Pesticide sorption on soils treated with evergreen oak biomass at different humification stages

Abstract

The sorption of twelve pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, carbofuran, 2,4—D, 2,4—DB, methyl parathion, metoxuron, monuron, prometryne, propanil, silvex and spergon) was studied on two soil samples with a different carbonate content and treated with evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota) biomass at successive humification stages. The direct interaction between the above pesticides and lignocellulosic materials was also assayed independently. After the samples were suspended in 25 ppm pesticide solutions for 12 h, the concentrations in the supernatants were measured by derivatographic UV spectroscopy. The major fixations on the biomass of evergreen oak were found for spergon, prometryne and propanil. Except for atrazine, carbofuran, prometryne and silvex, composting the forest residue for 87 weeks significantly increased pesticide sorption. No correlations were found between the sorption values measured directly in the lignocellulosic materials and those in the soils amended with the latter, indicating the conspicuous influence of organo‐mineral interactions in the soil. Calcium carbonate played an important role in pesticide sorption: the lowest pesticide retentions were observed for the samples of the soil with the highest pH, where the addition of organic matter led to the greatest enhancements. The fixation of silvex and carbofuran increased considerably when the organic matter was added to the soil with the lowest pH, whereas in the calcic soil samples the major fixation corresponded to chlorinated phenoxy acids. Possible mechanisms involved in pesticide sorption in the systems studied are discussed.     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对温室梨枣品质的影响

为探明调亏灌溉对温室梨枣品质的影响,2005－2007年以日光温室7年生矮化密植梨枣树为试材进行试验,试验期间设置充分供水处理（即对照T1）,萌芽展叶期（Ⅰ期）轻度或中度亏水处理（T2）,及开花座果期（Ⅱ期）、果实膨大期（Ⅲ期）和果实成熟期（Ⅳ期）中度亏水处理（即T3、T4和T5）。结果表明：不同生育期亏水处理对梨枣品质的影响差异明显;与对照相比,3 a间Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期亏水处理对梨枣单果质量、含水率影响较小（P＞0.05）,梨枣硬度提高13.7%～15.8%,有机酸、坏果率分别下降14.2%～18.8%和21.0%～25.0%,且均达显著水平（P＜0.05）,可溶性固形物、糖酸比分别提高22.1%～24.4%和47.8%～60.0%,达极显著水平（P＜0.01）,同时使成熟期提前10～12 d;Ⅲ期亏水处理使梨枣果实硬度、着色度、Vc、可溶性固形物及糖酸比依次提高22.3%、41.9%、27.0%、38.1%和53.5%,Ⅳ期亏水处理依次提高22.7%、42.3%、37.4%、27.1%和98.7%,两期均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期亏水处理使有机酸显著降低（P＜0.05）,并大幅降低坏果率（P＜0.01）,成熟期提前15～20 d,但同时使单果质量、果实含水率降低,且Ⅲ期亏水处理差异显著（P＜0.05）;各生育期亏水处理对梨枣品质的改善程度依次为：Ⅳ期＞Ⅲ期＞Ⅱ期≈Ⅰ期。综合考虑亏水处理对梨枣品质各项指标影响,果实成熟期中度亏水处理对品质改善效果最佳,具有重要推广价值。     

不同阶段亏水处理对温室栽培梨枣树茎液流变化影响的研究

该文以在日光温室生长的6年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材,试验分别在梨枣树的开花—坐果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期进行了轻度、中度和重度水分亏缺处理,分别为处理2、处理3和处理4,对照为全生育期充分供水的处理1,研究不同阶段亏水处理对温室栽培梨枣树土壤水分变化和茎液流变化的影响,结果表明：处理2复水后其液流具有明显的补偿效应,处理3和处理4复水后并未出现补偿效应。果实膨大期末的气孔导度和茎液流日变化总体趋势一致,但中午12:00至下午14:00左右,二者存在明显的不同步现象。运用SPSS 11.0软件分析了各处理梨枣树日茎液流量与气象因子的相关关系, 处理1至处理4的 值分别为79.659、85.321、104.922和94.781,均大于F_0.95(3,115)=2.69,R²值分别为0.675、0.690、0.732和0.712。亏水处理日茎液流量与对照处理1日茎液流量的比值与土壤相对有效含水量(RAWC)呈线性关系,其相关系数R²=0.4489。     

夏玉米不同生育阶段干湿变化的补偿效应研究

通过玉米单阶段和双阶段干旱及复水处理的小区试验研究证明，补偿效应是作物生长发育中存在的一种生存本能，其表现有产量、生长和生理等方面，苗期旱后的拔节期复水存在生长超补偿效应和较大产量补偿效应，其生理补偿效应可持续到抽雄期；抽雄期干旱的产量和水分利用效率明显降低，苗期、拔节期连续干旱则产量最低。     

