云雾山自然保护区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

对黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏云雾山自然保护区不同演替阶段植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内土壤保持有完整的发生层次,有明显的A层、过渡层(AB)、淀积层(B)与母质层(C);土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上明显差异;土壤有机质含量较高,最高可达到31.5g kg-1;土壤碳酸钙有明显的淋溶淀积,在剖面中下部形成淀积层;颗粒组成以0.05-0.01mm粒级的细砂粒为主,其次为<0.002mm的粘粒;土体矿质全量中,S iO2占绝对优势,A l2O3次之,化学元素的含量顺序依次为S i A l>Ca>Fe>K≈Mg>Ti>Mn。土壤发育处于物理风化为主阶段,化学风化较为微弱,矿质元素的移动不明显。供试土壤共分属2个土纲,2个亚纲,3个土类和3个亚类,其中YW-2、4属于钙积暗厚干润均腐土,YW-3、5属于普通简育干润雏形土,YW-6属于钙积暗沃干润雏形土。     

A new approach to trenching experiments for measuring root-rhizosphere respiration in a lowland tropical forest

Soil respiration in tropical forests is a major source of atmospheric CO₂. The ability to partition soil respiration into its individual components is becoming increasingly important to predict the effects of disturbance on CO₂ efflux from the soil as the responses of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration to change are likely to differ. However, current field methods to partition respiration suffer from various methodological artefacts; root-rhizosphere respiration is particularly difficult to estimate. We used trenched subplots to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration in large-scale litter addition (L+), litter removal (L−) and control (CT) plots in a lowland tropical semi-evergreen forest in Panama. We took a new approach to trenching by making measurements immediately before-and-after trenching and comparing them to biweekly measurements made over one year. Root-rhizosphere respiration was estimated to be 38%, 17% and 27% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, from the measurements taken immediately before and one day after trenching in May-June 2007. Biweekly measurements over the following year provided no estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration for the first seven months due to decomposition of decaying roots. We were also unable to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration during the dry season due to differences in soil water content between trenched and untrenched soil. However, biweekly measurements taken during the early rainy season one year after trenching (May-June 2008) provided estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration of 39%, 24% and 36% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, which are very similar to those obtained during the first day after trenching. We suggest that measurements taken immediately before and one day after root excision are a viable method for a rapid estimation of root-rhizosphere respiration without the methodological artefacts usually associated with trenching experiments.     

Impacts of silvicultural practices on the structure of hemi-edaphic macrofauna community

This research determined the influence of six conventional forest management systems on litter-dwelling macrofauna. The forests differed in structure (patch size) and tree composition. Pitfall trapping was carried out in a total of 128 managed stands in the Belgian Ardennes in 1999. We measured the biomass (dry weight) of predators (Arachnida, Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Chilopoda), phytophages (Curculionidae, Homoptera and Elateridae) and detritivores (Lumbricidae, Isopoda and Diplopoda) in young, medium-aged and mature stands in each of the six forest management systems.The major part of the predator biomass consisted of Carabidae in closed-canopy stages and of Arachnida in the regeneration stage. The main phytophagous group trapped was Curculionidae, except in large regenerating stands where Homoptera showed a higher biomass.With respect to forest succession, we obtained higher detritivore biomass in regenerating stands, especially in large ones, higher phytophage biomass in medium-aged stands and higher predator biomass in mature stands.In terms of forest composition, the richest stands as far as biomass and abundance were concerned, were oak forests where predators and detritivores were well represented, followed by coniferous and mixed forests (phytophages). Beech forests appeared to shelter the lowest abundance and biomass of litter-dwelling macro-invertebrates. This impoverishment is partly due to the less favourable edaphic conditions, but also to the silvicultural practices in these forests.When analysing biomass in terms of forest structure, the size of clear-cut patches was one of the most important features distinguishing even-aged and uneven-aged stands.     

凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献研究进展

土壤呼吸是土壤碳库输出的主要途径,凋落物是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素。明确凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献,有助于准确评估植物-土壤-大气三个碳库之间的碳收支过程。本文综述了近年来国内外有关凋落物对土壤呼吸贡献的研究成果,阐明了凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献机理,讨论了凋落物对土壤呼吸贡献率及其存在的时空分异特征,在此基础上,对该领域研究前景进行了展望。     

