影响水产饲料中植物蛋白添加量的因素

蛋白质是饲料中最为重要的营养组分,同时也是配合饲料中成本最高的部分。近年来,鱼粉价格不断上扬,养殖成本不断上升。在饲料中用植物蛋白源替代鱼粉是节约鱼粉用量的重要方法,确定饲料中适宜的植物蛋白替代量成为亟待解决的重大问题。植物蛋白源包括大豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕等。相对动物蛋白源而言,植物蛋白源价格低廉且来源广泛,是替代鱼粉的理想蛋白源。但是,植物蛋白源作为饲料中唯一蛋白源时,大多数水生动物的生长将受到较大影响。一般情况下,当植物蛋白的添加量在一定范围内时,水生动物的生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率等不出…     

微生物饲料添加剂在鱼虾饲料中的应用

世界上许多专家学者做了许多工作，用各种动物蛋白和植物蛋白来代替鱼粉，采用添加氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素及诱食剂的方法，使饲料的营养水平与含鱼粉日粮的营养水平一致。但试验结果表明，任何一种或数种原料都不能完全取代鱼粉。目前，鱼粉价格的居高不下和鱼价的持续低迷在养殖生产过程中形成了尖锐的矛盾。为了解决这一矛盾，许多饲料厂都在寻找鱼粉替代品，但是替代效果均不甚理想。减少鱼粉用量以后，造成生长减慢，饲料系数上升。为了弥补由于减少鱼粉用量而产生的问题，一些饲料厂在饲料中往往加入一些促生长剂来提高鱼类的生长速…     

素食亲虾,且看且期待

<正>关于用植物蛋白替代鱼粉,并不是一个新鲜的课题。近五年,进口鱼粉价格疯涨,国内的饲料企业,尤其是虾料企业,都在积极寻找能够替代鱼粉的优质蛋白源。经过这么多年的研究,在南美白对虾植物蛋白替代鱼粉方面,很多研究还停留于实验室阶段,应用几乎为零。众所周知,虾和鱼不一样,虾的肠道短,消化吸收能力更弱。植物蛋白源的过多替代,不仅仅导致饲料必需氨基酸的缺乏     

赤眼鳟鱼种饲料营养配比试验

鱼粉是一种优质的蛋白质原料,其蛋白质含量高,且蛋白质中的氨基酸组成也较平衡,因此鱼类配合饲料中鱼粉所占的比例很大,但其价格贵,饲料中鱼粉用量越大,生产成本越高。使用廉价植物蛋白源替代鱼粉将有利于降低养殖成本,其中豆粕是目前应用最广泛的植物蛋白源。然而,当饲料中豆粕     

乙醇梭菌蛋白在水产饲料中的应用研究进展

我国作为最大的鱼粉进口国,鱼粉缺乏问题限制了我国水产养殖业的可持续发展,亟须寻求新型蛋白质源.目前在水产养殖中主要采用3类蛋白质源替代鱼粉,分别为动物蛋白源(鸡肉粉、羽毛粉、肉骨粉等)、植物蛋白源(豆粕、棉粕、花生粕等)和单细胞蛋白源(酵母蛋白、细菌蛋白等).抗营养因子水平较低的非动物性饲料蛋白如酵母粉、藻类蛋白、细菌...     

猪用无同源蛋白日粮的理论基础与配制

<正>1猪用无同源蛋白(No Together Source Protein Material,NTSP)日粮的提出过去部分动物营养界人士通过对动物蛋白源与植物蛋白源的初步研究指出动物蛋白源利用率比植物蛋白源利用率高(当然现在看来,这一说法本身还值得商讨),所以在猪日粮尤其是乳猪、仔猪日粮配制过程中,都会使用一些动物蛋白源。最初主要以鱼粉为主,后来又增加了肉骨粉之类,近几年则随着大家对乳仔猪料高档化的追     

水产饲料中鱼粉替代物的研究进展

鱼粉是水产饲料中不可缺少的优质蛋白源。随着集约化养殖的迅猛发展,鱼粉的需求量急剧上升。然而,由于过度捕捞及厄尔尼诺现象等的影响。世界鱼粉的总产量正逐年下降,价格却不断上涨,这些因素严重制约了水产养殖业的进一步发展。大量的研究表明,用大豆酶解蛋白、发酵植物蛋白、虾蛄蛋白浆、酶解血球蛋白粉、大豆浓缩蛋白等部分或完全替代鱼粉是可行的。本文就近年来鱼粉替代物在水产养殖业的最新研究作一概述。     

