猪饲料营养价值评定及营养需要的研究进展

本文针对猪饲料营养价值评定、营养需要量及配方设计技术等方面的研究进行了总结.研究表明:(1)猪饲料能量的评定指标正从消化能、代谢能体系过渡到净能体系;氨基酸生物学效价指标从表观消化率过渡到具有实际应用价值的标准化回肠氨基酸消化率等.(2)在猪的营养需要量的研究方法上,从过去的列表法向以影响猪养分需要的各种参数为驱动的数学模型预测养分过渡,在营养需要的指标上增加了净能和标准化回肠氨基酸需要量等.且新增的养分指标纳入配方设计与饲养实践条件基本具备.     

我国猪饲养标准及饲料营养价值的定评概况

我国近年来对猪饲料的营养价值评定及营养需要研究比较重视，猪饲料常规养分、氨基酸含量、消化能以及氨基酸回肠表现等数据检测都是研究饲养猪营养成分的依据。     

中国猪饲料营养价值评定研究进展

论文在谯仕彦等(2002)第三届全国饲料营养学术研讨会所著的中国猪饲料营养价值评定研究进展的基础上所完成,共查阅2002年7月至2006年7月4年期间国内公开发表的关于饲料养分及氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率测定文献近30篇,主要集中在玉米、高油玉米、菜籽粕、去皮及带皮豆粕等的测定。通过查阅近4年来的相关资料发现,国内对饲料营养价值评定的技术与方法学上基本没有突破,并且发表的试验论文大多未采用养分的实测值,对氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率的研究也不多,少数的报道主要来自农业部饲料工业中心和广东省农科院畜牧研究所等个别实验室。此外,本文还着重对国外关于生长猪与成年母猪的纤维营养价值评定以及净能体系的研究进行了简要的总结。     

标准回肠消化率在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用

为了获得最佳生产性能,配制满足家禽营养需要的日粮配方和将排泄到环境中的过多养分降到最低,已显得尤为重要。关于蛋白质饲料原料,多通过表观回肠消化率反映其利用率。以表观回肠消化率值为基础配制日粮,低估了饲料原料的氨基酸消化率,导致排泄物中养分含量增加。通过内源氨基酸基础损失校正表观回肠消化率所得的标准回肠消化率,能克服表观回肠消化率的局限性。作者讨论了标准回肠氨基酸消化率和内源氨基酸基础损失的估测方法,并对其在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用作一总结。     

肉鸡饲养营养需要及配方技术研究进展

本文综述了肉仔鸡营养需要量、饲料效价评定及配方设计技术等方面研究进展.研究表明:(1)肉鸡饲养阶段的划分从3个阶段过渡到4个阶段更为科学;(2)营养需要规格呈现多元化趋势,将与肉鸡品种、环境、追求的生产目标及饲料原料本身的评价体系等相结合;(3)若将饲料养分的标准差即变异引入配方模型的系数矩阵,可明显提高配方养分实际达成的概率;(4)用标准化回肠可消化率氨基酸配制日粮,可提高对肉鸡生产性能的预测水平.     

中国猪饲料营养价值评定研究进展

论文在谯仕彦等（2002）第三届全国饲料营养学术研讨会所著的中国猪饲料营养价值评定研究进展的基础上所完成，共查阅2002年7月至2006年7月4年期间国内公开发表的关于饲料养分及氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率测定文献近50篇，主要集中在玉米、高油玉米、菜籽粕、去皮及带皮豆粕等的测定。通过查阅近4年来的相关资料发现，国内对饲料营养价值评定的技术与方法学上基本没有突破，并且发表的试验论文大多未采用养分的实测值，对氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率的研究也不多，少数的报道主要来自农业部饲料工业中心和广东省农科院畜牧研究所等个别实验室。此外，本文还着重对国外关于生长猪与成年母猪的纤维营养价值评定以及净能体系的研究进行了简要的总结。     

肉鸡营养和配方设计的研究进展

作者针对肉仔鸡营养需要量、饲料效价评定及配方设计技术等方面,概述了当前的进展与趋势。文献表明,肉鸡饲养阶段的划分更科学,大部分从3个阶段过渡到4个阶段;营养需要规格呈现多元化趋势,主要考虑与肉鸡品种、环境、追求的生产目标及饲料原料本身的评价体系等结合起来;日粮配方优化技术本身是不变的,但引入配方模型的系数矩阵若带入饲料养分的标准差即变异,将会明显提高配方养分实际达成的概率。如果用标准化回肠可消化率氨基酸配制日粮,一般能提高对肉鸡生产性能的预测水平。上述研究结果与思想将为中国开发新一代肉鸡饲养营养专家系统提供科学依据。     

关于按可利用氨基酸设计猪饲料配方的初步建议

《中国饲料》1996年第5期刊出“关于按可利用氨基酸设计家禽饲料配方的初步建议”后，一些读者来信询问设计猪饲料配方的有关资料。今将这方面的资料综合撰文于下。与家禽一样，这只是一个初步建议，目的是抛砖引玉。为猪设计以可利用氨基酸为指标的饲料配方，同样需要有饲料中可利用氨基酸含量和猪的可利用氨基酸需要量等基础数据。1猪饲料的可利用氨基酸含量猪对饲料中氨基酸的利用率，目前大多用回肠末端表观消化率表示。国内外许多学者发表了这方面的测定数据。由于基因型、生产条件以及测定方法等因素的影响，同名饲料由不同学者测得的…     

猪饲料原料中氨基酸生物学效价及消化率(一)

文章定义了猪饲料原料氨基酸生物学效价及回肠氨基酸消化率,讨论了测定生物学效价及回肠消化率的方法,给出了这些指标的推荐值。造成氨基酸生物学效价和回肠消化率间差异的主要有两个因素。第一,某些氨基酸(如赖氨酸)以化合物形式被吸收而没有用于代谢;第二,动物肠道上端发酵可能导致氨基酸的净损失或增加。此外,也需要考虑日粮因素对于用于组织生长或产奶的生物可利用氨基酸摄入效率的影响,这可能由于肠道后端内源氨基酸的损失和与内源肠道蛋白质合成和分解代谢相关的损失引起。回肠消化率值可以用表观回肠消化率(AID)、标准回肠消化率(SID)或真回肠消化率(TID)来表示。这些定义都反应了消化率值上内源氨基酸的损失。回肠内源氨基酸损失可分为基础损失(不受日粮组成成分的影响)和特殊损失(由日粮成分特性如纤维类型和含量、抗营养因子等引起)。表观回肠消化率值(AID)是日粮氨基酸的摄入量与回肠氨基酸的流出量之差(从消化道近端到回肠末端摄入氨基酸的净消失量)。表观回肠消化率值(AID)的问题在于其在混合饲料原料中不具有可加性。这可以通过校正基础内源氨基酸损失来克服,即标准回肠消化率值(SID)。此外,如果表观回肠消化率值(AID)校正了基础和特殊内源氨基酸损失则为真回肠氨基酸消化率值(TID)。然而,目前还没有常规测定特殊内源氨基酸损失的可靠方法。因此,通过消化试验,使用无氮日粮法测定基础内源氨基酸损失,可以计算得出表观回肠消化率值(AID)和标准回肠消化率值(SID)。在更多的关于真回肠氨基酸消化率值(TID)的信息公布前,建议使用标准回肠消化率值(SID)进行日粮配制。     

鸡用饲料氨基酸消化率的评定方法评价分析

饲料氨基酸消化率是评定饲料原料营养价值和可利用性的一项重要指标。饲料原料氨基酸消化率的获得为动物可消化氨基酸需要量的测定和更准确地设计日粮配方提供参考数据。本文介绍了"TME"真代谢能法(饥饿-强饲-收粪法)和回肠末端法评定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率过程中的操作方法,并就存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Standardized ileal protein and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the physiological condition of swine on standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients were determined for crude protein and amino acids in six feed ingredients (corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, canola meal, and meat and bone meal) in growing pigs and in gestating and lactating sows. Growing pigs and lactating sows were given free access to their diets, whereas gestating sows were allowed to consume only 2 kg of feed daily. The nonspecific (basal) endogenous losses of protein and amino acids were determined under similar feeding regimens after feeding a protein-free diet. The SID for crude protein and amino acids were calculated by correcting the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients for the nonspecific endogenous losses of protein and amino acids. With a few exceptions, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the SID for crude protein and amino acids between growing pigs and lactating sows. Overall, gestating sows had higher (P < 0.05) SID for crude protein and all amino acids, except for tryptophan and aspartate, compared with growing pigs. Likewise, the SID of most amino acids obtained by gestating sows were higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained by lactating sows. Interactions (P < 0.05) between animals and diets were observed for gestating sows compared with growing pigs as well as gestating sows compared with lactating sows. As a consequence, it is not possible to extrapolate data from one feed ingredient to another. On most occasions, the lowest SID among the indispensable amino acids was calculated for threonine, valine, and lysine. It is concluded that gestating sows fed 2 kg of feed per day have higher standardized digestibility coefficients than do growing pigs and lactating sows given free access to their diets. This difference may be due to differences in daily feed intake rather than to the physiological status of the animals.     

Processing conditions affect nutrient digestibility of cold-pressed canola cake for grower pigs

Cold-pressed canola cake is a coproduct of biodiesel production that contains more residual oil than expeller-pressed and solvent-extracted canola meal. Cold-pressed canola cake might be an attractive feedstuff for swine due to local availability from small plants. However, the nutritional quality and content of anti-nutritional factors of cold-pressed canola cake are poorly defined and vary with processing conditions. This experiment evaluated cold-pressed canola cake processed using 4 different conditions: a nonheated and heated barrel at slow and fast screw speed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Seven ileally cannulated barrows (26 kg of BW) were fed twice daily at 2.8 × maintenance diets containing either 44% of 1 of the 4 cold-pressed canola cake samples, expeller-pressed canola meal, canola seed, or an N-free diet in a 7 × 7 Latin square. The objectives were to measure the energy and AA digestibility and to calculate standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and NE content. Each 9-d experimental period consisted of a 5-d diet adaptation, followed by 2-d feces and 2-d ileal digesta collections, and 7 observations per diet were obtained. Cold-pressed canola cake contained 41% CP, 16% ether extract, and 5 μmol of total glucosinolates/g (DM basis). Both apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract energy digestibility of energy in cold-pressed canola cake was 36% greater (P < 0.05) in heated vs. nonheated conditions and 8% greater (P < 0.05) in fast vs. slow screw speed without interaction, indicating that heat enhanced energy digestibility. The AID of energy of cold-pressed canola cake was 13 and 118% greater (P < 0.01) than expeller-pressed canola meal and canola seed, respectively. Heat and speed interacted (P < 0.05) for SID of AA of test ingredients, but effects were not consistent among AA. The DE and calculated NE content of cold-pressed canola cake was 0.73 and 0.52 Mcal/kg greater (P=0.001; DM basis), respectively, than expeller-pressed canola meal and did not differ from canola seed. Cold-pressed canola cake averaged 4.17 Mcal of DE/kg, 2.84 Mcal of NE/kg, 0.87% SID Lys, 0.46% SID Met, and 0.79% SID Thr (DM basis). In conclusion, processing conditions greatly affected the digestible nutrient content of cold-pressed canola cake. Content of residual ether extract was an important determinant of the energy value of cold-press canola cake, whereas residual glucosinolates did not seem to hamper nutrient digestibility.     

Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.     

Effects of formulating growing pig diet with increasing levels of wheat‐corn distillers dried grains with solubles on digestible nutrient basis on growth performance and nutrient digestibility

Formulating swine diets containing fibrous coproducts based on net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acid (SID AA) values is recommended for optimizing pig performance. However, the effects of applying this approach to diets with increasing dietary levels of wheat‐corn‐derived distillers dried grains with soluble (wcDDGS) on pig performance have not been evaluated. Thus, 48 pigs with an average body weight [BW] of 25.5 kg were used to determine the effects of increasing wcDDGS (1:1 wheat to corn ratio) content in grower diets on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients. Pigs were housed in pens of either 2 barrows or gilts balanced for BW and fed 4 diets within sex for 42 days. Diets were a nutrient adequate corn–barley–soybean meal‐based diet with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% wcDDGS, and were similar in calculated NE and SID AA values. Acid insoluble ash was used as the indigestible marker. Final BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) linearly decreased (p < 0.05) and feed efficiency tended to decrease (p = 0.07) with increased dietary wcDDGS. Overall average daily feed intake was not affected (p > 0.10) by dietary treatment. The ATTD of dry matter and energy linearly decreased (p < 0.01), whereas the ATTD of neutral detergent fibre linearly increased (p < 0.01) with increasing dietary level of wcDDGS. Increasing dietary wcDDGS content did not affect (p > 0.10) ATTD of Ca and P. In conclusion, increasing dietary wcDDGS content reduced growth performance and ATTD of energy in growing pigs. Thus, the risks of high dietary wcDGGS content may not be completely alleviated by formulating growing pig diets on the basis of NE and SID AA systems.     

Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe the bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA in pig feed ingredients is defined. Aspects of the methodology to establish bioavailability and ileal digestibility values also are discussed, and recommendations about the use of these values are provided. Two main factors can contribute to differences between bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA. First, some AA, such as Lys, may be absorbed in chemical complexes that preclude their use for metabolism. Second, fermentation in the upper gut may result in a net loss or gain of AA to the animal. In addition, dietary effects on the efficiency of using bioavailable AA intake for tissue growth or milk production should be considered and may be attributed to endogenous AA losses in the hindgut and the metabolic costs associated with endogenous gut protein synthesis and losses. Ileal digestibility values may be expressed as apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), or true ileal digestibility (TID). These terms are used to specify how ileal endogenous AA losses are reflected in digestibility values. Ileal endogenous AA losses may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as levels and types of fiber and antinutritional factors. Values for AID are established when total ileal outflow of AA (i.e., the sum of endogenous losses and nondigested dietary AA) is related to dietary AA intake. A concern with the use of AID values is that these are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. This concern may be overcome by correcting AID values for defined basal endogenous losses of AA, which yields SID values. Furthermore, if the AID values are corrected for basal and specific endogenous losses, then values for TID are calculated. However, reliable procedures to routinely measure specific endogenous losses are not yet available. It is recommended that basal ileal endogenous losses of AA should be measured in digestibility experiments using a defined protein-free diet and that these losses are reported with observed AID and SID values. It is suggested that SID values should be used for feed formulation, at least until more information on TID values becomes available.     

Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs

Measures of ileal digestibility (ID) are used routinely as estimates of amino acid (AA) bio-availability in pig feed ingredients. Values for ID may be expressed as apparent (AID), standardized (SID), or true (TID). Values for AID are calculated by deducting the total ileal outflow of AA (the sum of endogenous losses (IAA_end) and non-digested dietary AA) from dietary AA intake. The IAA_end may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as anti-nutritional factors and dietary fiber. If the AID values are corrected for total IAA_end, then values for TID are calculated. Lack of additivity of AID values in feed formulation may be overcome by correcting AID values for basal IAA_end only, which yields SID values. Until reliable procedures for the routine measurement of specific IAA_end become available, it is suggested that SID values are used for feed formulation. It is advisable that basal IAA_end are measured in digestibility experiments and that these losses are reported with SID values.     

Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP₆) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP₆ content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P < 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P < 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P < 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.     

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background:The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition.And a precise understanding of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs.This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition,digestible energy(DE) and metabolizable energy(ME) content,and apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of amino acids(AA) for growing pigs.Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal(DLRSM) samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China.Methods:The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in growing pigs(six pigs per DLRSM sample,average initial body weight(BW) = 48.3 kg).The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows(average initial BW = 35.3 kg) by using two 6x6 Latin square designs.Each Latin square comprised one N-free diet and 5 DLRSM test diets.Results:The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples,and the coefficient of variation was greater than 10%for ether extract(EE),neutral detergent fiber(NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF),calcium(Ca),and total glucosinolates.The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine(Lys) and methionine(Met).On a dry matter(DM) basis,the apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of gross energy(GE),the DE and ME and the ME:DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39%,2862 kcal/kg and 2723 kcal/kg,and 94.95%,respectively.The mean value of SID of Lys was 70.52% which varied from 66.54-76.54%.The SID of crude protein(CP),Met,and threonine(Thr) averaged 72.81%,82.41%,and 69.76%,respectively.Conclusions:There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE,NDF and ADF,but no significant differences in energy content of the DLRSM samples were observed.In addition,the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar among DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.     

Effect of feeding level on ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy from soybean meal‐based diets for piglets

A total of 36 piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 5.6 ± 0.7 kg, fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the distal ileum, were used to evaluate the effect of three graded feeding levels (50, 75 or 100 g/kg BW^0.75 day) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy, and on ATTD of organic matter (OM), ether extracts (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) content in soybean meal (SBM)–casein–cornstarch‐based diets. The AID of DM, N and energy and ATTD of NDF, ADF and EE in the diets were not affected (p > 0.05) by the feed intake (FI) level. There was a small decrease in ATTD of DM, N (CP), OM, ash and energy, and in DE, ME and NE content in the diets (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The net disappearance in the large intestine (in % of ileal recovery) decreased for DM, N and energy (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The design of the study allowed for estimating ileal endogenous loss of N and total tract endogenous loss of ash, N and EE, for estimating corresponding true ileal and total tract digestibility values, and for estimating urinary endogenous N loss. High variability in estimates of ileal endogenous N loss and total tract endogenous losses of N, EE and ash reflects great variation in individual endogenous losses between animals. Estimation of true total tract digestibility of N, EE and ash by regression analysis was affected by their decrease in ATTD with increasing FI level, as estimates for true digestibility were lower compared to their apparent values. The present results suggest that FI level can affect both apparent and true total tract nutrient digestibility in piglets.