广元市多花黑麦草品比试验

对8个多花黑麦草品种从生育期、产草量、茎叶比等方面进行了比较研究,结果表明:特高多花黑麦草产量最高,其干物质产量为19 397 kg/hm2;蓝天堂产量次之,其干物质产量为18 242 kg/hm2;特优多花黑麦草产量最低,其干物质产量为14 770 kg/hm2。从总体上来看,各个品种之间产量有一定的差异,但是产量差异不显著。     

“鉰用玉米-黑麦草”草地农业系统的研究——V.鉰用玉米性能评价与系统优化

在“饲用玉米-黑麦草”草地农业系统研究中，5月初播种的不同种类饲用玉米产量有较大差异。兼用型玉米奥玉5102干物质产量最高，达21138．1kg/hm^2，是青刈型玉米玉草1号的干物质产量的3．15倍。通过种植系统优化，科饲1号-华农1号-杰威多花黑麦草种植系统产量最高，年干物质产量达44303kg/hm^2，但兼用型玉米-杰威多花黑麦草种植系统成本较低。     

不同播期对杰威多花黑麦草产草性能影响的研究

采用小区试验的方法，在四川达州和阳平做了不同播期杰威多花黑麦草产草量性能影响的研究。结果表明，杰威多花黑麦草在9月中旬播种，产量最高，年均干物质产量：达州可以达到12850．0kg／hm^2，阳平点的年均干物质产量达到8764．4kg／hm^2。不同播期之间产量差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

湘西地区不同播期对多花黑麦草产草量性能的影响

采用小区试验的方法,在湘西地区的芷江县和溆浦县做了不同播期一年生多花黑麦草产草量性能影响的研究。结果表明：一年生多花多花黑麦草在9月中旬播种产量最高,年平均干物质产量芷江县可以达到12850．00kg／hm^2,溆浦县点的年均干物质产量达到8764．40kg／hm^2,产量差异显著（p〈0．05）。     

十三个多花黑麦草品种在云南不同气候带的产量比较试验

分析了13个多花黑麦草品种在云南4个不同气候带3年的相对干物质产量,结果为:平均相对干物质产量最高的品种为赫达奇埃巴多花黑麦草4.30t/hm2,其次为特蒂勒多花黑麦草4.04t/hm2,第三为埃克思尔特多花黑麦草3.95t/hm2;最差的品种为艾斯多花黑麦草1.26t/hm2。说明相同牧草种的不同品种之间产量差异较大,在生产实践中,应注意选用优良的牧草品种。     

马尔康县多花黑麦草引种试验

采用小区试验的方法,在马尔康县进行多花黑麦草品种引进试验。结果表明:参试的4个多花黑麦草在该地区能够完成生育史,其中多花黑麦草长江2号的产量最高,年均鲜草产量为79800kg/hm2,干物质产量可以达到18700kg/hm2,与其他3个品种的产量相比,并异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。     

几种多花黑麦草在凉山州种植的产草量比较

为了探究适宜凉山地区种植的多花黑麦草品种,本试验对引进的11个多花黑麦草品种的产草量进行了对比研究,结果显示:11个多花黑麦草年鲜草产量在97 968.75～124 427.08 kg/hm^2之间,年干草产量在23 708.33～28 145.83 kg/hm^2之间,除"先锋"外品种的,其他各品种在凉山地区均具有较好表现;各品种年刈割5次,其中前3次刈割的产草量占全年总产量的80%以上,因此在冬春季充分利用前3次干、鲜草可大大提高土地利用率。     

产草性能影响的研究不同播期对杰威多花黑麦草

采用小区试验的方法,在四川达州和阳平做了不同播期杰威多花黑麦草产草量性能影响的研究。结果表明,杰威多花黑麦草在9月中旬播种,产量最高,年均干物质产量:达州可以达到12850.0kg/hm2,阳平点的年均干物质产量达到8764.4kg/hm2。不同播期之间产量差异显著(P<0.05)。     

不同播种量对晋中地区多花黑麦草产量的影响

在山西晋中地区对长江2号、邦德、特高、海湾、安哥斯5个多花黑麦草品种进行不同播种量（高22．5kg／hm^2,中15kg／hm^2和低7．5kg／hm^2）试验,结果表明：5个多花黑麦草品种均能在山西省晋中地区完成的生育期,干草产量以中等播种量的邦德产量最高。5个品种干草量由低到高依次为：邦德〈海湾〈特高〈安哥斯〈长江2号,3个播种量条件下的干草产量依次为：低播种量〈高播种量〈中播种量。     

滇东南岩溶山地生态牧草品种种植筛选试验

选择14个生态牧草品种在滇东南岩溶山地进行种植筛选试验,从牧草的建植速度、干物质产量和适口性等方面进行了3年的观测。结果表明:纳罗克非洲狗尾草、弯叶画眉草、劲能多花黑麦草建植速度较快,各供试品种间干物质产量差异较大。弯叶画眉草3年干物质产量平均3 684kg/hm2,显著高于其他供试品种(P<0.05);纳罗克非洲狗尾草和劲能多花黑麦草的产量也较高,分别达2 691 kg/hm2和2 048 kg/hm2。综合各供试牧草的建植速度、适应性及干物质产量等因素,在滇东南北亚热带岩溶山地条件下,放牧草地应选用纳罗克非洲狗尾草、牧友鸭茅、海法白三叶等作为草地改良的建群种,搭配劲能多花黑麦草、保利杂交黑麦草、罗亚红三叶等前期生长快的草种作为先锋草种;生态保护应选择弯叶画眉草、纳罗克非洲狗尾草、云南知风草、牧友鸭茅、热浪苇状羊茅和海法白三叶等草种作为生态改良草种。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.