土种与土系参比的初步探讨——以海南岛土壤为例

为取得我国土种与土系研究成果的信息交流与知识共享,本文简述了土种与土系的概念及其区别、土种与土系的参比原则和依据,以海南岛土壤为例进行了参比。     

Altitudinal terrestrial isopod diversity

We have assessed the diversity of terrestrial isopods across an elevational and habitat gradient on Mt. Panachaiko (NW Peloponnisos, Greece). Previous knowledge on the biodiversity of this mountain was restricted to very few records of individual species, and no systematic sampling had ever been applied for any animal taxon. We selected the most representative habitat types within an altitudinal range from 750 to 1700 m a.s.l., where we applied qualitative and quantitative monthly sampling using hand collecting and pitfall traps for 6 months during the snow-free period (June–November). We sampled three sites with maquis vegetation, one site with fir forest, one with sparse hawthorn vegetation and two at a highland meadow, and we compared the distribution and abundance patterns of isopod species among these habitat types. Overall, 13 isopod species were found, seven of which were also captured in pitfall traps. One species, Armadillidium lobocurvum, was extremely abundant at the most elevated sites, resulting in very uneven patterns of abundance. The habitat types with higher diversity of isopod species were the sparse hawthorns and the open maquis, and the richest month was July. We also discuss the phenology of the most abundant species at the highland meadows.     

油松林枯落物层防止溅蚀的研究

28年生油松人工林内天然降雨的溅蚀试验结果表明,当I₃₀为0.07mm/min或P0为3.57mm时,无枯落物层覆盖的林地发生溅蚀,当I₃₀为0.25mm/min或Po为45.8mm时,具1cm枯落物层的林地不发生溅蚀。从溅蚀月动态看出,7、8月份占全年溅蚀量的70%以上。在同一土壤和同一坡度条件下,I₃₀、P₀、H₁是溅蚀发生的主要因素,且溅蚀量与其呈二次多项式回归关系。但当枯落物层具有一定厚度时溅蚀与其它因素无关。具有1cm厚的枯落物层即可防止土壤溅蚀量的79.7%.     

Effect of air-drying treatment on enzymatic activities of soils affected by anthropogenic activities

The influence of air-drying on dehydrogenase, invertase, -glucosidase, urease, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and phenoloxidase activities was measured in three soils affected by anthropogenic activities and in control soils sampled from neighbouring areas. The air-drying changed enzyme activity, but the behaviour was neither site-specific nor enzyme-sensitive. Canonical discriminant analysis of enzymatic activities of both moist fresh and air-dried samples was able to discriminate between altered and unaltered soils irrespective of the site. Numerical alteration indices were developed as a linear function of the seven enzyme activities and the one obtained from fresh sample data was more successful. Air-drying apparently alters in unpredictable ways enzyme activities of soils, which could lead to misinterpretation of results.     

Tree influence on soil biological activity: What can be inferred from the optical examination of humus profiles?

Humus forms may vary in different forest stands, but the local influence of trees upon soil microbial and faunal activities is still imperfectly known. Optical methods could help to discern processes of litter transformation and formation of organo-mineral assemblages, allowing a better diagnostic of tree influences upon humus-soil development. The microstratification of humus was studied under a beech (Fagus crenata), a mixed oak forest (Quercus crispula and Quercus serrata), and a cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation. The three sites are located in Kyoto (Japan), and share similar environmental conditions. Litter decomposition rates and soil fauna were also investigated. At the beech site, which had the thickest O horizon, the main process was the gradual fragmentation of litter. This process, together with shallow root and weak fungal development, gave rise to a stable sandwich-like structure in the O horizon. In contrast, the oak site showed a two-step transformation of litter. Initially, litter decomposition was triggered by the activity of white rot fungi, and the discarded litter decayed much more slowly thereafter. The cedar site exhibited a sharp vertical delineation between upper thick Oe horizon developed since plantation time and a relict A horizon. The optical method thus demonstrated differences in soil biological activities and litter transformation patterns under the three sites.     

不同凋落物质量对杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。对福建南平峡阳林场7年生二代杉木人工林生态系统进行添加8种不同凋落物处理3年后,分析不同质量凋落物对土壤微生物群落组成的影响。结果表明:(1)添加高质量的桉树凋落物会使土壤磷脂脂肪酸总量、革兰氏阳性、阴性细菌生物量比添加杉木凋落物分别增加了27%、35%和19%,而添加低质量的樟树凋落物使得土壤磷脂脂肪酸总量和革兰氏阴性细菌较杉木显著降低29%和10%。(2)桉树凋落物添加下土壤真菌/细菌比(0.14)显著高于其他凋落物添加的比值,樟树凋落物添加下土壤的革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比(1.64)显著高于其他凋落物添加处理的比值。(3)不同质量凋落物添加处理对土壤pH和碳氮比无显著影响。毛竹凋落物添加下土壤中硝态氮含量最高。(4)相关性分析表明,凋落物碳含量与土壤中脂肪酸总量、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌和菌根真菌具有正相关关系。烷基碳(Alkyl C)与脂肪酸总量、革兰氏阳性、阴性细菌、细菌、真菌及真菌细菌比均有正相关性。甲氧基碳(N-alkyl C)、氧烷基碳(O-alkylC)和芳碳(ArylC)与革兰氏阳性阴性细菌比呈显著正相关。冗余分析表明,烷基碳(AlkylC)与16︰1ω7c、18︰1ω7c、18︰2ω6c、18︰1ω9显著正相关,对土壤微生物群落结构有显著影响。可见,不同树种之间凋落物烷基碳组分的差异是影响土壤微生物生物量和群落组成的重要指标。     