Effect of different foliar zinc application at different growth stages on seed zinc concentration and its impact on seedling vigor in rice

This study evaluated how zinc (Zn) concentration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed may be increased and subsequent seedling growth improved by foliar Zn application. Eight foliar Zn treatments of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄?·?7H₂O) were applied to the rice plant at different growth stages. The resulting seeds were germinated to evaluate effects of seed Zn on seedling growth. Foliar Zn increased paddy Zn concentration only when applied after flowering, with larger increases when applications were repeated. The largest increases of up to ten-fold were in the husk, and smaller increases in brown rice Zn. In the first few days of germination, seedlings from seeds with 42 to 67?mg Zn?kg^?1 had longer roots and coleoptiles than those from seeds with 18?mg Zn?kg^?1, but this effect disappeared later. The benefit of high seed Zn in seedling growth is also indicated by a positive correlation between Zn concentration in germinating seeds and the combined roots and shoot dry weight (r?=?0.55, p?相似文献   

水分胁迫对日光温室葡萄叶片生理变化及果实发育的影响

为探究鲜食日光温室葡萄高效节水生产的水分管理方式,选取日光温室6a生葡萄‘红地球’为试验材料,以充分灌溉为对照[CK,土壤含水率为75%～100%的田间持水率(θf)],分别在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期设置土壤含水率为55%θf(其他4个生育期为75%～100%θf)的5个水分胁迫处理,调查叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及膜质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量、果实纵横径、果实硬度、单粒重量和产量,研究日光温室葡萄叶片生理和果实产量对水分胁迫的响应机制。结果表明,在果实膨大期、着色成熟期施加水分胁迫均会显著降低葡萄叶片SOD活性和Pro含量,导致MDA含量大量积累,对叶片产生不利影响。在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期进行水分胁迫对葡萄叶片SOD活性、Pro含量影响不大,但对叶片MDA含量的影响具有滞后效应。果实膨大期水分胁迫葡萄产量仅为14 830kg·hm–2,较CK和萌芽期、新梢生长期水分胁迫显著减产20%以上。因此,水分胁迫显著降低果实膨大期SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量,增加膜质过氧化物含量,并导致产量降低,该时期不宜进行亏水处理;生长前期的水分胁迫对葡萄叶片的生理和果实的影响不显著。     

Generation,sink, and emission of greenhouse gases by urban soils at different stages of the floodplain development in Moscow

Purpose

The purpose of this research was to study the generation, sink, and emission of greenhouse gases by soils on technogenic parent materials, created at different stages of the Moskva River floodplain development (1—construction and 2—landscaping of residential areas).

Materials and methods

Field surveys revealed the spatial trends of concentration and emission of the greenhouse gases in following groups of soils: Retisols (RT-ab-ct) and Fluvisols (FL-hu, FL-hi.gl) before land engineering preparation for the construction, Urbic Technosols Transportic (TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn) at stage 1 and Urbic Technosols Folic (TC-ub-fo) at stage 2. CO₂ and CH₄ concentration in soils and their emission were determined using subsurface soil air equilibration tubes and the closed chamber method, respectively. Bacterial methane generation rate (MGR) and methane oxidation rate (MOR) were measured by kinetic methods.

Results and discussion

In natural soils MOR is caused only by intra-aggregate methanogenesis. The imbalance of methane generation and oxidation was observed in FL-hi.gl. It caused CH₄ accumulation in the profile (7.5 ppm) and its emission to the atmosphere (0.11 mg CH₄ m^?2 h^?1). RT-ab-ct acted as the sink of atmospheric methane. CO₂ emission was 265.1?±?24.0 and 151.9?±?37.2 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1 from RT-ab-ct and FL-hi.gl, respectively. In Technosols CH₄ concentration was predominantly low (median was 2.7, 2.9, and 3.0 ppm, in TC-ub-ar.tn, TC-ub-hu.tn, and TC-ub-fo, respectively), but due to the occurrence of peat sediments under technogenic material, it increased to 1–2%. Methane emission was not observed due to functioning of biogeochemical barriers with high MOR. In TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn, the barriers were formed at 60-cm depth. In TC-ub-fo, the system of barriers was formed in Folic and Technic horizons (at 10- and 60-cm depth). CO₂ emission was 2 times lower from TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn and 1.5 times higher from TC-ub-fo than from natural soils.

