芝麻叶中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

该文测定了芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量，并对芝麻叶黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。重点探讨了采用乙醇提取法和微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法提取芝麻叶黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量为0.98%；乙醇提取法的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为2.5 h，如此条件可使黄酮提取率达95.6%；微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法的最适工艺参数是微波功率200 W、微波处理时间70s，乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为30 min，这种工艺可使黄酮提取率达95.8%。     

杜仲叶绿原酸和黄酮类化合物提取工艺研究

对杜仲叶中绿原酸和总黄酮的最佳提取工艺进行了研究,结果表明溶剂为60%乙醇;提取时间为2h;提取次数为3次;温度为80℃;料液比为116(W/V).其中浸提温度是首要影响因素,其次是时间和料液比.此工艺所得的杜仲浸膏,得率为31.67%,其中绿原酸含量为8.43%,提取率为90.21%;总黄酮含量为5.49%,提取率为93.32%.     

中低档乌龙茶中茶多糖提取工艺优化

该文以中、低档乌龙茶为原料,通过正交试验,研究了浸提温度、浸提时间、料水比和乙醇浓度4个因素对茶多糖得率的影响,并探讨茶多糖中蛋白质的脱除技术。研究结果表明：浸提温度对茶多糖得率的影响程度达到极显著水平,浸提时间、料水比和沉淀的乙醇浓度对茶多糖得率没有显著影响。乌龙茶茶多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为：浸提温度90℃,浸提时间80 min,料水比1∶25,沉淀剂乙醇浓度60％,乌龙茶茶多糖得率为10.15%,含量88.04%。以3次脱蛋白处理为宜,茶多糖中蛋白质脱除率为64.22％。另外,经红外光谱和紫外光谱分析,乌龙茶茶多糖主要是吡喃多糖,并且有蛋白质特征吸收峰。     

亮菌多糖提取工艺优化及体外抗肿瘤活性研究

本研究进行了亮菌多糖水提、醇沉工艺条件优选并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行了研究。以多糖含量为指标,设计正交试验考察料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数对亮菌多糖提取工艺的影响;以多糖得率为评价指标,选乙醇浓度、乙醇加入量、醇沉时间为考察因素,通过正交试验优选醇沉工艺;采用MTT法测定多糖对4种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果显示亮菌多糖最佳浸提工艺为料液比1：10,提取次数为2次,浸提温度100℃,时间6 h;最佳醇沉条件为加4倍量95%乙醇沉淀15 h;醇沉后多糖得率11.768%。活性测试结果显示ATPS对人红白血病细胞和人肺癌细胞株的生长具有抑制作用。优选的提取工艺条件稳定,可为ATPS的生产提供实验依据;亮菌多糖对体外肿瘤细胞的生长具有抑制作用。     

白首乌中黄酮类化合物提取工艺研究

该试验考察了使用不同浓度的甲醇、乙醇和丙酮在不同水浴温度下对提取白首乌中黄酮类化合物的影响,以及不同溶剂料液比对黄酮类化合物提取量的影响.还研究了不同浓度的乙醇在不同水浴温度、不同提取时间、不同提取次数的情况下对提取黄酮类化合物的影响.结果表明料液比125,乙醇浓度90%,水浴温度70℃,提取时间3h,提取次数2次时提取效果最好.     

苦瓜活性成分提取工艺研究

通过单因素实验(提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度)和正交试验探索苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度70℃,提取时间3 h,料液比1∶20,乙醇浓度90%,在此条件下提取的苦瓜活性成分-皂甙粗提物含量最高。     

黏质物脱除工艺优化及其提高亚麻籽提油率的效果

为了提高水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,该文探究了亚麻籽表面黏质物的存在对水酶法提取亚麻籽油提油率的影响,并对热水浸提法脱除亚麻籽黏质物的工艺进行优化。结果表明,水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率随亚麻籽表面黏质物的减少而升高,未脱黏亚麻籽的提油率为69.20%±1.51%,渣相含油量为26.00%±1.24%。经100℃浸提脱黏后,黏质物的脱除率为94.69%±1.94%,此时亚麻籽的提油率可达84.26%±0.63%,渣相含油量降低至10.45%±0.89%。对热水浸提脱除黏质物的工艺(浸提温度、浸提时间、体系p H值、料水比以及浸提次数)进行了单因素优化,发现在浸提温度85℃、p H值3、料水比1:7 g/m L、浸提2次,每次浸提60 min的条件下,黏质物的脱除效果最好,脱除率为97.88%±0.69%,脱黏后亚麻籽的提油率可达84.47%±0.53%,亚麻籽油和蛋白质的损失率分别为0.70%±0.16%和10.78%±0.41%,且浸提脱黏过程对水酶法提取亚麻籽油的品质(酸值和过氧化值)无显著影响。此外,浸提脱黏过程还可有效去除亚麻籽中的抗营养因子生氰糖苷,使生氰糖苷的含量由浸提前的(242.6±0.8)mg/kg显著降低到浸提后的(7.1±0.6)mg/kg。该研究提供了一种简单高效的热水浸提脱黏工艺,显著提高了后续水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,同时也有利于亚麻籽多糖的回收和亚麻籽粕的进一步利用,为亚麻籽资源的综合利用提供有益参考。     

