地克珠利安全性评价及临床药效

对地克珠利原料地小鼠急性毒性，微核试验和Ａｍｅｓ试验。采用１０日龄公雏进行了地克珠利预混剂驱除艾美耳氏球虫效力试验。结果表明小鼠口服地克珠利ＬＤ５０〉１００００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，属实际无毒；微核及Ａｍｅｓ检测结果无致突变作用。     

复方地克珠利可溶性粉剂抗鸡球虫病效果试验

分别以0.5、1.0和1.5mg/L复方地克珠利可溶性粉(以地克珠利有效成分计)饮水,预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染。并用地克珠利可溶性粉(1.0mg/L)饮水、地克珠利(1.0mg/kg)混饲和硫酸新霉素(50.0mg/L,以效价计)饮水为对照。结果发现,复方地克珠利可溶性粉3种浓度饮水均能有效预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染,抗球虫指数均在176.46以上,优于地克珠利混饲给药组。     

地克珠利在鸡组织的残留检测

地克珠利(Diclazuril),属三嗪苯乙腈化合物,于1986年由比利时Janssen公司开发,是一种高效、低毒的广谱抗球虫药,主要抑制子孢子和裂殖子增殖,对球虫的活性峰期随球虫的不同种属而异.为全面了解国产地克珠利饮水剂在鸡组织中的残留状况,以科学制定相应的休药期,特进行了本试验.     

地克珠利混悬液对鸡球虫病的疗效观察

对20 g/L地克珠利混悬液,以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫人工感染,并用地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg浓度饮水作对照.结果表明,20 g/L地克珠利混悬液以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在180以上,效果优于地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg饮水.田间试验有效率81.8%,治愈率71%,证实20 g/L地克珠利混悬液是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

四种复合抗球虫制剂对鸡盲肠球虫病的疗效比较

应用三黄鸡雏鸡,研究了尼卡巴嗪、盐霉素、地克珠利“三种方式”配制的复合制剂和伏球预混剂及复合抗球虫制剂饮水剂(杀球录)等抗球虫药对鸡盲肠球虫病的治疗效果。结果表明,1g/L剂量杀球灵饮水剂饮水具高效,ACI达182;而尼卡巴嗪、盐霉素、地克珠利配制的复合制剂和1mg/kg混饲的伏球预混剂的抗球虫效力较差,ACI均低于160。地克珠利在我省部分地区已产生明显的抗药性。     

马杜拉霉素联合尼卡巴嗪的抗球虫效果与毒性试验

选用２１日龄雏鸡，人工感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａｔｅｎｅｌａ），用马杜拉霉素尼卡巴嗪按一定比例混合，按６５ｍｇ／ｋｇ比例混入饲料中饲喂。结果表明其推荐剂量的抗球虫指数在两批试验中分别为１９２６８与１９３４２，属高效。急性毒性试验，该混合剂约ＬＤ５０，对小白鼠和鸡分别为７３６ｍｇ／ｋｇ与５１５２８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，均属低毒。     

不同地理株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利敏感性试验

进行了3个不同地理株的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(吉林株、山东株、黑龙江株)对地克珠利饮水剂的敏感性试验.分别给予试验组鸡1×105个孢子化柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊,感染后饮水给予地克珠利药物治疗.结果表明,3株球虫的敏感性不同,其敏感顺序为:山东株＞黑龙江株＞吉林株.由此可见,柔嫩艾美耳球虫不同地理株间存在对地克珠利的敏感性差异.     

地克珠利饮水剂(威特神球)的笼饲药效试验

地克珠利(Diclazuril)是国际上近年来研制的新一代抗球虫药,按1×10~(-6)比例添加于饲料中,对鸡、鸭、鹅、火鸡、兔等的球虫病均有预防作用。其0.5％预混剂以1×10~(-6)混饲,对艾美球虫(Eimeria)显示很高的抗球虫指数,是一种非常有效的抗球虫药。江苏镇江威特实业公司为使用方便,近期开发推出(地克珠利饮水剂)威特神球,为证明新剂型的抗球虫药效,我们于1997年10月25日至11月22日进行了对鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美虫(E.tenella)的笼饲药效试验。试验在南京农业大学实验动物房进行,现将结果报告如下: 一.材料与方法 1.试验鸡 南京市尧辰种鸡场提供商品代肉用AA鸡268只,10月25日孵化出壳后即引入实验动物房经严格消毒的笼舍中育雏,饲喂不含药物的雏鸡料和饮水,并作常规的免疫。     

中西抗球虫药配合用药疗效对比试验

以1日龄健康雏鸡为试验动物,研究了中药"克球散"、地克珠利、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶及其相互配合用药对鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫疗效。试验共设9个组,12日龄时在饲料中按要求在相应试验组中加入药物,15日龄时,球虫感染组经口接种柔嫩艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊8×104个/羽,23日龄剖杀试验鸡,测定抗球虫指数。结果显示:磺胺六甲氧嘧啶组、克球散+磺胺六甲氧嘧啶组、克球散+磺胺六甲氧嘧啶+地克珠利组的抗球虫指数分别为200.10、207.88和196.00,抗球虫效果优秀;磺胺六甲氧嘧啶+地克珠利组、克球散组、克球散+地克珠利组的抗球虫指数分别为169.46、169.14和175.16,抗球虫效果良好;地克珠利组的抗球虫指数为148.91,抗球虫效果相对较差。可见,中西配合用药能够提高疗效。     

0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂预防鸡球虫病试验

对0.5%地克珠利(Diclazuril)可溶性粉剂,以0.2×10-6、0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫(Eimeria)混合种人工感染,并用地克珠利预混剂(商品名球佳)以1.0×10-6浓度饲喂作对照,结果发现0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂以0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6两种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在176.6以上,与地克珠利预混剂以1.0×10-6浓度混饲效果相当,证实0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -