环境因子和饵料对菲律宾蛤仔呼吸和排泄的影响

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)属软体动物门,瓣鲍、纲,异齿亚纲,真瓣鳃目,帘蛤科,蛤仔属,俗称蛤仔、花蛤,具有生长快、人工养殖方法简单、生产周期短、投资少、收效大等特点,广泛分布于我国南北沿海,是我国主要养殖贝类之一。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔壳形态对体重性状的影响研究

采集我国南北沿海9个地理群体的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum),利用通径分析等方法评估各群体形态性状对活体重和软体重的影响。结果显示,各群体壳长、壳高、壳宽和壳厚4 个形态性状对菲律宾蛤仔活体重和软体重的影响存在显著差异。除壳厚外,其他形态性状与活体重和软体重呈显著相关(P < 0.05)。通径分析和决定系数分析显示,大多数群体的壳宽对活体重和软体重的直接作用最大。2个形态比例参数(壳宽/壳长和壳高/壳长)最大值出现在山东莱州群体(0.49和0.74),而最小值出现在大连东港群体(0.42和0.67)。壳厚的变异系数最大(22.74),而壳高的变异系数最小(9.47)。通过检验偏回归系数的显著性,建立了各群体形态性状对软体重的最优回归方程。聚类分析表明,菲律宾蛤仔不同群体未出现明显的地域分布特征,而呈现出不规律的南北交替聚类现象。本研究查明了不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔壳形态性状对体重性状的影响,为菲律宾蛤仔地理群体的形态判别、种质资源分析和遗传育种研究等提供了重要科学依据。     

低温条件下菲律宾蛤仔对蛋白核小球藻摄食率和同化率的研究

试验采用室内静水法,测定了低温条件下(5～10℃)的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)(软体部分平均干重为0.91±0.06 g)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的摄食率(IR)和同化率(AE),其中蛋白核小球藻的浓度为(5.7±0.3)×104cells/mL。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔对小球藻的摄食率和同化率均随温度的升高而增加,在试验温度范围内,各组之间菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率有显著性差异(P<0.05);同化率为42.95%～51.10%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明菲律宾蛤仔在低温下仍能生存。     

菲律宾蛤仔肌原纤维蛋白热变性与闭壳肌脱壳的关联分析

为了探讨菲律宾蛤仔热处理后闭壳肌脱壳与肌原纤维蛋白热变性的关联,首先通过差示量热扫描仪（DSC）研究了闭壳肌蛋白的热变性规律,然后利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察了加热对闭壳肌微观结构的影响,以Ca2+-ATPase活性、盐溶解度、SDS-PAGE为指标研究了肌原纤维蛋白的热变性规律。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔在沸水浴加热处理后,闭壳肌纤维呈现横向聚集和纵向收缩,由于收缩程度不同导致闭壳肌和外壳出现不同程度分离状态。新鲜的闭壳肌DSC显示,在50、60和78℃时有三个吸收峰,闭壳肌在50和80℃加热5 min后对应的吸收峰消失,可能分别对应肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白。肌原纤维蛋白加热处理（0.5 mol/L NaCl,45℃,5 min）,Ca2+-ATPase活性和盐溶解度快速下降,表明肌球蛋白发生了热变性。研究表明,肌动蛋白在变性前对肌球蛋白具有非常明显的保护作用。加热温度使肌原纤维蛋白中肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白、副肌球蛋白同时变性,有利于脱壳的发生。本研究可为菲律宾蛤仔后续加工提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

在养殖水体中加糖对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝的生长促进作用

众所周知,软体的海洋无脊椎动物具有摄取可溶性有机物质的能力,但这种能力对其生长的实实在在的益处还未曾证明过。在本研究中,用稚贝测试了养殖水体加糖的作用。添加了10和100mg／L葡萄糖的养殖水体显著地促进了菲律宾蛤仔软体组织的生长。相反,麦芽五糖和普鲁兰多糖没有显示出任何促生长作用,这表明只有低分子量的糖可以通过表皮途径相合并,并有助于蛤的生长。     