水产信息

豌豆可代替鱼粉为降低水产养殖成本,广开饲料蛋白源,使用豌豆代替鱼粉和鱼油进行了试验研究.试验用鱼为虹鳟和尼罗罗非鱼.豌豆富含ω3脂肪酸,但同样具有植物蛋白抗营养因子。豌豆皮可溶解凝胶并使消化道胃容物变稠,因而鱼必须消耗较多的能量消化饲料,故减弱了用于生长所需的能量,所以使用     

复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉对半滑舌鳎生长、生理生化指标和肠组织结构的影响

实验以6种植物蛋白源(谷朊粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、花生粕和玉米蛋白粉)配比成复合植物蛋白源,以其替代半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Güntuer)饲料鱼粉蛋白,共设计9种实验饲料,分别为全鱼粉组(FM)以及替代鱼粉蛋白水平分别为20%(PP20)、30%(PP30)、40%(PP40I、PP40II、PP40III和PP40IV)、60%(PP60)和80%(PP80)组,旨在最大限度替代舌鳎饲料中鱼粉蛋白,而不影响鱼体生长、生理生化指标和肠组织结构形态。以初重为(255.21±0.79)g的半滑舌鳎为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周摄食生长实验,每个处理设3个重复,每桶放养15尾鱼。结果表明,各处理组实验鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、摄食量、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率和成活率均无显著性差异(P0.05);复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉后对鱼体粗蛋白和水分含量以及血浆甘油三酯含量无显著影响(P0.05);但当复合植物蛋白源替代高比例鱼粉蛋白时,显著降低鱼体粗脂肪和血浆胆固醇含量(P0.05),且肝体比随植物蛋白源的添加而降低,PP30组显著低于FM组(P0.05);另外,4个PP40组相比,PP40III组的脏体比显著高于其他3个40%替代组。复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉比例不超过60%时,对半滑舌鳎后肠组织结构无损伤或仅有轻微损伤,而PP80组后肠绒毛出现严重损伤现象。以上结果表明,复合植物蛋白源可以有效替代80%的鱼粉蛋白而不影响半滑舌鳎的生长性能和饲料利用率,但综合考虑鱼体生理生化和肠道组织结构指标,认为在半滑舌鳎饲料中复合植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的比例不宜超过60%。     

发酵豆粕的营养特性及其在水产饲料中的应用研究

正近年来随着鱼粉产量严重受限、价格不断攀高,水产饲料中鱼粉的使用量受到极大影响,而植物蛋白来源广泛、资源量丰富,原料价格低廉,利用植物蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白一直是国内外水产饲料领域研究的热点。豆粕作为一种优质的植物蛋白饲料,因其蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类和含量丰富,是目前饲料工业用于替代动物蛋白的一种主要优质蛋白原料。但由于多     

微生态制剂对草鱼生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

在水温25~30℃下,将体质量为(110.23±0.43)g的草鱼饲养在3.0 m×2.0 m×1.2 m的加盖网箱中,分别投喂添加0%(对照组)、0.5%和2%的由芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌以及酵母菌复配且以麸皮为载体制成的微生态制剂(8.0×10~9 cfu/g)的膨化饲料饲养60 d,探究微生态制剂对草鱼生产性能和肠结构、菌群及酶活性的影响。试验结果显示,饲料中添加2%微生态制剂显著提高草鱼质量增加率、特定生长率(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数、脏体比(P<0.05);饲料中添加2%微生态制显著提高肠伸展率、中肠肌层厚度和绒毛高度(P<0.05),提高中肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05)。饲料中添加微生态制剂增加草鱼肠道菌群α多样性、丰富度;改变草鱼肠道微生物组成,门水平上,对照组的草鱼肠道微生物中梭杆菌门和厚壁菌门含量最高(63.56%、32.52%)。0.5%添加组的草鱼肠道微生物中梭杆菌门和厚壁菌门含量最高(61.82%、20.27%)。2%添加组的草鱼肠道微生物中厚壁菌门含量最高(64.20%)。属水平上,2%添加组草鱼肠道优势菌属直接发生改变,Paeniclostridium和Erysipelatoclostridium丰度大幅上升。随着微生态制剂添加量的增加,肠道微生物的代谢功能增强,组成中与无机离子转运和代谢、碳水化合物转运与代谢、氨基酸转运与代谢等功能相关的菌群丰度升高。综上可知,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌以及酵母菌等组成的微生物制剂可作为生产草鱼绿色饲料的重要措施。     

