帽儿山地区次生林椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型的研究

应用帽儿山天然次生林区不同林分条件下选设的20块椴树（Tilia amurensis）固定样地的解析木调查资料,分析多个单木竞争指标与对象木胸高断面积定期生长量的相关关系,在椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型中引入林木自身大小、单木竞争指标和立地因子,应用回归分析法建立帽儿山地区天然次生椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型。研究表明：天然次生林下椴树的胸高断面积定期生长量与对象木相对直径（RD）和竞争压力指数（SCI）等指标存在比较明显的相关关系。应用主分量线性组合的方法构造的综合竞争指标（MCI）包含了各竞争指标与胸高断面积生长量之间的绝大部分的相关信息,可以作为竞争指标应用于单木胸高断面积生长模型。     

马尾松人工林单木竞争指标及生长模型研究

用回归分析的方法研究竞争指标与林木胸径生长量的相关关系，其结果表明，与胸径生长量的相关性，对象木相对直径（SD）最强，直径比（DR）、带距离权重的断面积比（BR）第二强，带距离权重的直径比（WDR）、断面积比（WBR）第三强、距离均值（MD）、距离平方均值（RS）、竞争木相对直径（CD）很弱，说明在一般人工林内，林木间距和竞争木大小对对象木胸径生长量的影响不明显，对象木身身的大小是引起期 生长量差异的主要因子，用模型优选方法构建的单木模型，地黔中地区中上等立地条件，正常经营密度的马尾松人工林。     

落桦混交林空间结构对林木直径生长的影响

为探究白桦林不同空间结构对林木直径生长的影响,选择塞罕坝机械林场的白桦林作为研究对象,采用实地测量与解析木的方法对林木的生长变化进行记录,结果表明:处于随机分布状态下林分中林木生长量要普遍高于处于聚集状态下的林木生长量,角尺度处于0.5左右时生长量是最大的,说明林分处于随机分布有利于林木的生长;处于优势状态的林分直径生长量要普遍高于亚优势状态的林分,并且大小比数处于0左右时林木的生长量是最大的;强度混交的林分直径生长量明显高于中度混交的林分,并且同一林分中随着混交度的增加直径生长量也随之增大,说明混交有利于林分的生长。     

小兴安岭阔叶次生林典型树种单木生长模型的建立

以小兴安岭过伐林区阔叶次生林典型类型(杨桦林、硬阔林)为研究对象,通过建立阔叶次生林典型类型(柞树、白桦、黑桦)的单木生长模型,对小兴安岭过伐林区阔叶次生林主要树种的生长进行预测,直接判定各单木树种的生长状况。研究结果表明,林木直径是影响阔叶次生林主要树种单木生长量的最主要因素,直径越大,定期直径生长量也越大;林木直径是影响林木枯损的主要因子,林木直径越大,枯损概率越小。     

用二类调查样地建立落叶松单木直径生长模型

根据来自吉林省汪清林业局二类调查的１４个落叶松固定样地的３４６株复测林木数据,建立了与我关的落叶松木平方直径生长最模型。它包含了单木直径生长模型所需考虑的林木大小,立地条件和林木竞争这３个因素,并具有与年龄、地位指数无关的特点,便于实践中应用,逐步回归的结果表明,落叶松单木平方直径生长最模型需要考虑的主要因子是林木直径值、林分断面积和坡度。     

冀北山地白桦典型大小比数与直径生长关系研究

以冀北山地杨桦次生林为对象,以参照树与周围最近4株相邻木为空间结构单元,以林木年轮宽度确定直径生长,研究大小比数与直径生长的关系。结果表明:该林分林木间在10~20a竞争最为激烈,是对林分进行森林经营管理、调整林分密度的最佳时期。林木大小比数的形成主要取决于林木最初生长状况以及林木的竞争能力;3个大小比数木生长优势比较,优势木生长优势明显,中庸木对劣态木无明显的生长优势;林木优势度越低,其直径生长与外界环境条件的相关性越低。     

基于竞争势的林分生长量分配模型研究

以湖南省攸县黄丰桥林场杉木林分2008年至2011年每木检尺调查结果为数据源,开展对开阔比数模型fo,简单竞争因子模型fH和竞争压力指数模型fCSI的研究,提出一个新的林木综合竞争因子即竞争势模型fC=1/(fo+fH+fCSI),计算结果经过残差分析方法剔除异常,以竞争势为依据将林分总体生长量分配到林木个体,构建林分生长量分配模型.为了验证模型的准确性,对比分别以fC、fH、fCSI三个模型为依据的林分生长量分配结果,计算通过模型分配到个体的生长量与个体实际生长量之间的相关指数分别为0.6,0.44,0.29.分析结果表明竞争势模型可以作为林分生长可视化模拟中林分生长量向个体分配的一个依据,为林分生长可视化模拟提供有效支持.     

