一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定与进化分析

为探究猪流感病毒（SIV）的流行情况,本实验室2020年11月从广州市某养殖场采集病猪鼻拭子30份,将鼻拭子接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,增殖后分离到1株具有凝血特性的病毒,经特异性PCR鉴定为流感病毒,通过进一步测序发现该病毒为H1N1亚型,命名为A/swine/Neimeng/03/2020 （H1N1）。通过NCBI进行各基因片段的同源性比对,发现该病毒的基因与2000年左右的人H1N1亚型病毒同源性较高。通过构建系统遗传进化树发现,确认病毒株是由人流感病毒A/Dunedin/2/2000 （H1N1）演化而来。通过HA基因推导发现该病毒HA1蛋白与2009年墨西哥流感的流行毒株以及经典的H1N1毒株具有较大的抗原性差异,该病毒呈现较低的致病性,与其HA裂解位点基序（PSIQSRGLF）表现一致,呈低致病性特征。     

1株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定

为了解广东猪流感病毒(SIV)的流行变异情况,2010年11月从广东某规模猪场采集流感症状的猪鼻拭子60份,接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,分离到1株猪流感病毒,通过流感分型RT-PCR和HI试验鉴定为H3N2亚型SIV,命名为A/swine/Guangdong/L22/2010(H3N2),进行全基因序列测定及相似性分析发现,该分离株有低致病性流感分子特征,该毒株的8个基因片段连同最近广东猪群流行的流感毒株与2000年前后H3N2人流感病毒有较高的同源性.系统遗传演化显示,该病毒分离株可能是由1999年人源H3N2流感病毒A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)进化而来.     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及其遗传进化分析

为了解广东地区猪流感的流行和变异情况,本研究于2013年11月~12月从广东省5个猪场中采集疑似流感症状的猪鼻拭子115份,接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,分离得到一株猪流感病毒(SIV),对其进行血凝和血凝抑制试验、RT-PCR检测及全基因测序分析,结果表明该分离株为H1N1亚型,将其命名为A/Swine/Guangdong/L2/2013(H1N1)。HA蛋白裂解位点序列为PSIQSR↓GL,具有典型的低致病性流感病毒特征。系统遗传进化分析显示,该病毒与A/swine/Shanghai/2/2005(H1N1)亲缘关系密切。小鼠的致病性试验表明该病毒株可以直接感染小鼠,导致小鼠轻微临床症状和肺脏组织病理学变化,但未在其他组织器官中分离到病毒,并且对小鼠无致死性,为低致病性SIV。该病毒的分离鉴定为广东地区SIV的流行特点和变异情况提供实验依据。     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒全基因组序列分析以及生物学特性研究

本实验室于2016年在江西分离到一株猪流感病毒(SIV),命名为A/swine/Jiangxi/261/2016(H1N1),为进一步弄清该株流感病毒的遗传进化背景和生物学特点,本研究对其进行了全基因组测序,遗传进化分析,BALB/c小鼠致病性试验,抗原性差异试验,受体结合特性试验。测序结果显示该病毒HA碱性裂解位点仅具有一个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性流感病毒特点。外部基因来自欧亚类禽,内部基因来自2009/H1N1(PB2、PB1、PA、NP),欧亚类禽(M)和Triplereassortant H1N2(NS)。10~6 EID_(50)/50μL剂量可感染小鼠并致死,HA抗原性差异试验结果显示其与欧亚类禽Group1代表株差异较小,受体结合试验结果显示该病毒株主要结合α-2,6唾液酸受体。其传播性和致病性增强机理还有待进一步研究,本实验结果为SIV的检测和防控提供借鉴意义。     

猪流感病毒H1N1广东分离株HA基因的克隆与进化分析

采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR,从广东不同地区猪场分离鉴定出8株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)。用流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因通用引物扩增了8株病毒的血凝素(HA)基因,经克隆测序,HA基因全长1 757 bp,编码566个氨基酸。8个毒株的HA基因推导氨基酸序列分析表明,均含有8个潜在的N糖基化位点,且糖基化位点相同,其HA1、HA2之间切割位点序列为IPSIQSR↓G,从分子水平推论,此8株H1N1 SIV均属于非高致病性毒株。同源性分析表明,此8株病毒的氨基酸序列与经典SIV之间的同源性在92.3%~94.7%之间;与2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒同源性在80.4%~92.4%之间;与欧洲类禽SIV分离株同源性在80.4%~84.1%之间。进化关系表明,该8株SIV与A-swine-Shanghai-3-2005-H1N1同处一分支,与2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒和经典SIV分离株亲缘关系较近,与欧洲类禽SIV分离株亲缘关系较远。     

