中国椰子产业的影响，以及椰子抗寒生理的研究现状，并根据已经开展的棕榈科植物抗寒生理研究的情况，对椰子抗寒生理的研究进行了展望。     

串珠镰刀菌侵染华棕的报道

对严重发生于漳州华棕(Washingtonis,filifera)上,造成大量华棕死亡的华棕立枯病的病原菌进行分离与鉴定.结果显示:从发病植株的病健交界处分离纯化得到2种具有离体和活体致病性的病原菌,其中1种菌的活体致病性更强;通过形态特征观察、不同培养基培养鉴定以及分子生物学技术鉴定,认定该病原菌为串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme).     

棕榈油生物柴油加工技术研究进展

棕榈油是世界上最经济的植物油,与其他油料作物相比,油棕果及油的产量均最高,棕榈油作为生物质能源的原料越来越被重视,成为生产生物柴油最有竞争力的原料.目前.世界各国对棕榈油生物柴油的高效加工技术均展开了广泛的研究.本文介绍了国内外棕榈油生物柴油的加工技术,包括化学法、酶法、多相固体催化法及其他一些方法.     

红棕象甲成虫对5种植物发酵挥发物的行为反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)成虫对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、椰子(Cocos nucifera)、假槟榔(Archontophoehix alexandra)、槟榔(Areca catechu)和菠萝(Ananas comosus)等5种植物发酵挥发物的选择行为.结果表明,红棕象甲成虫对不同植物发酵挥发物敏感性不同,对寄主植物的选择性显著高于非寄主植物菠萝,依次排序:甘蔗≈椰子>假槟榔≈槟榔>菠萝.雌成虫和雄成虫对椰子和甘蔗的行为反应同其他3种植物相比有更强的趋性,但雄成虫对假槟榔、槟榔和菠萝3种植物发酵挥发物的选择性无显著差异.甘蔗、椰子、假槟榔3种植物食物诱饵的田间诱捕试验结果表明,植物挥发物对红棕象甲聚集信息素具有极显著的增效作用(P<0.01).3种植物田间诱捕效果差异显著(P<0.05),依次为:甘蔗>椰子>假槟榔.不同食物诱饵诱捕的雌成虫数均多于雄成虫.     

Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L⁻¹), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.     

DNA barcoding of Northern Nearctic Muscidae (Diptera) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species limits

Background

Disturbance is an important process structuring ecosystems worldwide and has long been thought to be a significant driver of diversity and dynamics. In forests, most studies of disturbance have focused on large-scale disturbance such as hurricanes or tree-falls. However, smaller sub-canopy disturbances could also have significant impacts on community structure. One such sub-canopy disturbance in tropical forests is abscising leaves of large arborescent palm (Arececeae) trees. These leaves can weigh up to 15 kg and cause physical damage and mortality to juvenile plants. Previous studies examining this question suffered from the use of static data at small spatial scales. Here we use data from a large permanent forest plot combined with dynamic data on the survival and growth of > 66,000 individuals over a seven-year period to address whether falling palm fronds do impact neighboring seedling and sapling communities, or whether there is an interaction between the palms and peccaries rooting for fallen palm fruit in the same area as falling leaves. We tested the wider generalisation of these hypotheses by comparing seedling and sapling survival under fruiting and non-fruiting trees in another family, the Myristicaceae.

Results

We found a spatially-restricted but significant effect of large arborescent fruiting palms on the spatial structure, population dynamics and species diversity of neighbouring sapling and seedling communities. However, these effects were not found around slightly smaller non-fruiting palm trees, suggesting it is seed predators such as peccaries rather than falling leaves that impact on the communities around palm trees. Conversely, this hypothesis was not supported in data from other edible species, such as those in the family Myristicaceae.

Conclusions

Given the abundance of arborescent palm trees in Amazonian forests, it is reasonable to conclude that their presence does have a significant, if spatially-restricted, impact on juvenile plants, most likely on the survival and growth of seedlings and saplings damaged by foraging peccaries. Given the abundance of fruit produced by each palm, the widespread effects of these small-scale disturbances appear, over long time-scales, to cause directional changes in community structure at larger scales.     

油棕Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶EgSAD基因的克隆及表达分析

^Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶（^Δ9 stearoyl-ACP dehydrogenase,SAD）是植物中重要的脂肪酸脱氢酶,在调控不饱和脂肪酸合成中发挥着重要作用。本研究以非洲油棕和杂交油棕为材料,在油棕果实油脂积累期,分别测定花后120、140、160 d 3个时期的脂肪酸组分;从油棕中克隆SAD基因,并对其理化性质、进化关系、启动子顺式作用元件进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测SAD在2个油棕品种果实成熟期的表达特征。结果表明：非洲油棕中总不饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）比例（55.76%~60.27%）显著高于杂交油棕（37.2%~45.43%）,杂交油棕中不饱和脂肪酸（油酸和亚油酸）比例（51.61%~56.92%）显著高于非洲油棕（35.54%~38.64%）;鉴定了7个基因命名为：EgSAD1~EgSAD4和OeSAD1~OeSAD3;EgSAD基因编码的肽链平均为413个氨基酸,分子量为43.41~45.92 kDa,等电点为5.99~7.13,蛋白不稳定指数为44.07~53.25,总平均亲水性为-0.496~-0.405。OeSAD基因编码的肽链平均为405个氨基酸,分子量为44.94~49.39 kDa,等电点为6.05~7.14,蛋白不稳定指数为43.44~44.61,总平均亲水性为-0.554~-0.489。多序列比对分析,油棕SAD基因氨基酸序列中存在典型SAD特征的保守组氨酸富集区：EENRHG和DEKRHE。在SAD的启动子上鉴定出植物激素响应、逆境胁迫响应、光响应和逆境响应顺式作用元件。EgSADs在油棕果实成熟过程中呈上调表达趋势,EgSAD1和EgSAD2在杂交油棕中表达量显著高于非洲油棕,OeSADs在杂交油棕果实花后140 d中表达量最高,在杂交油棕的3个时期中均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且在花后120 d的表达量显著高于花后120 d和160 d。本研究结果为进一步研究SAD调控油棕不饱和脂肪酸合成的机制奠定基础。     

我国经济棕榈植物潜在危险性害虫名录

记述了对我国经济棕榈植物具有潜在危险性的40种害虫,分属2纲6目19科,其中昆虫纲有38种害虫,蛛形纲有2种害虫;分别介绍了40种害虫的中文名称、学名、寄主植物种类、分布区域及危害特征,为预防和控制我国棕榈植物害虫的发生与危害提供相关基础资料。     

热带植物基因组研究进展

基于全基因组测序结果,探讨了包括热带水果香蕉（Musa spp.）、龙眼（Dimocarpus longan）、番木瓜（Carica papaya）、菠萝（Ananas comosus）、椰子（Cocos nucifera）、榴莲（Durio zibethinus）,经济作物橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis）、木薯（Manihot esculenta）、枣椰（Phoenix dactylifera）、可可（Theobroma cacao）、油棕（Elaeis guineensis）、咖啡（Coffea canephora）以及药用植物铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）在内的13种热带植物的全基因组测序的发展历程,并对热带植物基因组研究进行了概述。     

红棕象甲在中国扩散的风险分析

对棕榈科植物上的危险性外来生物红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.)的形态特征、国内外分布情况、生物学和寄主等进行了描述。并根据有害生物风险分析的方法,采用多指标综合评估方法来计算红棕象甲的风险程度,建立了一、二级评判标准的计算模型,计算出红棕象甲危险性评价的风险值R为2.2538,属于危险性较高的有害生物,并提出进行风险管理的相关对策。     

云南大理油棕自交子一代对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

低温是限制油棕生长发育和产量的重要影响因子,探究低温条件下油棕的生理响应机制,为油棕耐寒种质资源的选育及推广提供理论依据.以云南大理抗寒高产油棕成龄树的自交F1代有性系苗木为试验材料,在4℃低温胁迫下处理0(对照)、1、3、5 d,根据叶片寒害程度及其恢复生长情况将其划分为4个寒害等级,即1级(无)、2级(轻)、3级(...