抗菌肽与鱼类肠道健康研究进展

我国是水产养殖大国,随着高密度、集约化养殖模式的发展,养殖中各种病害频繁发生,大量甚至提前使用抗生素进行病害预防相当普遍,抗生素的残留及耐药性对我国水产养殖业造成了严重影响。在纷纷寻求抗生素替代物的背景下,抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌性,较抗生素而言具有独特的抗菌机理,养殖过程中使用抗菌肽不易产生耐药性菌株,又具有提高鱼类等水生动物的生产性能及非特异性免疫功能等作用,正逐渐成为替代抗生素的新型抗菌药物而用于水产养殖中。目前有关抗菌肽在水产养殖上的应用研究主要集中在鱼类等水生动物自身产生的抗菌肽以及作为饲料添加剂的外源性抗菌肽。外源抗菌肽经摄食途径进入肠道,改善鱼类肠道的肠绒毛、肠皱襞高度及肌层厚层等组织形态结构,促进消化吸收功能;调节肠道菌群结构,在杀灭肠道有害微生物的同时增加益生菌含量,改善肠道微环境;在提高肠道消化酶活性和抗氧化能力等方面保障鱼类的肠道健康,同时提高鱼类生产性能、改善其品质、增强鱼体抗氧化和免疫功能[1-3]。笔者着重从水产养殖中抗菌肽饲料添加剂的来源及其与肠道菌群、肠道组织结构、肠道消化功能等相关研究进行总结分析,探讨存在的问题和对策,为抗菌肽在水产养殖中的应用,特别是保护鱼类肠道健康提供参考。     

益生菌剂对鲫鱼肠道菌群影响的初步研究

将鲫鱼分为益生菌剂组和对照组,分别投喂添加益生菌剂和未添加佐剂的一般饲料后,检测各组鲫鱼肠道菌群、饲料系数、增重率和成活率等。试验结果表明,大肠杆菌和肠球菌是鲫鱼肠道非常住菌群(过路菌),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌为常住菌群;益生菌剂能极显著减少鲫鱼肠道的好氧菌(P<0.01),极显著增加鲫鱼肠道的厌氧菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌(P<0.01),显著降低鲫鱼肠道的产气荚膜梭菌(P<0.05);益生菌剂能有效改善鲫鱼肠道菌群。益生菌剂能促进鲫鱼的生长和成活。     

Effects of a highly purified fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida on growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio

A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of fucoidan (1 g/kg, 10 g/kg and 30 g/kg; w/w) from Undaria pinnatifida on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Our results demonstrated that 30 g/kg fucoidan significantly increased (p < .05) growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, acid phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin M content. Histological examinations revealed that gibel carp receiving 30 g/kg fucoidan had significant higher abundance of mucin‐containing goblet cells in middle and distal intestine as compared with control treatment (p < .05). Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that 30 g/kg fucoidan supplementation significantly increased (p < .05) the abundance of Cetobacterium and Aeromonas, but lowered (p < .05) the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria Plesiomonas and a mucin‐degrading bacterium Mucinivorans. Furthermore, RNA‐seq and RT‐qPCR analysis indicated that 30 g/kg fucoidan caused significant changes (p < .05) in the expression of genes involved in immune regulation (such as interleukin‐8 and cyclooxygenase), signal transduction (such as phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase and protein kinase B) and nutrition utilization (maltase–glucoamylase and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3). Together, the current study shows that fucoidan supplementation could elevate the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, modulate intestinal microbial communities and potentiate a higher state of immune readiness, which might consequently improve growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp.     

Effects of fish meal replacement with low-gossypol cottonseed meal on the intestinal barrier of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) on the intestinal barrier in different segments (PI, proximal intestine; MI, middle intestine; DI, distal intestine) were studied in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) using 6-week feeding trials. FM of 0% (diet_1), 20% (diet_2), 40% (diet_3) and 60% (diet_4) was replaced by LCSM. The FM-based diet (diet_1) containing 25% FM was used as control group. The intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction-related genes (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-12), antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, GPx, GR, CuZnSOD) and non-specific immune response-related genes (IL-8, TNF-α, C4) and microbiota of different intestine segments were detected. The results showed that the number and length of microvilli and intestinal wall thickness decreased significantly in PI of diet_3 and diet_4 groups. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of Occludin, Clauding-12 and C4 was up-regulated in PI and DI of diet_3 group; the expression of GR and CuZnSOD was up-regulated in PI and MI with increasing LCSM replacement; the expression of TNF-α was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 group. Further, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial in diet_3 and diet_4 groups. At the family level and genera level, the abundance of Nocardiaceae and Rhodococcus was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 and diet_4 groups respectively. These results suggested that the replacement of LCSM by more than 20% causes the intestinal barrier function of juvenile golden pompano to be affected. These provide a reference for sustainable aquaculture.     