一株类禽H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的进化研究

为了解猪流感病毒(SIV)的变异情况,2013年1月份从山西某养殖场采集呈流感症状的猪鼻拭子10份,采用常规方法接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,进行RT-PCR鉴定及全基因序列分析。结果表明:分离到1株类禽H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,命名为A/swine/Shanxi/02/2013(H1N1);全基因序列测定及同源性分析发现,8个基因片段均与2011年江苏地区流行的类禽型H1N1亚型猪流感病毒有较高的同源性;系统遗传演化发现,该病毒株是由2011年类禽型H1N1流感病毒A/swine/Jiangsu/40/2011(H1N1)进化而来的;HA1氨基酸位点差异分析发现,该病毒株与2009年人群中流行的甲型H1N1流感和经典H1N1毒株抗原性差异较大,其HA裂解位点基序为PSIQSRGLF,呈低致病性特征。     

辽宁省H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定与遗传演化分析

本研究2012年底从辽宁省某屠宰场猪鼻咽拭子样品中分离到1株流感病毒,经HA—HI试验和RT—PCR鉴定为H1N1亚型猪流感病毒株,命名为A／swine/Liaoning／01／2012（H1N1）,通过对病毒的8个基因片段克隆并测序,并利用分子生物学软件进行遗传演化分析。结果表明,分离株HA基因裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为IPSIQSRjG,符合低致病力流感病毒的分子特征。全基因组进化树结果表明,分离株的8个基因片段与A／swine／Jiangsu／40／2011（H1N1）株核苷酸同源性最高,分离株处在类禽型H1N1亚型遗传进化分支上;由于类禽型H1N1猪流感病毒具有潜在感染人的潜力,在国外和国内均有感染人的报道,因此,辽宁省首次分离到该型猪流感病毒对全省养猪业和公共卫生安全具有重要意义,值得深入研究。     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

为调查南京地区猪流感流行情况,本研究于2011年2月～5月期间从南京某屠宰场采集健康猪的鼻拭子和肺脏组织样品共690份,常规无菌处理后进行RT-PCR检测,将检测为阳性的样品接种9日龄～11日龄SPF鸡胚分离猪流感病毒(STV).对分离株进行血凝试验、EID50测定、HA及NA基因测序分析和感染小鼠及猪体试验.结果有18份样品RT-PCR显示为SIV阳性,但只有一株可在SPF鸡胚中稳定增殖.该病毒分离株具有凝集0.5％鸡红细胞的活性,EID50为10-6.32/0.1 mL,基因测序显示其HA、NA基因片段均与09年H1N1型流感流行株A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)高度同源,将其命名为A/Swine/Nanjing/50/2011 (H1N1).小鼠人工感染试验表明该分离株可引起小鼠死亡(3/10),猪体人工感染实验显示该分离株还能够引发猪体明显的流感症状及肺部病变.该病毒的分离鉴定及HA、NA基因序列分析为进一步调查SIV的流行规律提供了基础数据.     

具有HI活性的H1亚型流感病毒特异性单克隆抗体的制备与应用

为了制备具有HI活性的HI亚型流感病毒特异性单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究以H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)株A/Swine/Guangdong/718/01(H1N1)为免疫原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,经常规细胞融合后,血凝抑制(HI)方法进行检测,融合细胞经稀释克隆纯化后,获得11株能稳定分泌抗血凝素特异性HI MAb的杂交瘤细胞株。鉴定表明,所获MAb与其他具有血凝活性的病毒以及其他14个HA亚型的流感病毒均不具有HI交叉反应,表明这11株MAb均具有良好的流感病毒亚型特异性。其中A6F、2BBF和2BB与其他H1亚型流感病毒分离株的HI试验证实我国不同地区分离株之间的抗原性存在一定差异。11株MAb对H1SIV抗原的HI试验结果显示其HI效价有明显差异。叠加实验表明这些MAb分别识别HA抗原的不同表位。间接免疫荧光试验表明,2BBF、8HB、1DH、7FC和2BB均可与2009年流行H1N1病毒A/California/04/2009HA抗原发生特异性反应。这些MAb特异性的研制为H1亚型流感病毒的疫情病原学快速诊断以及病毒抗原性变异的相关研究提供了物质基础。     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及小鼠致病性的研究