混合暴露条件下菲律宾蛤仔不同组织对几种重金属的富集与释放特征

应用双箱动力学模型模拟了菲律宾蛤仔在Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg和As 7种重金属混合暴露条件下,内脏团、鳃、斧足及基部和外套膜组织对重金属的生物富集与释放实验,并通过非线性拟合得到菲律宾蛤仔各组织对7种重金属的富集速率常数k1、排出速率常数k2、生物富集系数BCF、生物半衰期B1/2、富集平衡时生物体内重金属含量CAmax等动力学参数。结果表明,1)重金属在菲律宾蛤仔不同组织器官中的富集具有选择性,理论平衡状态下,Cu、Cd、As、Pd在各组织的含量分布(CAmax):内脏团斧足及基部鳃外套膜;Cr分布规律(CAmax):内脏团鳃斧足及基部外套膜;Hg分布规律(CAmax):斧足及基部外套膜鳃内脏团;Zn分布规律(CAmax):斧足及基部鳃外套膜内脏团。2)菲律宾蛤仔对不同重金属的富集系数存在显著差异(P0.05),对Cu富集程度最高,其富集系数范围为1514.0-4818.0;其次是Cd和Hg,富集系数范围分别为104.5-975.4,255.9-447.4;As、Cr、Pb、Zn离子在菲律宾蛤仔体内富集程度较低,其富集系数均在300以内。3)菲律宾蛤仔对重金属的释放能力较差,双箱动力学模型可较好地反映混合暴露条件下菲律宾蛤仔对重金属的富集特征,但不适合对其释放特征进行描述。     

汉沽养殖菲律宾蛤仔突发性死亡原因调查及分析

2012年9—10月,汉沽浅海底播菲律宾蛤仔发生大规模死亡,死亡率最高达86.2%,同时生长缓慢。调查结果显示,蛤仔死亡率随养殖密度增大而升高;海水和沉积物中重金属、石油烃等化学因子均未超标;6—8月叶绿素含量及初级生产力明显偏低;6月中旬出现寻氏肌蛤,9—10月减少、消失,同时蛤仔出现大规模死亡。推测蛤仔死亡原因为底质表层的寻氏肌蛤与蛤仔争夺近底海水中的饵料和溶氧,并通过足丝网络影响蛤仔的摄食及呼吸。较低的海域初级生产力也进一步加剧了蛤仔的死亡。     

菲律宾蛤仔二种I型溶菌酶的重组表达和抑菌活性

为研究病原微生物刺激后,菲律宾蛤仔I型溶菌酶的免疫应答反应,实验采用重组表达技术,从菲律宾蛤仔中得到2种I型溶菌酶的重组蛋白rVpILYZ-1和rVpILYZ-2,发现其均具有较为广谱的抑菌活性;其中,rVpILYZ-1对副溶血弧菌、灿烂弧菌和藤黄微球菌等具较强的抑菌活性,而rVpILYZ-2对副溶血弧菌抑菌活性较强,且二者均通过非酶抑菌活性和胞壁酸酶活性来发挥抑菌作用。结果显示,rVpILYZ-1最适pH和温度分别为6.5和20 ℃,而rVpILYZ-2最适pH和温度则分别为4.5和10 ℃。此外,rVpILYZ-1和rVpILYZ-2均具免疫调理活性,能够促进血细胞对病原菌的吞噬作用。研究表明,VpILYZ-1和VpILYZ-2在菲律宾蛤仔清除病原微生物的免疫应答反应中发挥重要作用。     

虾夷扇贝横纹肌和平滑肌的蛋白分布及理化性质

为探讨虾夷扇贝闭壳肌中横纹肌(ST)和平滑肌(SM)蛋白分布特征及理化性质差异。对肌肉组织进行切片、苏木精—伊红染色后,在光学显微镜下观察肌肉组织形态,SDS-PAGE分析蛋白组成,通过盐溶性和Ca~(2+)-ATPase对理化性质进行了比较研究。研究表明,横纹闭壳肌的肌纤维更粗,肌细胞间更致密;Myorod蛋白仅存在于平滑闭壳肌中,在横纹闭壳肌中不存在;副肌球蛋白在平滑闭壳肌中含量为31%,横纹肌中仅为11%。2种肌肉盐溶曲线也完全不同,在0.05~1.0 mol/L盐浓度范围内平滑肌的溶解性呈S型曲线上升,而横纹肌呈直线型上升,这种差异可能与副肌球蛋白含量有关。此外,平滑肌和横纹肌肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase最适温度分别为35和30°C,活化能分别为23.4和11.3 k J/mo L。     