雪莲果水溶性粗多糖提取分离工艺的研究

[目的]考察雪莲果中粗多糖的最佳提取分离工艺。[方法]用热水浸提雪莲果中多糖,以提取温度、料液比、提取时间、95%乙醇用量为影响因素,在单因素试验的基础上进行四因素三水平的正交试验。正交试验以粗多糖得率为考察指标,优化粗多糖的提取分离工艺。[结果]四因素中提取温度对实验结果影响最大,其次是95%乙醇用量和料液比,最后是提取时间。[结论]雪果粗多糖最佳提取分离工艺为提取温度90℃,95%乙醇用量为浓缩液体积的4倍,料液比1：20,提取时间2h。在此条件下粗多糖得率为5.11%,多糖含量为29.3%。     

红叶芥色素提取工艺及其性质的研究

本文以50%乙醇为溶剂,从浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提剂pH值及不同料液比几个方面对红叶芥色素提取方法及其稳定性进行研究。结果表明:红叶芥色素的最佳提取条件为pH值在3到4的范围内、提取温度60℃、时间0.5 h、料液比l∶30。     

真姬菇子实体多糖的提取工艺优化

为优化真姬菇子实体多糖的提取工艺,以水为浸提液,通过单因素试验研究了浸提温度、浸提时间、液固比、乙醇用量和提取次数对真姬菇多糖得率的影响,并采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验对提取工艺进行优化.结果表明,多糖得率的主要影响因素及其顺序为浸提温度、浸提时间、液固比;在乙醇用量为2倍、提取次数为1次时,最佳提取工艺参数为浸提温度95℃、浸提时间2.84h、液固比11.6∶1,多糖得率为4.47%.     

Policosanol content and composition in perilla seeds

Policosanols, long-chain alcohols, have many beneficial physiological activities. Contents and compositions in perilla seeds (Perilla frutescens) produced in Korea and China were determined. Waxy materials were extracted from perilla seeds using hot hexane. Yield of the waxy materials from perilla seeds was 72.1 mg/100 g of dry weight. Contents and compositions of the waxy materials and policosanols were identified and quantified by TLC, HPLC, and GC. Major components of the waxy materials from Korean and Chinese perilla seeds were policosanols (25.5 and 34.8%, respectively), hydrocarbons (18.8 and 10.5%), wax esters, steryl esters and aldehydes (53.0 and 49.8%), acids (1.7 and 2.1%), and triacylglycerols (1.0 and 2.9%), determined by HPLC. For comparison, waxy materials of sesame seeds were also analyzed. Yield of the waxy materials from sesame seeds were 8.6 mg/100 g. Less than 5% policosanols were detected in the waxy materials extracted from sesame seeds produced in Korea and China. Wax esters or steryl esters accounted for 93-95% of the sesame waxy materials. Policosanols in the perilla seeds were composed of 67-68% octacosanol, 16-17% hexacosanol, 6-9% triacontanol, and others.     

