超高产小麦氮素吸收,积累与分配规律的研究

在超高产小麦的各个生育时期,不同器官全氮量存在差异,表现为叶片〉叶稍〉茎秆,三者氮积累峰值均出现在抽穗期。植株氮积累在拔节～孕穗期出现一个高峰,小麦生长前、中、后三个时期积累氮的比例为１：３：１。开花前植株氮素主要积累在叶片中;开花后,籽粒成为氮素贮存的主要场所。成籽粒形成时,由营养器官向籽粒转运的氮占籽料总氮的４０％～６０％。在总氮量相同条件下,前氮后移,重施药隔肥,后期进行适量的叶面喷施,可增     

免耕覆盖条件下氮磷配施对旱地小麦氮素积累、分配及产量的影响

为给免耕覆盖条件下旱地小麦高产和氮肥管理提供理论依据,通过大田试验研究了150kg·hm-2和180kg·hm-2两种施氮水平下不同氮磷配比(1∶0.5、1∶0.75、1∶1)对旱地小麦植株氮素积累和转运、氮利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,在1∶0.5和1∶0.75氮磷配比下,增加施氮量可提高小麦开花和成熟期植株氮素积累量、营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,并最终提高产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及氮素收获指数;在氮磷比为1∶1时,增加施氮量则表现出相反的结果。在低氮(150kg·hm-2)条件下,增施磷肥可提高开花期和成熟期地上部氮素积累量、营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量及转运效率,并提高产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素收获指数;高氮(180kg·hm-2)条件下,上述指标则随着施磷量的增加呈先升后降的趋势。总体来看,1∶0.75的氮磷比最有利于小麦植株氮素吸收及营养器官花前贮存氮素向籽粒的转运,并最终获得了最高的籽粒产量、氮肥利用率及氮素收获指数。     

分蘖和拔节期干旱对小麦植株氮素积累转运的影响

为明确分蘖和拔节期干旱对小麦氮素积累转运的影响,采用盆栽试验,以扬麦13和扬麦16为材料,研究了小麦分蘖和拔节期轻度和重度干旱条件下产量、氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素积累和转运的特征。结果表明,分蘖和拔节期干旱对两个小麦品种植株氮素积累转运的影响基本一致,分蘖和拔节期轻度干旱对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白产量影响不显著,而重度干旱可显著降低籽粒产量和蛋白产量。两时期干旱处理均显著降低小麦叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,且重度干旱降幅更大;胁迫解除后,叶片NR和GS活性增强。分蘖期轻度干旱提高了分蘖-拔节、拔节-开花阶段植株氮素积累量,而拔节期轻度干旱提高了拔节-开花、开花-成熟阶段的氮积累量。分蘖期轻度干旱提高了花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒贡献率;拔节期轻度干旱提高了花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮贡献率,而降低花前氮素转运量。成熟期籽粒氮素积累量与籽粒产量和蛋白产量均呈显著正相关。分蘖期和拔节期轻度干旱解除后,植株氮代谢相关酶活性增强,有利于植株氮素积累,并协调花前和花后氮素积累对籽粒氮贡献,从而获得高籽粒产量和蛋白产量。     

施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为探究冀东平原强筋小麦高产优质高效的最佳施氮量,在大田选用石优20号和中麦998两个强筋小麦品种,设置施氮量0 (N_0)、180 (N_1)和240 (N_2)kg·hm~(-2),研究了施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和氮肥农学利用效率的效应。结果表明,小麦花前氮素积累量占成熟期植株地上部总氮素积累量的59%～66%,花后占34%～41%。随施氮量增加,小麦植株花前氮素积累量和转运量均提高,叶是花前氮素积累和转运的主要器官。小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,营养器官的氮素积累量逐渐下降,籽粒氮素积累量逐渐提高,营养器官氮素转运高峰与籽粒氮素积累高峰一致,石优20号为花后14～21d,中麦998为花后7～21d。施氮量从180 kg·hm~(-2)增加到240kg·hm~(-2),石优20号和中麦998的产量分别提高了6.10%和7.58%,籽粒蛋白质含量分别提高了3.68%和3.73%,而氮肥农学利用效率分别降低了25.68%和23.93%。综上所述,促进花前氮素的积累和转运可提高强筋小麦蛋白质含量;适当减少施氮量可实现强筋小麦的提质增效。本试验条件下,冀东平原强筋小麦生产的适宜施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)。     

施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探索冀东平原强筋小麦适宜的氮肥施用模式,选用2个强筋小麦品种(津农7号和中麦998),在总施氮量为210 kg·hm^-2的前提下设置4种施氮模式(CK:底肥50%+拔节肥50%;N1:底肥30%+起身肥20%+拔节肥50%;N2:底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%;N3:底肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%),研究了不同施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,N2和N3处理提高了强筋小麦干物质积累量,显著增加植株花前氮素积累量及其转运量。花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率因品种和处理而异,津农7号花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以CK最高,中麦998花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以N2处理最高。与CK相比,N2和N3处理显著增加小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量,提高醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;2个强筋小麦品种籽粒产量均以N2处理较高。综上所述,本试验条件下,总施氮量的20%后移至孕穗期可提高强筋小麦植株干物质积累量,促进花前积累氮素向籽粒转移,提高籽粒蛋白质含量;N2处理可使津农7号获得最高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;中麦998在N2处理下籽粒产量最...     