渤海湾天津海域贝体调查与评价

对2012年10月至2013年10月期间,在渤海湾天津海域采集的毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)和扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)等常见贝类样品生物类、石油类、重金属污染状况进行调查及初步评价。结果表明,化学污染因子石油烃、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、无机As均有残存,生物污染因子粪大肠菌群、腹泻性贝类毒素也均有检出,但含量值较低。总体来看渤海湾天津海域常见贝体没有受到明显污染。     

Amino Acid Profiles of Bivalve Mollusks from Beibu Gulf,China

Three bivalve mollusks—clam (Meretrix meretrix), oyster (Crassostrea rivularis), and paphia (Paphia papilionacea) from the Beibu Gulf, China—were analyzed for amino acid profile. Essential amino acids were used for nutritional quality evaluation, and free amino acids were used for taste impact evaluation. The amino acid compositions of the mollusks were quite similar; however, the contents of glycine, alanine, and tryptophan were different. Tryptophan seemed to be the limiting amino acid in clam and paphia meat protein. Oyster, on the other hand, seemed to be a source of high quality protein with well-balanced composition in essential amino acid. Glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, and arginine were the major taste-active amino acids found in the mollusks. According to the taste activity values of free amino acids, paphia was assumed to be the best savory food, followed by clam and oyster.     

2种壳色皱纹盘鲍营养成分的比较

对皱纹盘鲍 (HaliotisdiscushannaiIno) 2种壳色个体———红壳个体和绿壳个体的一般营养成分、矿物元素以及脂肪酸的组成和含量进行比较研究。结果表明 ,两者对应组织 (足肌、内脏、生殖腺 )中水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分的含量基本无差异 ;内脏灰分颜色均为红褐色 ,但足肌灰分颜色明显不同 ,绿壳个体呈灰白色而红壳个体则呈浅砖红色。矿物元素的分析结果进一步显示 ,足肌中除了Ca之外 ,所测元素的含量均以红壳个体为高 ,其中Fe、Cu、Mn的含量为绿壳个体的2～ 3倍 ;红壳个体贝壳中Mn的含量亦较高 ,约为绿壳个体的 2倍。两者上述对应组织的脂肪酸种类相同 ,含量基本一致。此外 ,粗脂肪、无机元素含量以及脂肪酸的组成和含量在不同组织之间存在较明显的差别     

青蛤不同壳色个体间的生长及营养差异

贝类壳色常呈现出多态性,壳色可以作为优良性状的标记色,用于贝类良种选育研究。为了探究青蛤壳色性状与其生长和营养成分之间的关系,本研究对青蛤不同壳色个体的生长指标及营养组分进行了测定分析。结果显示,青蛤紫壳个体(整体)的湿重、壳长、水管和鳃组织湿重占比显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05),青蛤紫壳个体(整体)的壳宽和外套膜组织湿重占比极显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.01)。青蛤紫壳个体可食部分的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量极显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.01)。紫/白壳个体的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值分别为37.46%和37.02%,且紫壳个体显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05);必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为67.72%和66.60%,且紫壳个体显著高于白壳个体(p＜0.05),表明紫壳个体氨基酸平衡效果优于白壳个体,且均属于优质蛋白。紫/白壳个体的单不饱和脂肪酸主要以棕榈酸为主,分别占可食部分脂肪酸总量的9.97%和9.85%,多不饱和脂肪酸主要以EPA和DHA为主,其中EPA分别占脂肪酸总量的6.64%和6.54%,DHA分别占脂肪酸总量的8.00%和8.51%。研究表明,紫/白壳个体间在生长和营养上均存在一定差异,且紫壳性状与其生长和营养存在一定正向关联关系,为利用紫壳性状作为遗传标记进行青蛤良种选育提供理论依据。     