Nondestructive determination of oil content and fatty acid composition in perilla seeds by near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a rapid and nondestructive method to determine the oil content and fatty acid composition in intact seeds of perilla [Perilla frutescens var. japonica (Hassk.) Hara] germplasms in Korea. A total of 397 samples (about 2 g of intact seeds) were scanned in the reflectance mode of a scanning monochromator, and the reference values for the oil content and fatty acid composition were measured by gravimetric method and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively. Calibration equations for oil and individual fatty acids were developed using modified partial least-squares regression with internal cross validation (n = 297). The equations for oil and oleic and linolenic acid had lower standard errors of cross-validation (SECV), higher R2 (coefficient of determination in calibration), and higher ratio of unexplained variance divided by variance (1-VR) values than those for palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid. Prediction of an external validation set (n = 100) showed significant correlation between reference values and NIRS estimated values based on the standard error of prediction (SEP), r2 (coefficient of determination in prediction), and the ratio of standard deviation (SD) of reference data to SEP. The models for oil content and major fatty acids, oleic and linolenic acid, had relatively higher values of SD/SEP(C) and r2 (more than 3.0 and 0.9, respectively), thereby characterizing those equations as having good quantitative information, whereas those of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid had lower values (below 2.0 and 0.7, respectively), unsuitable for screening purposes. The results indicated that NIRS could be used to rapidly determine oil content and fatty acid composition (oleic and linolenic acid) in perilla seeds in the breeding programs for development of high-quality perilla oil.     

Metabolite profiling based on lipophilic compounds for quality assessment of perilla (Perilla frutescens) cultivars

Lipophilic compounds from Korean perilla ( Perilla frutescens ) seeds were characterized to determine the diversity among their phytochemicals and to analyze relationships between their contents. Twenty-four metabolites consisting of policosanol, phytosterol, tocopherol, and fatty acids were identified. The metabolite profiles were subjected to data mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), and Pearson's correlation analysis. PLS-DA could distinguish between all cultivars except between Daesil and Daeyeup cultivars. Linolenic acid contents were positively correlated with β-sitosterol (r = 0.8367, P < 0.0001) and γ-tocopherol contents (r = 0. 7201, P < 0.001) among all perilla grains. The Daesil and Daeyeup cultivars appear to be good candidates for future breeding programs because they have simultaneously high linolenic acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol levels. These results demonstrate the use of metabolite profiling as a tool for assessing the quality of food.     

种层厚度对油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的影响

为研究种层厚度对油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的影响,该文运用EDEM(engineering discrete element method)软件和高速摄像技术,对不同种层调节板倾角和种层厚度的种群运动与供种性能进行了仿真与试验研究。EDEM仿真分析了种层厚度与转速对种群压力、种群与供种机构切向力和充种数量的影响;台架试验研究了种层厚度对充填角和供种性能的影响。结果表明:倾角为60°种层调节板的种群压力较大,充填角和充种性能均较优;种群压力和切向力随纵向距离增加而增加,随横向距离增加而降低;随转速增加,种群压力趋于稳定,切向力随之增加,单个型孔充种数量降低5%。转速为10~50 r/min时,初始充填角、充填角和供种速率均随纵向距离增加和横向距离降低而增加,但充种数量变异系数呈先降后升的趋势。种群压力、切向力、初始充填角、充填角与供种速率均呈极显著正相关,种群压力和切向力与初始充填角和充填角均呈极显著正相关,种层厚度和转速影响充填角分别源于种群压力和切向力。在纵向距离分别为15和20 mm,横向距离为46 mm条件下,油菜、小麦供种速率变异系数和破损率分别均低于1.0%和0.1%。田间试验表明该优化种层厚度条件下的集排器油菜种植密度满足农艺种植要求。该研究明确了种层厚度影响油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的原因,为油麦兼用集排器供种装置种层厚度调节和结构改进提供了参考。     

夹持式穴播轮种子室内种子运动分析

种子在夹持式穴播轮中的运动状态对精密排种有重要影响,应用力学分析计算和试验的方法研究种子在穴播轮直立圆桶型种子室内的运动。在穴播轮转动时种子室内的种子作为一个整体相对种子室中心受顺时针和反时针力矩作用,顺时针力矩使种子沿种子室内圈下滑,反时针力矩使种子随种子室内圈上升。当2个力矩值大小相等时,种子室内种子的深度称为种子下滑临界深度,若种子深度小于临界深度,种子在种子室内圈上整体滑动不上升,否则种子沿种子室内圈上升。试验表明,对现有夹持式穴播轮,未安装取种器时种子下滑临界深度为0.05m,安装取种器时为0.01m。     