Conclusions

Greenhouse gas generation, sink, and emission by natural soils and Technosols in floodplain were estimated. CO₂ and CH₄ content in Technosols varied depending on the properties of parent materials. Technosols at stage 1 did not emit CH₄ due to formation of biogeochemical barriers—soil layers of high CH₄ utilization rates. Urbic Technosols (Folic) at stage 2 performed as a source of significant CO₂ emission.

     

Assessment of soil acidification effects on forest growth in Sweden

The results of mapping critical loads, areas where they have been exceeded and steady state (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratios of soils in Sweden, has been used to assess the order of magnitude of the ecological and economic risks involved with acid deposition for Swedish forests. The results of the calculations indicate that 81% of the Swedish forested area receive acid deposition in excess of the critical load at present. Under continued deposition at 1990 level, forest die-back is predicted to occur on approximately 1% of the forested area, and significant growth rate reductions are predicted for 80% of the Swedish forested area. For Sweden, growth losses in the order of 17.5 million m^?3 yr^?1 is predicted, equivalent to approximately 19% of current growth. Comparable losses can be predicted for other Nordic countries. The soil acidification situation is predicted to deteriorate significantly during the next 5–15 years, unless rapid emission reductions can be achieved. A minimum deposition reduction over Sweden of 85% on sulphur deposition and 30% on the N deposition in relation to 1990 level is required in order to protect 95% of the Swedish forest ecosystems from adverse effects of acidification. A minimum reduction of 60% on sulphur deposition and 30% on the N deposition is required to keep forest harvest at planned levels.     

Response of summer savory at two different growth stages to biochar amendment under NaCl stress

Salinity stress leads to various biochemical changes in plants. Biochar (BC) is a soil amendment that is derived from pyrolyzed organic materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BC on growth and some biochemical characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under NaCl stress at two different growth stages. So, a pot factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was performed that comprised three levels of BC (0, 1 and 2% w/w of soil) and four NaCl levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM) with four replications. According to the results, by increasing the NaCl concentration chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) decreased, whereas antioxidant activity, total soluble sugar and phenolic contents increased. The use of BC (especially 2% w/w of soil) under NaCl stress had the greatest effects on studied traits at the vegetative and flowering stages and significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and PPO activity. The results of this experiment confirmed the view that each stage of growth responses differently to NaCl stress and the use of BC due to sorption of NaCl and increasing osmotic adjustment can lead to summer savory protection against NaCl stress.     

设施菜地土壤酞酸酯污染的初步研究

通过对杭州周边某设施蔬菜大棚基地的土壤采集分析和农田残留农膜的提取分析,结果表明该地区土壤存在一定程度的酞酸酯污染,污染程度与国内大部分农田土壤相当。农膜中酞酸酯含量和农膜类型对土壤酞酸酯含量均有一定影响。农膜中酞酸酯含量和土壤中酞酸酯含量显著正相关,长期农膜覆盖与黑色农膜覆盖土壤的酞酸酯含量相对较高,因此减少农膜在土壤中的残留是减少土壤酞酸酯污染的有效途径之一。大棚覆盖或地膜覆盖等不同农膜覆盖方式对土壤酞酸酯含量在本研究中未发现显著差异。土壤酞酸酯含量与土壤有机质极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质对酞酸酯,尤其是高分子量酞酸酯污染单体的环境行为有重要的影响。     

Comparison of greenhouse experimental methods on apple seedling growth and nutrition

Apple seedling (Malus domestica Borkh.) growth and nutrition were compared over a range of nutrient level treatments using A different experimental nutritional methods: nutrient‐film, soil, sand, and solution culture. A 2‐ to 10‐fold difference in nutrient level caused significant differences between experimental methods on seedling growth. Higher nutrient levels resulted in reduced growth in the nutrient‐film and soil cultures, increased growth in sand cultures and little effect on growth in solution cultures. Tissue Ca, of the nutrients studied, was significantly different depending upon the experimental method. Alternating the nutrient level either by elevating K or reducing Ca/Mg resulted in significant interactions on tissue Ca depending upon the experimental method used. The results showed that under similar environmental and treatment conditions, data on growth and nutrition of apple seedlings can vary significantly depending on the type of experimental method employed.     

灌水频率对辣椒各生育期设施土壤盐分迁移规律的影响

为寻求设施栽培条件下辣椒各生育期适宜灌水频率,通过室内土箱模拟试验,研究辣椒苗期、现蕾期和成熟期同一灌水总量高(5 d灌1次水)、中(10 d灌1次水)和低(15 d灌1次水)3个不同灌水频率设施土壤剖面盐分迁移规律。结果表明:辣椒苗期,各灌水频率灌水后,0~20 cm土层脱盐率均达34%以上,积盐量降幅分别达47.57%、49.85%和52.41%,20~50 cm土层积盐量却表现为中频低频和高频;辣椒现蕾期,灌水前,中和低频灌水土壤含盐量最大值均出现在10~20 cm土层,而高频灌水最大值在30~40 cm土层,灌水后高频灌水由于优先流导致30~40 cm土层含盐量降幅最大;辣椒成熟期,灌水前,高和低频灌水盐分表聚现象强于中频,但高频灌水后,0~20 cm土层脱盐率仍相对较大,20~50 cm土层盐分有累积优势,中频灌水下20~50 cm土层含盐量降幅却较大,20~50 cm土层积盐量高频灌水比中频灌水高18.86%。在辣椒成熟期前采用中频适量灌水较优,但在辣椒成熟期宜采用高频少量灌水,低频大量灌水易出现将大量盐分离子淋洗出土体的现象,加大地下水的污染风险。     

Effects of acidification and liming on feeding groups of nematodes in coniferous forest soils

Summary Nematodes were sampled in untreated, acidified, and limed plots in a Norway spruce (Fexboda) and a Scots pine (Norrliden) stand. At Fexboda, the total number of nematodes was significantly reduced after the acidification. This reduction was probably due to a shock effect, because the samples were taken only 5 months after an application of 200 kg H₂SO₄ ha^-1 to the forest floor. However, the root/fungal-feeding Aphelenchoides was not reduced, probably because it is more tolerant of high acid concentrations than most other nematodes. At Norrliden, where the samples were taken 7 years after the last application of H₂SO₄, no significant differences were found between the acidified and untreated plots. If the treatment with H₂SO₄ caused similar effects as at Fexboda, the results indicate a recovery of the nematode populations. Decreased predation from lumbricids rather than a recovery of microfloral populations probably allowed this recovery. No marked effect of lime, spread 2 (Fexboda) and 12 years (Norrliden) before the sampling on the numbers of any of the nematode feeding groups was found. This correlated with almost no change in bacterial biomass after liming, while the active fraction of fungal hyphae was unaffected by liming at Fexboda and reduced by liming at Norrliden. A tendency for decreasing numbers of all nematode feeding groups in the limed plots at Norrliden coincided with increasing numbers of lumbricids.     

残膜对番茄苗期和开花坐果期生长的影响

残膜污染已成为危害农田生态系统的重要因子,不仅阻碍土壤水分和养分运移,而且影响作物生长。为探明残膜对不同生育期番茄生长的影响规律,采用小区试验方法,设置0 kg·hm-2、80 kg·hm-2、160 kg·hm-2、320 kg·hm-2、640 kg·hm-2和1 280 kg·hm-2共6种不同残膜量水平,研究残膜量对番茄苗期和开花坐果期的根系特征、地上部生长和干物质积累的影响,并采用Logistic生长模型定量分析残膜对番茄养分积累始盛期、高峰期和盛末期的影响。结果表明,残膜阻碍了番茄苗期和开花坐果期根系的生长,根体积、根长密度和根干质量密度均随残膜量增加而降低;随着残膜量增加,苗期和开花坐果期的株高和茎粗均呈减小趋势,且株高和茎粗的增长速率逐渐降低。番茄养分积累的始盛期和高峰期随残膜量增加而提前,番茄追肥的最佳时期也应提前。在番茄苗期和开花坐果期,根系、茎秆、花和幼果的干物质量均随残膜量增加而减少,而叶片的干物质量呈递增趋势。残膜对番茄苗期根系、地上部生长和干物质积累的阻碍作用高于开花坐果期。由此可见,残膜对番茄苗期的危害强于开花坐果期,且干物质积累的始盛期和高峰期均随残膜量增加而提前,加强番茄苗期水肥管理和提前水肥施加时间是减轻残膜危害的有利措施。     

增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.     