Comparative analysis of the predominant carotenoids and chemical components in the common and orange‐muscle mutant of Haliotis gigantea

The Xishi abalone (Haliotis gigantea) is an economically significant aquaculture species in southern China. We identified a novel orange‐muscle mutation present in less than 2% of the cultured population. High‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified zeaxanthin and β‐carotene as the two main pigments present in the orange‐muscle abalone. The concentrations of zeaxanthin and β‐carotene detected in the orange‐muscle abalones were significantly higher than those detected in the common abalones (p < 0.01). Notably, the concentration of zeaxanthin was approximately 16.5 times higher in orange‐muscle abalones than in common abalones, which was also the species with highest carotenoid content reported in shellfish to date. Furthermore, the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in the orange‐muscle abalone were higher than that in the common abalone, though not significantly, while the content of non‐essential amino acids was significantly higher in the orange‐muscle abalone than that in the common abalone (p < 0.05). The saturated fatty acid content in the orange‐muscle abalones was slightly lower than that in the common abalones, and the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in the orange‐muscle abalones than that in the common abalones. These results could provide a basis for characterizing the mechanism by which carotenoids accumulate in abalones and further guide the breeding of abalone with orange‐muscle mutants in the future.     

微波辅助干制对双孢菇提取物腌制鲍肌肉品质的影响

为探究微波辅助干制对鲍肌肉品质的影响,本实验考察了干制过程中微波处理对经30% NaCl和5%双孢菇提取物腌制的鲍肌肉褐变强度、荧光强度、还原糖、氨基酸组成、糖蛋白等理化性质和挥发性风味的影响。结果显示,在干制过程中,未微波（WMT）组和微波（MT）组鲍肌肉的荧光强度值和褐变强度值均逐渐增加,在105 d时达到最大值后开始下降。经120 d干制的WMT组鲍肌肉还原糖含量由7.24下降至5.58 mg/g,而MT组鲍肌肉还原糖含量由7.24增加至14.05 mg/g。WMT和MT组鲍肌肉总氨基酸含量由39.69 g/100g分别增加至44.06和41.54 g/100g。在干制30 d后,电泳图谱中出现明显高分子化合物和糖蛋白聚集物。相比WMT组,MT组鲍肌肉傅里叶变换红外光谱中不仅酰胺A带的波数下降更加显著,而且酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带吸收峰强度更强。不管是否微波处理,干制90 d的鲍肌肉的电子鼻中W2W（芳香成分、有机硫化物）和W2S（醛醇酮类化合物）传感器响应值明显大于未干制的样品。气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定的壬醛和1-辛烯-3-醇在干制90 d时明显下降,而芳樟醇含量明显增加。在相同干制时间内,MT组鲍肌肉中芳樟醇含量高于WMT组样品。研究表明在干制过程中微波处理可以促进鲍肌肉美拉德反应程度,进而生成良好的挥发性气味,结果将为利用微波辅助改良干鲍的制备工艺提供理论参考。     

Effects of Algae and Shell Pigment Extract‐supplemented Diets on Shell Pigmentation and Growth Performance of Pacific Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai

To improve shell pigmentation and growth performance of Pacific abalone, five extruded diets were prepared by supplementing a formulated control diet with 3% each of three species of algae (Pacific dulse, Porphyra yezoensis, Spirulina) and a pigment extract from the abalone shells (0.02%). Each of the five diets and a commercial feed were randomly assigned to three containers each stocked with 1000 juvenile Pacific abalone (2 g per individual) in a flow‐through seawater system for a 5‐mo feeding trial. Test results showed: (1) all the supplements significantly (P < 0.05) increased percentages of dark‐brown shelled abalone in the test treatments, relative to the control treatment; (2) the abalone fed the experimental diets achieved significantly (P < 0.05) greater final weight, shell‐length growth rates, and higher meat protein contents than those fed the commercial feed (P < 0.05); and (3) the abalone fed the Spirulina‐supplemented diet achieved the best overall growth, pigmentation performances, and feed conversion ratio; and the Pacific dulse supplement generated the highest protein content in abalone meat product (P < 0.05) among the tested diets. These results demonstrate the potential of locally made feed, which can generate desirable characteristics in abalone under aquaculture conditions.     

