Amide nitrogen in blood plasma of sheep

The physiological concentrations of amide nitrogen in blood plasma of sheep taken before feeding, 60, 180, and 360 min, after feeding were determined. The concentration of the total amide nitrogen in plasma at intake of 7.6 g of nitrogen per day (45.55 +/- 3.85 mmol.1-1) was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than at intake of 24 g of nitrogen per day (42.34 +/- 4.07 mmol.1-1). Between the concentrations of amide nitrogen unbound to plasma proteins (1.5 +/- 1.36 mmol.1-1) no significant differences in dependence on the nitrogen intake were found. The results prove that a substantial part of amide nitrogen in plasma is bound to proteins and that its level is relatively stable. A significant change was observed only in the concentration of the total amide nitrogen after a long-term feeding of sheep with some other diet. When the concentration of the total amide nitrogen in plasma was lower in relation to nitrogen intake, the urea concentration was higher.     

Normal ranges and temporal variation in plasma concentrations of L-lactate and free amino acids in adult sheep

To determine baseline variation in blood plasma concentrations of free amino acids and l-lactate, samples were collected at a single time point from nine flocks of different breeds of ewes at a common physiological stage and monthly from one flock of crossbred mule ewes over a 12 month period. Significant differences were detected between time points in the concentrations of all plasma metabolites. With few exceptions prion protein genotype had no significant effect on the plasma metabolite concentrations measured.     

不同缓释处理氮基酸在异育银鲫饲米斗中的利用效率研究

鱼类对蛋白质的需求,实质上是对必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的需求.当鱼类摄取的饲料中各种氨基酸的组成比例和含量比较合理,其吸收到体内的各种氨基酸就能更有效地被合成新的蛋白质.在通常情况下,饲料的配方成本决定了主要蛋白源的结构组成,往往会导致必需氨基酸组成与鱼类的营养需求相差较大.因此,研究者们试图通过补充外源性氨基酸的方式,使饲料中的必需氨基酸组成更趋于满足鱼类的需求.     

高效液相色谱法检测饲料中6种游离氨基酸

本实验通过高效液相色谱法对饲料中6种游离氨基酸含量进行测定.采用0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液提取样品中的6种游离氨基酸,与1％2,4-二硝基氟苯(DNFB)溶液衍生后经高效液相色谱仪测定.结果 表明:饲料中6种游离氨基酸平均回收率为97.52％,检出限≥0.006％(信噪比S/N=3),定量限≥0.021％(信噪比S/N...     

水产饲料中外源性氨基酸的应用

近年来,饲料工业,特别是水产饲料工业的迅速发展,导致对鱼粉的需求量不断增加,而全球鱼粉资源是有限的,特别是受今年智利地震的影响,更导致鱼粉价格一路攀升,达到历史新高.     

Effect of glycine supplementation in low protein diets with amino acids from soy protein isolate or free amino acids on broiler growth and nitrogen utilisation

1. Here, it was investigated whether substitution of amino acids (AA) from soy protein isolate with free AA in low crude protein diets influences the growth performance and N utilisation in broilers, and whether interactions with dietary glycine equivalent (Gly_equi) concentration exist.

2. Birds were distributed in two 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of 48 floor pens containing 10 birds each, plus 48 metabolism cages containing two birds each. Experimental feed was provided for ad libitum consumption from d 7 to 22. Diets contained either a soy protein isolate at 79 g/kg or a mix of free AA, which supplied the same amount of 18 proteinogenic AA. A mix of free glycine and l-serine was used to obtain low and high (12.0 and 20.5 g/kg dry matter) levels of dietary Gly_equi.

3. Substitution of soy protein isolate with free AA reduced the average daily gain and feed efficiency, mainly due to reduced feed intake. Efficiency of N accretion was not influenced by the AA source or Gly_equi concentration on d 21, possibly due to the lower AA digestibility of soy protein isolate and higher urinary excretion of nitrogenous substances in the treatments with the AA mix.

4. The average daily weight gain of the treatments with high Gly_equi concentration was higher for both AA sources. This increase was due to higher average daily feed intake by broilers in the treatments with soy protein isolate and due to the increased feed efficiency in the treatments with the AA mix. Broilers exhibited different growth responses to dietary Gly_equi between the AA sources; however, these responses could not be attributed to the different utilisation of Gly_equi for uric acid synthesis.

     

Resting concentrations of the plasma free amino acids in horses following chronic submaximal exercise training

Six horses were conditioned on a treadmill at a constant speed of 5.6 km/hr on a 12.5% grade for gradually increasing periods of time over 14 days in order to determine the effect of repeated submaximal exercise on the concentrations of plasma free amino acids, protein metabolism, and plasma volume. Following 14-days of training, plasma volume increased (29%, P<0.05), as did total circulating content of plasma protein, albumin and urea. Urinary urea nitrogen excretion decreased (P<0.05) with exercise training. After the first week of training, the concentration of glycine had decreased (P<0.05) and the concentrations glutamic acid, arginine and alanine were increased (P<0.05) when compared to their corresponding pre-training (control week) levels. Compared to pretraining levels, there were decreases (P<0.05) in aspartic acid, histidine, arginine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and lysine, following the second week of training. Following a week of recovery, all resting concentrations of plasma free amino acids; when compared to their pretraining control; had decreased, with the exception of three nonessential amino acids (glutamic acid,serine, and glycine). Based upon the results of the present study, it would appear that exercise training produced a significant change in the amino acid and protein metabolism of the horse.     