为了初步了解从江苏某屠宰场分离鉴定出的一株猪源H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)A/Swine/Jiangsu/1070/2019(H1N1)的致病性,对该分离株纯化后进行全基因序列分析,测定其生物学特性,并以10⁶ EID₅₀病毒感染BALB/c小鼠。序列分析结果显示,该病毒HA基因的裂解位点为³³⁹PSIQSR↓G³⁴⁷,符合低致病性SIV的分子特征,与A/Swine/Jiangsu/J006/2018(H1N1)同源性最高达到98.94%,NA基因与A/Swine/Shandong/LY142/2017(H1N1)同源性最高达到98.79%,内部基因PB2、PB1、PA、M、NP和NS分别与2018年出现的不同猪源H1N1亚型具有高同源性,因此该病毒是一株在猪体内重组的病毒;病毒在鸡胚上的半数感染量(EID₅₀)为10^-8.5/0.1 mL,在MDCK细胞上的半数感染量(TCID₅₀)为10^-5.22/0.1...     

Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in Chilean commercial turkeys with genetic and serologic comparisons to U.S. H1N1 avian influenza vaccine isolates

Beginning in April 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza virus caused acute respiratory disease in humans, first in Mexico and then around the world. The resulting pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) virus was isolated in swine in Canada in June 2009 and later in breeder turkeys in Chile, Canada, and the United States. The pH1N1 virus consists of gene segments of avian, human, and swine influenza origin and has the potential for infection in poultry following exposure to infected humans or swine. We examined the clinical events following the initial outbreak of pH1N1 in turkeys and determined the relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene segments from the pH1N1 to two H1N1 avian influenza (AI) isolates used in commercial turkey inactivated vaccines. Overall, infection of turkey breeder hens with pH1N1 resulted in -50% reduction of egg production over 3-4 weeks. Genetic analysis indicated one H1N1 AI vaccine isolate (Alturkey/North Carolina/17026/1988) contained approximately 92% nucleotide sequence similarity to the pH1N1 virus (A/Mexico/4109/2009); whereas, a more recent AI vaccine isolate (A/ swine/North Carolina/00573/2005) contained 75.9% similarity. Comparison of amino acids found at antigenic sites of the HA protein indicated conserved epitopes at the Sa site; however, major differences were found at the Ca2 site between pH1N1 and A/ turkey/North Carolina/127026/1988. Hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) tests were conducted with sera produced in vaccinated turkeys in North Carolina to determine if protection would be conferred using U.S. AI vaccine isolates. HI results indicate positive reactivity (HI titer > or = 5 log2) against the vaccine viruses over the course of study. However, limited cross-reactivity to the 2009 pH1N1 virus was observed, with positive titers in a limited number of birds (6 out of 20) beginning only after a third vaccination. Taken together, these results demonstrate that turkeys treated with these vaccines would likely not be protected against pH1N1 and current vaccines used in breeder turkeys in the United States against circulating H1N1 viruses should be updated to ensure adequate protection against field exposure.     

猪流感病毒广东株分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

本研究从广东省某猪场采集37份疑似猪流感症状的猪鼻拭子样品,接种于9日龄SPF鸡胚并收集尿囊液,通过血凝试验、血凝抑制试验和RT-PCR鉴定,分离得到一株猪流感病毒,经RT-PCR分别扩增8个基因片段,进行基因测序及序列分析,与GenBank收录的参考毒株比对并构建进化树。结果显示,分离毒株为H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,将其命名为A/swine/Guangdong/2/2018（H1N1）。遗传进化分析显示,分离株8个片段的核酸序列与A/swine/Guangdong/L3/2009（H1N1）对应序列的同源性均达99%以上,与经典型H1N1亚型猪流感病毒处于同一分支。分离毒株HA的裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GL,符合低致病性流感病毒分子特征。HA基因受体位点为190D、225G和226Q,表明本毒株既可以结合SAα-2,6-Gal型人类流感病毒SA受体,也有结合SAα-2,3-Gal型禽类流感病毒SA受体的可能,在28、40、104、304、498、557位氨基酸处有6个潜在糖基化位点;NA蛋白在50、58、63、68、98、146、235位氨基酸处有6个潜在糖基化位点,NA蛋白氨基酸序列活性中心位点为119E、199D、223I、275H、293R、295N,氨基酸分析位点未出现突变,表明本分离株对神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物的敏感性较高,但在M2蛋白中,31位氨基酸由敏感型的（S）突变为抗药的（N）,提示可能对金刚烷胺类药物产生耐药性。开展猪流感病毒分离鉴定与遗传进化分析将为广东地区的猪流感流行和变异情况提供重要信息。     