Influence of resource quality on the composition of soil decomposer community in fragmented and continuous habitat

The aim of this field experiment was to explore the combined effects of two factors potentially affecting the local composition of soil decomposer community: resource quality and habitat fragmentation. We created humus (habitat) patches with three different resource quality: (1) pure homogenised humus; (2) humus enriched with needle litter; and (3) humus enriched with needle and leaf litter. These patches were embedded either in a mineral soil matrix, thus representing fragmented habitat, or in natural forest soil, representing continuous (non-fragmented) habitat. The development of faunal (colonisations/extinctions of soil animal populations) and microbial communities in the patches was followed for 12 months. Our results partly supported the hypothesized strong influence of resource quality on the structure of local soil food webs: the abundances of practically all groups of soil fauna, together with biomass of fungi, were higher in the litter-enriched patches than in the pure humus patches. The manifestation and magnitude of the responses of fauna were, however, strongly affected by complex interactions between the characteristics (especially colonisation capacity) of the faunal group in question, habitat quality and time of sampling. In microarthropods and nematodes, the effect of resource quality cascaded up to the predatory level, rendering further support to the existence of strong bottom-up control in soil food webs. Contrary to our expectations, species richness of the communities was not unanimously affected by resource quality. Habitat fragmentation affected the communities only through different number and identity of patch-colonising species in the fragmented and continuous habitat: fragmentation induced no extinctions of species during the experiment at any resource quality level. Consequently, the results indicate that resource quality is more important factor than habitat fragmentation in determining the local structure of communities in soils. On the other hand, colonisation capacities of soil organisms appear to set limits to the exploitation of local resources.     

基于文献计量的土壤有机碳与土壤微生物多样性研究前沿态势分析

为了系统了解国际上土壤有机碳与微生物多样性的研究进展,基于Web of Science数据源,利用Web of Science数据库分析工具和Thomson Data Analysis(TDA)、社会网络分析与可视化工具Netdraw和Ucinet,从论文年度变化趋势、全球研究实力国家、机构分布和力量比较、基金资助机构和主题分布、机构合作和研究内容等方面,对1992~2015年的相关论文,尤其是近10年来土壤有机碳及其影响因素的相关文章进行计量分析。结果表明:(1)论文数量呈逐年增长态势,土壤有机碳与土壤微生物多样性研究主要集中在欧美发达国家(地区);美国和德国综合影响力最高,英国、瑞典、瑞士、荷兰论文篇均被引较高,以中国科学院为代表的中国机构在该领域研究增长较快,研究论文最多,但论文整体质量有待提高。(2)中国国家自然基金资助机构产出论文最多;美国国家科学基金会资助论文篇均被引最高,其次是德国研究基金会,中国科学院科学基金名列第3,各国在共同资助的研究主题基础上,各有其特色主题;美国的一些研究机构是全球该领域研究合作交流的中心,其次是德国和中国中科院。(3)土壤有机质、土壤有机碳、凋落物分解、氮、磷、微生物生物量、土壤性质、气候变化、碳固定是该领域10年来的热点研究主题。未来应加强国际合作研究,关注土壤重金属、凋落物分解和微生物呼吸等相关主题,以提高我国研究水平,将相关研究成果及时应用于解决相应的实际问题。     

雷竹凋落叶不同分解环境中土壤动物群落特征

为研究火烧迹地雷竹(Phyllostachys violascens)凋落叶分解过程中土壤动物群落特征,以毗邻雷竹林为对照,采用凋落物袋法研究雷竹凋落叶分解速率及土壤动物群落结构的变化特征.结果显示,两个样地雷竹凋落叶分解过程总体上可以划分为3个阶段,即分解初期(质量损失率较高)、分解中期(凋落叶的质量损失率较上阶段减...