基于贝叶斯模型平均法和逐步回归法构建杉木单木胸径生长模型

【目的】探索杉木人工林单木胸径生长量变化的驱动因子,比较不同驱动因子的重要性,构建不确定性单木胸径生长模型,为杉木经营管理者科学经营管理杉木人工林提供参考。【方法】以福建省邵武市卫闽林场杉木密度试验林为研究对象,采用贝叶斯模型平均法(BMA)和逐步回归法(SR)分析杉木单木胸径生长量与内部因子(林分变量因子)和气候因子的关系,构建杉木单木胸径生长模型。【结果】杉木单木胸径年均生长量受气候因子影响较小,主要受竞争因子和单木大小因子影响。单木胸径生长量随林分密度、林分平方平均胸径、大于对象木的断面积和、年龄、冬季平均最低温度增加而减小,随期初胸径、胸高断面积、优势木平均高、最冷月平均温度、最热月平均温度、年均降雨量增加而增加。基于SR获得模型的后验概率小于BMA获得最佳模型(最高后验概率)或SR模型不在BMA模型空间前几个后验概率高的模型中。【结论】杉木单木胸径生长量随竞争增加而减小,随温度和降雨增加而增加。贝叶斯模型平均法考虑所有可能变量的组合,能够反映出模型的不确定性。     

冀北山地桦落混交林空间结构与直径生长关系研究

林分空间结构是森林经营管理过程中的重要因子。大小比数是林分空间结构的主要参数,对林木生长与竞争有重要影响。该研究以冀北山地典型森林类型桦落混交林为对象,以中心树与周围最近4株相邻木为空间结构单元,以林木年轮宽度确定直径生长,研究大小比数与直径生长的关系。结果表明:对于大小比数为0.5的空间结构单元,与相邻最粗树比较,桦树和落叶松的中心树直径生长过程基本一致,分3种情况:1一直处于劣态。2前后期处于劣态,中期竞争生长。3前期处于劣态,中后期竞争生长。不同大小比数木的林木之间的竞争主要集中于8~15a,此期间是对林分进行抚育采伐、调整林分密度的最佳时期。     

张广才岭地区落叶松人工林单木生长模型

根据张广才岭地区实测的落叶松人工林(Larix Olgensis)固定标准地17块样地资料,通过对林木大小因子,竞争因子,以及立地因子的分析,选择林分密度指数(SDI)作为反映林分中林木之间平均拥挤指标,采用多元线性逐步回归的方法构建与距离无关的落叶松人工林单木生长模型。     

帽儿山主要森林类型凋落物层水文效应研究

对帽儿山地区不同林型的水文功能进行研究,通过分析不同林分凋落物层,得出人工林蓄水能力普遍比天然次生林强。在纯林中落叶松蓄水能力最强,水曲柳林最弱;混交林中红松水曲柳混交蓄水能力最强,云杉水曲柳林蓄水能力最弱;天然次生林蓄水能力较弱。蓄水能力总的排序：落叶松纯林〉红松纯林〉红松水曲柳混交林〉落叶松水曲柳混交林〉云杉纯林〉云杉水曲柳混交林〉天然次生林〉水曲柳纯林。蓄水能力与林分类型,枯落物分解状况及枯落物积累状况有关。     

Site Quality Evaluation for Mixed, Uneven-aged, Natural Forest Dominatedby Korean Pine in Northeast China

1ThisStudyisoneoftheprojectssuportedbyNaturalScienceFundationofHeilongjiangProvinceIntroductionSitoindexisaconvcnientstcptoxtardtl1eultin1ategoaiofpredictingtheproductioncapability'offorcstlwt;anditisausefuldircctmeasuresforapotentialexpetionparadigmintcn…     

GROWTH EFFECT OF DAHURIAN LARCH-MANCHURIAN ASH MIXED FORESTS

STUDYAREAANDareTH0DThestUdyareawasatthecompatheentllofXinkenIllWorkingUnitinchoershanExPenmentalForestFann,NortheastF0restryUniversity.Dunngthespnngofl967,Dahu-nanlarchwasplantedintheleftlandofsecon-daryf0rest.Beforeorafterplanhng,mal1yMancl1tlrial1ash,e1l11withwhitebarkandsolneotherbroad-leavedtLreesinvadedandgrewwell.NowManchunanashandDahu-nanlarchn1ixedforestshavebeenf0n11ed,inwhichManchurianashisdolninant.lnl984,2Pen1lanentplotsweresetupwiththeslzeof0.O6hnl',facil1gsoutheast,…     

以相对直径为竞争指标的单木直径生长模型研究

选择了Richards,Logistic,Mitscherlich,Gompertz,Modified-Weibull 5个最为常用的单木直径生长理论方程作为基础方程,采取再次参数化的方法将与林木生长密切相关的地位指数(SI)、林分密度(N)、单木竞争指标——相对直径(RD)等因子引入方程,对马尾松人工林的单木直径生长模型进行了研究。结果表明,采用该方法得到的单木直径生长方程具有很好的适应性和很高的预估精度,因为该方程中包含了林木的相对直径RD,当令RD等于1.0时,单木的直径生长模型就反映了林分的平均直径生长,这为从单木生长模型向全林分生长模型的耦合提供了一条途径。     

Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique

Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F.J. Muell.) forest catchments exhibit a strong relationship between stand age and runoff, attributed inter alia to differences in tree water use. However, the tree water use component of the mountain ash forest water balance is poorly quantified. We have used the sap flow technique to obtain estimates of daily water use in large mountain ash trees. First, the sap flow technique was validated by means of an in situ cut tree experiment. Close agreement was obtained between the sap flow estimate of water use and the actual uptake of water by the tree from a reservoir. Second, we compared the variability in sap velocity between a symmetric and an asymmetric tree by using multiple sap flow loggers. In the symmetric tree, velocity was fairly uniform throughout the xylem during the day, indicating that accurate sap flow estimates can be obtained with a minimal number of sampling points. However, large variations in sap velocity were observed in the asymmetric tree, indicating that much larger sampling sizes are required in asymmetric stems for an accurate determination of mean sap velocity. Finally, we compared two procedures for scaling individual tree sap flow estimates to the stand level based on stem diameter and leaf area index measurements. The first procedure was based on a regression between stem diameter and tree water use, developed on a small sample of trees and applied to a stand-level census of stem diameter values. Inputs to the second procedure were tree water use and leaf area of a single tree and the leaf area index of the stand. The two procedures yielded similar results; however, the first procedure was more robust but it required more sampling effort than the second procedure.     

一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积分布的方法

本文推导出一组联系林分平均直径生长和直径累积分布生长之间的方程式。根据这些方程建立的全林分生长模型和径阶模型或与距离无关的单木模型之间的关系，可以指导由林分断面积总生长向单木直径生长的分配。采用这一组方程，根据二个不同时间点上算术平均直径和均方平均直径回收生长模型和枯损模型中的参数，保证林分水平预测的结果和径级水平或单木水平预测的结果相容。采用一个误差函数来刻化相同直径林木在生长过程中的分化，证明了忽略这项误差函数可能导致预测的直径分布范围小于实际的范围。因此，加上一个误差函数预测直径分布在一定程度上提高了直径分布预测的精度。最后一个实例说明计算过程。     

基于人工神经网络的杉木竞争生长模型研究

在VonBertalanffy生长理论的基础上，建立了基于人工神经网络的单木直径潜在生长模型，以相对植距和相对优势度为竞争指标构造了生长修正函数，综合单木直径潜在生长模型和生长修正函数组建了杉木人工林单木直径竞争生长模型，该模型预估精度高，能满足林业生产的需要.     

水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布

采用根钻取样方法对年生水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,水曲柳落叶松地下生物量的空间分配差异显著。在林分水平上,水曲柳的根生物量密度高于落叶松(分别为4442.3和2234.9g/m3)。两树种在相邻区域中分配的细根生物量较高,表明种间根系竞争较弱。落叶松行间的水曲柳细根生物量密度和根长密度均高于水曲柳行间的落叶松细根,表明水曲柳地下部分具有较强能力。根系的空间分布有利于混交林中水曲柳的生长。图1表4参19。     

Stand structure, competition and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a Mediterranean mountainous environment

The relationship between competition and tree growth was studied in four stands of Pinus sylvestris L. occurring in a continental Mediterranean mountain area (in the Guadarrama range, Spain), i.e., an uneven-aged stand, a stand with oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) understorey, a plantation, and a mature even-aged stand. Competition was measured by a simple size-ratio distance-independent index and was negatively associated with tree diameter. This negative association was stronger in the uneven-aged, plantation and mature even-aged stands than in the stand with oak understorey. Competition was also negatively associated with current diameter increment. This relationship was moderately strong in the mature even-aged stand and weak in the uneven-aged stand and the plantation. In the uneven-aged and the mature even-aged stands, a weakly significant relationship was found between diameter growth and tree size, whereas these parameters were not associated in the stand with oak understorey. The competition index provided a better prediction of growth rate than the alternative use of diameter. Both diameter and basal area growth were greater in the uneven-aged than in the even-aged stands.     

A process‐based model for the dimensional growth of even‐aged stands

An individual tree, process‐based stand growth model is presented. It is based on the carbon balance, according to which tree growth depends on the activities of photosynthesis, respiration and senescence. A simple model is specified for each component of the carbon balance. Next, equations for the tree structure, in which e.g. pipe‐model theory is utilized, are presented. The growth model for dry‐weights of tree compartments based on the carbon balance is transformed using these equations to allow the expression of growth in terms of diameter and height. It is also possible to aggregate a number of physiological and biometrical coefficients into a small number of generalized coefficients of the dimensional growth model. Additional components, including the equations for recession of the crown base and tree survival that are necessary for a stand growth model, are specified. Comparison of the stand growth model with a yield table and a growth model for a sapling stand suggests that the model is capable of accounting for the basic features of stand growth. Furthermore, simulations with varying initial density and some of the model's coefficients indicate that the stand growth model is approximately consistent with the so‐called self‐thinning rule.