油菜精量播种导种环节种子流有序性分析

针对油菜精量播种种子运移环节中排种器排出的单粒有序种子流在导种环节被破坏，造成播种均匀性降低的问题，该研究对导种过程种子流有序性进行分析，明确破坏种子流有序状态的主要原因是种子与导种管管壁的随机碰撞，而导致碰撞发生的主要因素是导种管曲线、内径和长度。导种过程离散元仿真试验表明，在相同内径及长度的导种管中，种子通过直线型导种管较S型导种管碰撞次数变异系数平均降低2.1个百分点，时间变异系数平均降低1.8个百分点；较抛物线型导种管平均碰撞次数变异系数降低0.5个百分点，平均时间变异系数降低0.5个百分点；在相同曲线及长度的导种管中，种子通过32 mm内径导种管较25 mm碰撞次数变异系数降低7.2个百分点，时间变异系数降低2.6个百分点；在相同曲线及内径的导种管中，无论缩短导种管的哪一部分长度均能降低碰撞次数及碰撞次数变异系数。种子流通过某一导种管的碰撞次数变异系数越大，时间变异系数越大，种子流下落轨迹越离散，种子流有序性越差，导种管曲线对种子流有序性的影响小于内径及长度。台架试验结果表明，采用直线型导种管较S型导种管粒距合格指数平均提高3.2个百分点，漏播指数和重播指数平均降低2.0和1.2个百分点；较抛物线型导种管粒距合格指数平均提高2.8个百分点，漏播指数和重播指数平均降低2.0和0.8个百分点；内径38 mm的导种管较25 mm导种管，粒距合格指数提高11.4个百分点，漏播指数和重播指数分别降低4.6和6.8个百分点；长度20 cm的导种管较80 cm导种管，粒距合格指数提高27.6个百分点，漏播指数和重播指数分别降低10.6和17.0个百分点；随导种管长度增加或内径缩小，粒距逐渐从以设定株距为中心的正态分布渐变为重播指数较高的指数分布。为降低导种环节影响，建议油菜精量播种机导种管曲线采用直线型、内径不小于25 mm、长度不超过40 cm。研究结果揭示了导种管结构对种子流有序性的影响机制，可为导种装置设计与优化提供参考。     

Improving of seed quality of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) by increasing seed phosphorus content in a calcareous soil

Phosphorus (P) sufficiency during seed formation and development can affect the quality of seeds production. For increasing P content of black seed (Nigella sativa) in a calcareous soil, series of experiments were conducted in completely randomized factorial design with 4 replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2012 and 2013. The combinations of vermicompost (V), sulfur (S), and Thiobacillus bacteria (T) were mixed with a calcareous soil fertilized with 0, 30 and 60 kg P ha^?1 in pots and incubated for 63 days. At the end of incubation period, black seeds were sown in the pots and plants were grown to maturity. Results showed that S+T and V treatments were significantly increased soil available P, emergence, plant P content, seed yield and vigor of the seeds production. There were positive relationship between soil and plant P concentration with the quality of seeds production.     

Effect of nitrogen application on seed yield,pod and seed characteristics of okra

Four okra cultivars [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] were cultivated for two growing periods at nitrogen (N) application rates of 150, 300 and 450 mg N L^?1. There was no effect of N on pod size (length and diameter) or on the number of seeds per pod and seed size (mean 1000 seed weight), all these characteristics of which related to the genotype. High N application (450 mg N L^?1), increased the seed yield of the cultivar with the lowest flower induction (Boyiatiou), but only in experiment 2. In Veloudo, seed yield was highest at 300 mg N L^?1, whereas in Pylaias and Clemson 450 mg N L^?1 reduced seed yield. In all cultivars, seeds produced at an N rate of 450 mg N L^?1 exhibited a significantly higher percent germination N, possibly by reducing the incidence of seed hardness.     

水稻气力式排种器导向型搅种装置的设计与试验

为提高水稻气力式精量穴播排种器的排种精度,在该排种器的吸种盘上设计并安装了一种由2个搅种齿组成的导向型搅种装置。以培杂泰丰、Y两优1号种子为对象,采用单因素试验和因素组合对比试验的方法,研究了吸室真空度、吸孔直径与搅种装置对排种器性能的影响。结果表明,排种器安装导向型搅种装置后,工作转速显著提高,对工作气流真空度要求降低,性能得到改善;在真空度2.0kPa、吸种盘转速30r/min、搅种齿厚度2mm、搅种齿楔角60°、内侧搅种齿安装角90°、外侧搅种齿间安装角60°以及吸孔直径1.6mm的最佳排种参数下,排种器对含水率20.7%的Y两优1号破胸芽种排出(3～4粒)/穴的概率为59.48%,≤2粒/穴率为15.03%,≥5粒/穴率为25.49%。试验结果显示导向型搅种装置对籼稻种子存在分离、导向、摩擦和支撑等助吸作用,可提高排种器的排种精度。