Effect of dietary administration of probiotics on growth and intestine functionality of juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858)

The effects of the dietary administration of two bacterial probiotic strains (Ppd11 and Pdp13) from the Alteromonadaceae family for 60 days, were assessed by measuring growth and feed efficiency, activities of leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase and structural changes in the intestine of juvenile Senegalese sole. In addition, the profile of intestinal microbiota was studied by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Growth and nutrient utilization were significantly higher in fish receiving probiotics than in those fed the control diet. No differences were observed in proximal composition between treatments, though higher lipid muscle content was measured in fish receiving Pdp13. Those fish also exhibited higher activities of AP when compared to Ppd11 and control groups. The profile of intestinal microbiota clearly separated those fish receiving probiotics from those of the control group. Microscopical examination revealed accumulation of lipid droplets in the enterocytes of fish receiving the control diet, but not in those fed on probiotics. Interactions between those structural changes and growth performance are discussed.     

不同脂肪源对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群的影响

为确定脂肪源种类对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物结构和组成的影响,本研究通过高通量测序技术分析不同脂肪源对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群结构、多样性和差异性的影响。以鱼油、磷虾油、豆油、玉米油,1∶1鱼油-豆油、1∶1鱼油-玉米油、1∶1磷虾油-豆油和1∶1磷虾油-玉米油为主要脂肪源,配制了8种等氮等能的饲料投喂640尾卵形鲳鲹。测序结果显示,在卵形鲳鲹肠道内共获得1087662个序列,运算分类单元稀释曲线趋于平缓表明测序深度已经基本覆盖到样品中所有的物种。在门水平上,主要注释到拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和软壁菌门4个门,且变形菌门为优势菌群。不同脂肪源对ACE指数、Chao1指数、香农-威纳指数和辛普森多样性指数具有显著影响,磷虾油组和1∶1鱼油-豆油组具有较高的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性。主坐标分析和主成分分析表明,不同脂肪源对肠道菌群结构影响显著,这可能与脂肪酸种类和含量有关。本试验结果显示,不同脂肪源对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群具有显著影响。     

Effects of fishmeal replacement with cottonseed protein concentrate on growth,digestive proteinase,intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as fishmeal (FM) replacement on growth, digestive proteinase, intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu). FM of 0% (FM), 12.00% (R12), 24.00% (R24), 36.00% (R36), 48.00% (R48) and 60.00% (R60) was replaced with CPC, to prepare six diets and feed groupers. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest in the R24 group, and the lowest feed coefficient rate (FCR) was observed in this group compared with the other groups (p < .05). Pepsin activity of the R12 group and chymotrypsin activity of the R36 group reached significant maximum (p < .05). With increasing CPC replacement, the plica height and width and the lamina propria thickness of intestine decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing suggested dominant intestinal microflora of grouper subjected to different treatments was similar. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was high, while Photobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, Romboutsia, Akkermansia, Vibrio and Bifidobacterium were the dominant taxa at the genus level. The abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium) decreased, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogen (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Vibrio) increased. These results suggested that CPC replacement affected growth, digestive proteinase activity, intestinal morphology and microflora structure in grouper. Under the conditions of this experiment, the fishmeal replacement with CPC (24% level) yielded the most satisfactory results, providing reference for sustainable aquaculture.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的江鳕肠道微生物群落结构研究

为探究江鳕(Lota lota)肠道菌群结构特征,采用MiSeq 16S rRNA高通量测序技术对3龄、4龄、5龄野生江鳕的雌、雄样本进行了微生物测序和分析。结果显示,3个年龄组江鳕的肠道菌群丰度及多样性差异不显著(P＞0.05),同一年龄雌、雄江鳕间的肠道菌群丰度及多样性差异不显著(P＞0.05)。江鳕肠道内容物的优势菌门为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,与鱼类肠道中最普遍和共存的细菌类群相同。Mycoplasma(支原体属)存在于所有样品中,且为优势菌群,其功能有待进一步研究。     

Intestinal microbiota of mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus Forsskål, 1775) reared in sea cages

Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA coupled to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of isolated amplicons, we investigated the microbiota of the intestinal digesta and mucosal surface in mangrove red snapper cultured in a cage aquaculture area in Daya Bay. A total of 14 sequences were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Among the bacterial species determinated from sequences, the γ‐Proteobacteria group (64.25%, nine species) dominated absolutely in fish intestines. Others belonged to Spirochaetes (14.3%, two species), Cyanobacteria (14.3%, two species) and Firmicutes (7.15%, one species). However, the bacteria were identified as uncultured accounting for 28.6% (four species). The apparent bacterial richness (calculated as the numbers of DGGE bands) was significantly higher in digesta than that in mucosal tissue samples (P<0.05). There existed five dominant individual populations including one unknown species of Firmicutes, Arthrospira sp., Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal digesta, and in contrast, only three dominant individual populations including Vibrio natriegens, V. harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal mucosal surface. The results indicated that the microbiota in intestinal digesta was significantly different from that in mucosal surface.