Experimental infection with H1N1 European swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 human influenza virus

The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. To better assess the risk posed by the A(H1N1) 2009 in the actual situation of swine farms, we sought to analyze whether a previous infection with a circulating European avian-like swine A/Swine/Spain/53207/2004 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as SwH1N1) generated or not cross-protective immunity against a subsequent infection with the new human pandemic A/Catalonia/63/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as pH1N1) 21 days apart. Pigs infected only with pH1N1 had mild to moderate pathological findings, consisting on broncho-interstitial pneumonia. However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. These later pigs also exhibited boosted levels of specific antibodies. Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains.     

Serological Evidence of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Greek Swine

The introduction of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in pigs changed the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine in Europe and the rest of the world. Previously, three IAV subtypes were found in the European pig population: an avian‐like H1N1 and two reassortant H1N2 and H3N2 viruses with human‐origin haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins and internal genes of avian decent. These viruses pose antigenically distinct HAs, which allow the retrospective diagnosis of infection in serological investigations. However, cross‐reactions between the HA of pH1N1 and the HAs of the other circulating H1 IAVs complicate serological diagnosis. The prevalence of IAVs in Greek swine has been poorly investigated. In this study, we examined and compared haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against previously established IAVs and pH1N1 in 908 swine sera from 88 herds, collected before and after the 2009 pandemic. While we confirmed the historic presence of the three IAVs established in European swine, we also found that 4% of the pig sera examined after 2009 had HI antibodies only against the pH1N1 virus. Our results indicate that pH1N1 is circulating in Greek pigs and stress out the importance of a vigorous virological surveillance programme.     

Serological and virological surveillance of swine H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus infection in two farms located in Hubei province, central China

Swine influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported in the swine population worldwide. From June 2008 to June 2009, we carried out serological and virological surveillance of swine influenza in the Hubei province in central China. The serological results indicated that antibodies to H1N1 swine influenza virus in the swine population were high with a 42.5% (204/480) positive rate, whereas antibodies to H3N2 swine influenza virus were low with a 7.9% (38/480) positive rate. Virological surveillance showed that only one sample from weanling pigs was positive by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the A/Sw/HB/S1/2009 isolate was closely related to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, H1N1 influenza viruses were more dominant in the pig population than H3N2 influenza viruses in central China, and infection with avian-like H1N1 viruses persistently emerged in the swine population in the area.     

南京市首例甲型H1N1(2009)流感病毒分离及其血凝素基因遗传变异分析

对南京市首例甲型H1N1(2009)病毒进行细胞分离,获得一株具有较高血凝活性的病毒,命名为A/Nanjing/1/2009。在全基因组测序的基础上,对分离株的血凝素基因(haemagglutinin,HA)的遗传特征进行了详细研究。分离株HA蛋白不具有多碱基HA裂解位点,具有低致病性流感病毒特点。与参考株A/California/04/2009相比,分离株A/Nanjing/1/2009HA蛋白的有5个氨基酸发生了突变,其中一个位于Ca抗原位点208位氨基酸(R→K),这一突变虽然还不会影响抗原性的改变,但预示了新甲型H1N1(2009)抗原漂移的启动。分离株有5个潜在糖基化位点,这与近年来古典猪H1N1和北美三源重配猪H1病毒完全一致,保留了古典猪H1病毒的特点。与禽H1病毒相比,分离株HA蛋白受体结合位点上的190(E→D)和225(G→D)位点发生突变,这可能成为新甲型H1N1(2009)在人际间传播的一个重要分子基础。此外,其它受体结合位点上相关氨基酸同时具有人和猪流感病毒的特点。本研究对南京市早期流行的甲型H1N1(2009)流感病毒的HA蛋白的分子遗传特征进行了详细研究,对进一步监测病原变异具有重要指导意义。     