Effect of dietary protein and temperature on the growth and health of juvenile New Zealand black‐footed abalone (Haliotis iris)

The protein requirements for optimal growth and health of juvenile New Zealand black‐footed abalone (Haliotis iris) under different water temperatures were investigated. Six diets with different crude protein amounts (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45%) and two temperature regimes (13–21 and 8–16 °C) were used to culture juvenile abalone over a 4‐month period. Growth (shell lengths and animal weights) and health (survival, activity and mucous production) parameters were recorded for animals within all protein and temperature combinations. Proximate analyses and amino acid profiles were also performed on the diets, soft bodies (including gonad), and shells to evaluate the overall nutrient contents (diet and animal) and requirements (animal). The results indicate that the protein requirements for juvenile H. iris are higher when the environmental temperatures are low. Thus, increasing the dietary protein level results in better growth [i.e. increase in soft body (including gonad) crude protein and mean protein gain] and health (i.e. more goblet cells and thicker epithelial layers). Results from amino acid profiles in abalone soft bodies (including gonad) and shells show that these parameters did not change considerably with different dietary protein levels, but temperature did affect the concentration of several amino acids in both soft bodies (including gonad) and shells.     

阳江乐清两地泥蚶肌肉组织营养成分研究

研究结果表明,泥蚶肌肉中含有氨基酸和脂肪酸各18种,氨基酸总含量平均为42．76mg／g,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36．17％,呈鲜味和甘味游离氨基酸占氨基酸总量的50．42％;脂肪酸总含量平均为25．86mg／g,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的48．88％。统计分析表明,两个地区相比较,阳江泥蚶肌肉中的氨基酸和脂肪酸总含量更为丰富,但乐清泥蚶肌肉的营养结构更佳,营养价值更为突出。     

缢蛏ABC转运蛋白基因家族成员全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ATP binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)家族是最古老的膜蛋白家族之一，广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物体内，利用ATP水解释放的能量对氨基酸、脂质、抗生素等物质进行跨膜运输，参与生物体内多种生理活动。目前，对软体动物ABC转运蛋白家族的鉴定，仅在虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas) 3种双壳类中有系统研究，对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta) ABC转运蛋白家族的鉴定和表达模式分析尚未见报道。利用缢蛏基因组和转录组数据，运用本地及NCBI在线BLAST程序、FGENESH+、SMART、Ex PASy、MEGA X、Mev 4.90和MapInspect等生物信息学分析工具，在全基因组水平系统地鉴定出52个缢蛏ABC转运蛋白，并对转运蛋白基因外显子数目、染色体定位等信息进行分析；通过系统进化分析，将缢蛏ABC转运蛋白家族分为8个亚家族，即ABCA～ABCH；通过比较分析不同物种...     

The predation of trumpet shell, Charonia sp., on eight different marine invertebrate species

In this study, predation of the trumpet shell, Charonia sp., on different invertebrate prey species, e.g. starfish, Asterina pectinifera and Asterias amurensis, abalone Haliotis discus hannai, clam Anadara broughtonii and Tapes phillipiarum, and sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina, was measured in a laboratory experiment. Each prey species was placed in a tank with a trumpet shell; prey species were not combined. Each combination of prey and trumpet shell was replicated three times. Trumpet shells did not prey on economically important shellfishes, including Anadara broughtonii, Tapes phillipiarum and Haliotis discus hannai. Sea stars were most preferred by the trumpet shell. The following preference gradient from most to least preferred was found: sea stars > sea cucumber > sea urchin. In selected situations, trumpet shells may be a means of biological control of predators of economically important shellfish.