Changes in plasma bile acids,plasma amino acids,and hepatic enzyme pools as indices of functional impairment in liver-damaged sheep

Plasma bile acids, plasma amino acids, and the total hepatic pools of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase were compared in control sheep (Group 1), sheep with subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis (Group 2), and in sheep with acute hepatocellular necrosis associated with the hemolytic phase of chronic copper poisoning (Group 3). Subclinical pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis was not associated with any changes in bile acid or amino acid status but was associated with a significant decline in the hepatic pools of sorbitol dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. This observation could not be explained in terms of enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes and suggested that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might specifically inhibit hepatocellular enzyme synthesis. Group 3 sheep also had reduced hepatic enzyme pools which were at least partly referable to enzyme leakage from damaged hepatocytes. In these sheep, increases in plasma bile acids were a more sensitive index of hepatic function than were either increased aromatic amino acid concentration or the ratio between branched chain and aromatic amino acids.     

Effect of protein source on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses

Plasma AA in horses fed either an all-hay or a hay and grain diet in a traditional format have not been investigated. Eight horses were divided into 2 groups: a hay group fed only grass hay or a hay and a grain group (HG) fed in a crossover design for two 5-wk periods. After the first period, horses were fasted overnight, followed by feeding with blood sampling every hour for 6 h. A 4-d total fecal and urine collection to evaluate N balance followed. A 10-d washout period separated the 5-wk feeding periods, during which horses switched diets. The second period was also followed by fasting, feeding, blood sampling, and a 4-d collection period. Horses consumed 840 g of CP in the hay group and 865 g of CP in the HG group. Horses in the hay group had a 2.4 ± 2.4 g/d N balance, which was not different from 0 (P = 0.34), whereas horses in the HG group had 5.4 ± 2.4 g/d N balance, which was different from 0 (P = 0.045). Fecal N excretion was greater for the hay group compared with the HG group (hay = 51.1 ± 1.3 g/d and HG = 45.5 ± 1.3 g/d; P = 0.011), and urine N excretion was greater for the HG group compared with the hay group (hay = 79.3 ± 2.8 g/d and HG = 89.2 ± 2.8 g/d; P = 0.026). Plasma AA concentrations were greater in the HG group compared with the hay group for Met (P = 0.001), Lys (P = 0.001), Ile (P = 0.047), Arg (P < 0.001), Gln (P = 0.009), and Orn (P = 0.002). Plasma concentrations were less for the HG group compared with the hay group for Thr (P < 0.001) and Ala (P < 0.001). Plasma concentrations of urea were greater for the HG group compared with the hay group (P < 0.001), whereas 3-methyl-histidine concentrations were greater for the hay group compared with the HG group (P < 0.001). The effect of diet on the excretion of N via feces vs. urine in the hay and HG groups is typical. The early increases in the plasma concentrations of Met, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, Arg, and Ala during the postfeeding phase are most likely due to increased foregut digestibility as well as a greater quality AA profile in the grain. The greater concentrations of Thr, Leu, and Val later in the postfeeding phase for the hay group most likely reflects slower digestion because of prolonged consumption time compared with the HG group. Improved N balance observed in the HG group supports the fact that the HG group had more available AA via the AA profile and foregut digestibility of the HG diet. Despite the fact that both groups consumed similar amounts of CP, the AA profile and availability affected N balance.     

Effects of rumen-protected amino acids on ruminant nitrogen balance, plasma amino acid concentrations and performance

A series of trials was conducted to determine the effects of supplemental rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) and lysine (RPLys) on nutrient metabolism and performance. In situ RPMet N disappearance was less than 4% following 48 h of incubation and was not affected (P greater than .05) by diet or resultant ruminal pH differences, indicating that RPMet was well protected from ruminal microbial degradation. Thirty-five Dorset-sired crossbred wether lambs (avg wt 28 kg) fed ground corn-soybean hull diets supplemented with urea were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) 0% RPMet, 2) .03% RPMet, 3) .06% RPMet, 4) .09% RPMet or 5) .12% RPMet. Dry matter, fiber and N digestibilities and N retention were not affected (P greater than .05) by treatment. Plasma methionine concentration tended to increase linearly (P less than .07) with dietary RPMet level. Six Simmental X Angus steers (avg wt 427 kg) were fed a corn grain-corn silage diet supplemented with urea and five levels of RPMet: 1) 0%, 2) .04%, 3) .08%, 4) .12% and 5) .16%. The plasma methionine concentration increased linearly (P less than .01) with dietary RPMet level. In a steer performance trial, no improvements in feedlot performance resulted due to these RPMet levels (P greater than .05), suggesting that the control diet (0% RPMet) was meeting the methionine requirement of these steers. The effects of RPMet and RPLys on growing and finishing steer feedlot performance also were evaluated. Treatments were 1) urea control, 2) soybean meal positive control, 3) .09% RPMet + .06% RPLys, 4) .12% RPMet + .08% RPLys and 5) .15% RPMet + .10% RPLys. In the growing trial, added RPMet and RPLys did not improve steer feedlot performance. In the finishing trial, only steers fed .09% RPMet + .06% RPLys had higher (P less than .05) gains than those fed the urea control diet. These trials indicate that postruminal methionine and lysine supplies were not limiting feedlot steer performance.