Serologic surveillance of swine H1 and H3 and avian H5 and H9 influenza A virus infections in swine population in Korea

Influenza A is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. Three subtypes, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in Korea. An outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in Korea during the winter season of 2003. Pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more readily transmissible to humans. This study reports the current seroprevalence of swine H1 and H3 influenza in swine populations in Korea by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We also investigated whether avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission occurred in pigs from Korea using both the HI and neutralization (NT) tests. 51.2% (380/742) of serum samples tested were positive against the swine H1 virus and 43.7% (324/742) were positive against the swine H3 virus by HI assay. The incidence of seropositivity against both the swine H1 virus and the swine H3 virus was 25.3% (188/742). On the other hand, none of the samples tested showed seropositivity against either the avian H5 virus or the avian H9 virus by the HI and NT tests. Therefore, we report the high current seroprevalence and co-infectivity of swine H1 and H3 influenza viruses in swine populations and the lack of seroepidemiological evidence of avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission to Korean pigs.     

中国类禽型H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的发现和遗传分析

采用禽流感病毒通用引物,对2006年发现的1株H1N1亚型的类禽型猪流感病毒的全基因组进行了测序,并进行了遗传学分析。序列分析表明它的8个片段与欧洲的类禽型猪流感病毒A/swine/Ile et Vilaine/1455/99(H1N1)病毒和A/swine/Cotes d'Armor/1488/99(H1N1)病毒的相应基因具有高度的同源性,同源性可达97%~99%,表明类禽型猪流感病毒已在中国出现。其血凝素基因的190E→D和225G→E的突变使得其结合NeuAc-a2,6Gal受体的能力高于NeuAca2,3Gal受体。欧洲的类禽型猪流感病毒可以直接感染人,并且可导致人的肺炎和死亡。中国类禽型猪流感病毒的发现及其的NeuAca2,6Gal受体结合特性使其成为一个潜在可感染人的病毒。     

1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的全基因组特征及其对小鼠的致病性

旨在了解河南省猪流感病毒的流行情况及其遗传进化和基因组特征。2018年4月，从河南省某一出现疑似流感症状猪群中采集鼻拭子样品150份用于分离病毒，对分离病毒的全基因组进行序列测定和分析。同时感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠，研究其对小鼠的致病性。结果显示，获得1株H1N1亚型病毒[命名为A/swine/Henan/NY20/2018（H1N1）]。遗传进化表明，其HA和NA基因属于欧亚类禽H1N1分支，PB2、PB1、PA、NP和M基因属于2009甲型H1N1分支，NS基因属于经典H1N1分支。HA蛋白的裂解位点序列为PSIQSR↓GL，具有低致病性流感病毒的分子特征，在小鼠肺和鼻甲有效复制并能引起肺组织病理学变化。本研究分离到1株3源重排H1N1亚型病毒，对小鼠呈现一定致病力，提示应进一步加强对SIV的监测。     

Reassortant H1N1 influenza virus vaccines protect pigs against pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H1N2 swine influenza virus challenge

Influenza A (H1N1) virus has caused human influenza outbreaks in a worldwide pandemic since April 2009. Pigs have been found to be susceptible to this influenza virus under experimental and natural conditions, raising concern about their potential role in the pandemic spread of the virus. In this study, we generated a high-growth reassortant virus (SC/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from a novel H1N1 isolate, A/Sichuan/1/2009 (SC/09), and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, by genetic reassortment. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this reassortant virus were evaluated at different doses in a challenge model using a homologous SC/09 or heterologous A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2) virus (GD/06). Two doses of SC/PR8 virus vaccine elicited high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies specific for the 2009 H1N1 virus and conferred complete protection against challenge with either SC/09 or GD/06 virus, with reduced lung lesions and viral shedding in vaccine-inoculated animals compared with non-vaccinated control animals. These results indicated for the first time that a high-growth SC/PR8 reassortant H1N1 virus exhibits properties that are desirable to be a promising vaccine candidate for use in swine in the event of a pandemic H1N1 influenza.