马铃薯不同生育期追施钾肥增产效果的研究

在我国马铃薯主产区黑龙江省克山县 ,通过二年试验 ,研究了马铃薯不同生育期追施钾肥对产量及相关性状的影响。结果证明 ,追施钾肥能明显提高马铃薯的产量、淀粉含量和商品率 ,提高生育后期叶片叶绿素含量和光合强度 ,延缓生育后期的衰老 ,延长生育期。不同时期追施钾肥的效果不同 ,以现蕾初期追施钾肥效果最佳     

Isoflavone profiles of red clovers and their distribution in different parts harvested at different growing stages

The isoflavone compositions and concentrations in the leaf, flower, petiole, and stem of 13 red clover cultivars were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array and a mass spectrometric detector with negative electrospray ionization. Different cultivars showed significantly different concentrations of individual and total isoflavones. The leaf contained the highest overall concentration, followed by the stem, petiole, and flower. Biochanin A and formononetin were the predominant isoflavones in all cultivars and all parts, along with eight other minor aglycones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, irilone, orobol, pratensein, pseudobaptigenin, and prunetin, and four minor malonylglycosides, genistein-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, orobol-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, formononetin-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate, and biochanin A-7-glucoside-6' '-malonate. The isoflavone compositions and concentrations were also found to be different between red clover parts harvested at the early bud stage and the late flowering stage. Sample storage and handling prior to analysis were also found to be important. Samples in this study were kept at -5 degrees C for a few days before being freeze-dried and were found to contain mainly the aglycones of isoflavones. This may actually be an advantage in that "natural" and more bioactive isoflavones can be obtained without using chemical hydrolysis. Findings in this study therefore provide important information for developing isoflavone-rich red clovers and for optimizing harvest timing and choosing the right part of the red clover plant.     

Alberta油砂地区在两种水文流域森林土壤酸化敏感性研究

Input of large amounts of N and S compounds into forest ecosystems through atmospheric deposition is a significant risk for soil acidification in the oil sands region of Alberta. We evaluated the sensitivity of forest soils to acidification in two watersheds （Lake 287 and Lake 185） with contrasting hydrological regimes as a part of a larger project assessing the role of N and S cycling in soil acidification in forest ecosystems. Fifty six forest soil samples were collected from the two watersheds by horizon from 10 monitoring plots dominated by either jack pine （Pinus banksiana） or aspen （Populus tremuloides）. Soils in the two watersheds were extremely to moderately acidic with pH （CaCl2） ranging from 2.83 to 4.91. Soil acid-base chemistry variables such as pH, base saturation, Al saturation, and acid-buffering capacity measured using the acetic acid equilibrium procedure indicated that soils in Lake 287 were more acidified than those in Lake 185. Acid-buffering capacity decreased in the order of forest floor 〉 subsurface mineral soil 〉 surface mineral soil. The most dramatic differences in percent Ca and Al saturations between the two watersheds were found in the surface mineral soil horizon. Percent Ca and Al saturation in the surface mineral soil in Lake 287 were 15% and 70%, respectively; the percent Ca saturation value fell within a critical range proposed in the literature that indicates soil acidification. Our results suggest that the soils in the two watersheds have low acid buffering capacity and would be sensitive to increased acidic deposition in the region.     

Interaction of Zinc and Phosphorus in relation to micronutrient nutrition of rice plant at two different growth stages

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of application of three levels of phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and three levels of zinc (0, 5 and 10 ppm) in all possible combinations on yield and tissue concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and manganese by rice at two different growth stages (35 and 90 days after transplantation). The results showed that application of both phosphorus and zinc increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root at both the growth stages. Phosphorus or zinc application was found to influence the concentration of zinc, copper, iron and manganese in shoot and in root but these influences varied with the growth stages of the plant as well as with the level of zinc and phosphorus application. The results further showed that phosphorus or zinc application influenced the absorption of zinc/phosphorus, iron, manganese and copper by rice plants and their translocation from root to shoot. Such effects were found to be more prominent at early growth stage than at late growth stage of the plants.     

红壤稻田不同生育期土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构

以福建省红壤稻田土壤为对象,通过提取土壤总DNA,利用特异引物进行PCR(聚合酶链反应)扩增和DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)并结合DNA克隆测序,研究了水稻生长过程中稻田土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落结构的变化。结果显示:稻田土壤具有丰富的氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌资源。水稻生长过程中土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成较为稳定,只表现出水稻生长前期(苗期、分蘖期)和中后期(孕穗期、成熟期)间存在一定差异。而土壤氨氧化古菌群落组成变化较大,在水稻生长的苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期4个时期间均存在一定差异。在水稻生长过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌群落多样性指数无显著性变化,但氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数随水稻生长明显提高,孕穗期后才达到平稳。水稻生长前期土壤硝化势也具有显著上升趋势,孕穗期时达到最高,而后有所下降。土壤硝化势与氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数具有显著正相关性,与氨氧化细菌没有相关性。研究表明,氨氧化古菌对红壤稻田土壤硝化作用的影响程度较大,证实了氨氧化微生物尤其是氨氧化古菌在稻田土壤微生物组成及其生态系统功能中的重要性。