氮肥基追比例对烟农19小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

为给小麦高产、优质、高效生产的氮肥施用方案提供依据,采用盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,于2004～2006年连续2个生长季研究了不同氦肥施用时期和基追比例对烟农19小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响,结果表明,在本试验土壤肥力条件下,氮肥施用时期后移和基追比例的增加可以明显促进小麦对氮素的吸收累积.与氮肥全部基施处理相比.基肥;拔节肥:孕穗肥为7:3:0(N7/3)、5:3:2(N5/3/2)、3:3:4(N3/3/4)的处理,氮肥吸收利用率分别提高了12.27%、29.88%和37.52%;在不影响产量的基础上显著改善了小麦籽粒品质;籽粒蛋白质含量与开花后植株氮积累量(r=0.765*)、成熟期植株氮积累量(r=0.685*)和成熟期籽粒氮积累量(r=0.719*)均呈显著正相关,表明增加花后小麦植株氛素的同化量是提高籽粒蛋白质含量和改善小麦品质的重要途径.本试验条件下,基肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为5:3:2的处理是兼顾产量和品质的最优处理.     

施氮时期对专用小麦干物质和氮素积累、运转及产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为了明确施氮时期对小麦花后干物质和氮素积累与运转的影响及其与产量和品质的关系，在大田高产条件下，研究了不同追氮时期对二个专用小麦品种开花前后氮素同化、运转和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明，拔节和孕穗期追氮均提高了小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量，但过迟追氮不利于产量和蛋白质含量的同步提高。不同追氮处理显著提高了徐麦26花后氮素积累量，降低了营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运，但提高了淮麦18营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运。相关分析表明，徐麦26籽粒蛋白质合成所需氮素主要来源于花后氮素同化，而淮麦18则更多地依赖于开花前贮存氨素的再动员与分配。     

耕播方式与减氮对扬辐麦13氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确不同机械耕播方式下减氮对小麦氮素吸收利用的影响,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下,以扬辐麦13为材料,研究两种机械耕播方式[板茬+2BMF-稻茬免耕条播机(NT)、旋耕+2BFG-10(8)230型播种机(CT)]和三个施氮模式[常规模式(N1):施氮量270 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2;减氮模式(N2):施氮量225 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2;减氮减次模式(N3):施氮量180 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶拔节肥=5∶5]对小麦氮代谢酶活性、氮素吸收利用特征以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,播种前土壤相对含水量为84%,与CT处理相比,NT处理提高了植株硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,使花前氮素转运量增加和氮素在籽粒中的分配量分别增加10.78%(P<0.01)和7.56%(P<0.05),获得较高的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率,其最终籽粒产量提高5.36%(P<0.05)。N2处理在小麦生育中后期可维持较高的氮代谢酶活性,获得...     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响

为给稻茬小麦高产、优质栽培中合理施氮提供依据,以低蛋白小麦品种宁麦9号和高蛋白小麦品种豫麦34号为材料,设置不同施氮水平(0、150、225和300 kg·hm-2)及基追比(基肥∶追肥为1∶9、3∶7、5∶5和7∶3),研究氮肥运筹对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律、产量、蛋白质含量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量及追肥比例可同步提高两小麦品种籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。随施氮量和追肥比例的增加,两品种干物质转运量均呈先增后降的趋势,而干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量的贡献率则显著降低。营养器官氮素转运量随施氮量增加而增加,随追肥比例增加先增后降;氮素转运率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降。相关分析表明,提高花后干物质积累是提高小麦产量的重要途径,而促进花前营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运是提高小麦蛋白质含量的重要措施。增加施氮量和基肥比例显著增加了两品种氮素的表观损失量并降低了氮素利用效率。本试验条件下,增施氮肥至225 kg·hm-2,追肥比例宁麦9号≤50%、豫麦34号为50%～70%可同步提高两品种籽粒产量、品质和氮素利用效率,降低氮素损失。     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对冬小麦干物质转移和氮素利用效率的影响

为明确播后镇压和冬前灌溉对高产冬小麦干物质和氮素转移及氮素利用效率的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12为材料,采用裂区田间试验,于开花期和成熟期,测定不同器官的干物质和氮积累量和转移量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮吸收效率和氮肥生产效率。结果表明,冬灌和镇压处理下,2个品种开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降,开花前各营养器官干物质的转移量、转移率及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,但开花后籽粒中的干物质积累量增加。冬灌处理小麦成熟期的总干物质积累量和产量下降。冬灌处理下,石新828开花后籽粒中的氮积累量增加,开花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高,但各器官的氮转移量显著降低,籽粒氮积累总量显著减少,氮吸收效率下降;冬灌对石麦12成熟期籽粒氮素积累量影响不显著。与不镇压相比,镇压处理下,2个品种开花期的氮积累总量和不同器官中的氮积累量均降低,而成熟期各器官氮积累量及分配比例的差异均不显著。镇压处理与不镇压处理相比,2个品种开花前营养器官中的氮转移量、转移率和贡献率均降低,但是开花后的氮积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率提高,其中,镇压的石麦12开花前氮转移量、贡献率和开花后氮积累量、贡献率与不镇压的差异达显著水平;成熟期籽粒氮素积累量的差异不显著。建议在足墒播种条件下不必进行冬灌,应根据播种前后土壤和水分条件确定是否需要镇压。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.