西花蓟马的鉴别与检疫

1 分布 西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)又称苜蓿蓟马,属缨翅目Thysanoptera,蓟马科Thripidae.该虫原产于北美洲,1955年首先在夏威夷考艾岛发现,曾是美国加州最常见的一种蓟马.20世纪80年代以后,逐渐向外扩展,至20世纪90年代初已经遍及全美.迄今,西花蓟马已分布加拿大、美国、墨西哥、哥斯达黎加、危地马拉、哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、秘鲁、阿根廷、智利、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、朝鲜、塞浦路斯、以色列、肯尼亚、留尼汪、南非、津巴布韦、奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、英国、新西兰等地[1],成为一种世界性害虫.     

蓟马的分子鉴定和种群遗传学研究进展

蓟马是一类个体微小的昆虫,形态学特征观察困难,种内遗传多样性高,且部分害虫类蓟马寄主广泛,繁殖能力强,为害严重,已成为重要的农林类害虫。采用分子生物学手段对蓟马进行物种鉴定,可以解决传统形态学鉴定困难、局限性较大等问题,能提高物种鉴定的效率与准确性。目前,关于蓟马分子生物学鉴定的研究较多,其中,基于线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基（ I cytochrome oxidase I,COI）基因片段的DNA条形码技术被广泛用于蓟马的快速准确鉴定、属内近缘种的区分及不同品系或生物型的鉴别。此外,开展蓟马类害虫种群遗传学的研究不仅有利于全面了解其遗传分化、适应性、入侵来源和扩散路径,还可为制订合理有效的监测预报和综合防治策略提供理论依据。目前,多种蓟马的种群遗传学研究表明地理隔离、寄主植物和微生物等因素影响其种内和种间的遗传多样性和遗传分化。本文综述了国内外有关蓟马的DNA条形码鉴定与种群遗传学研究进展,对目前蓟马物种鉴定中存在的问题进行讨论,并对未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

入侵种西花蓟马与本地种花蓟马生长发育的比较研究

研究了在不同恒温条件下西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)、花蓟马(Frankliniella ibtonsa)取食辣椒时各虫态的发育历期和存活率.并计算了其发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明.西花蓟马、花蓟马各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;发育历期与温度之间的关系为直线关系:在各温度条件下各虫态的存活率均较高.西花蓟马卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹的发育起点温度分别为12.47、7.05、13.35、12.67、13.74℃,其有效积温分别为43.13、46.09、64.26、15.57、29.70℃,成虫未成熟期的发育起点温度为12.18℃,有效积温为199.07℃;花蓟马卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹的发育起点温度分别为12.92、10.36、12.84、11.88、13.19℃,其有效积温分别为44.82、26.15、40.16、15.03、22.83℃.成虫未成熟期的发育起点温度为12.03℃,有效积温为154.85℃.     

中国长角蓟马属种类及一中国新记录种记述

本文记述了长角蓟马属Franklinothrips中国已知的5种:大长角蓟马F.megalops、斯氏长角蓟马F.strasseni、铃木氏长角蓟马F.suzukii、谭氏长角蓟马F.tani和蜂形长角蓟马F.vespiformis.详细描述了中国新记录种——斯氏长角蓟马F.strasseni的形态鉴别特征,并对该种雄...     

10种杀虫剂对4种蓟马的毒力及对西花蓟马的田间药效评价

蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。     

我国芒果树蓟马种类记述

芒果由于其特有的品味和营养价值日益受到人们的青睐,现正作为一种重要的热带水果大量种植.据统计我国海南、广东、广西、云南、福建等省(区)芒果种植面积已达12万hm2.蓟马是一种体型微小、繁殖迅速的昆虫,其危害芒果嫩叶、嫩梢,致使其弯曲、皱缩甚至枯萎落叶.芒果幼果受其危害,轻者引起幼果生长缓慢,果面产生黑褐疤痕,果实失去食用价值,造成经济损失;重者引起幼果脱落,果园绝收.由于滥施农药,破坏了天敌自然控制,致使原为潜伏性的芒果蓟马,近年相继上升为芒果重要害虫.本文记述芒果蓟马的种类、分布及其危害和发生习性,为防治提供依据.     

香蕉花蓟马的为害及防治

香蕉花蓟马Thripshamaiiensis (Morgan)属缨翅目蓟马科 ,是为害香蕉花蕾的重要害虫。在香蕉产区普遍发生 ,严重影响果实外观质量 ,降低经济价值。防治该虫对生产优质高档香蕉尤其是出口香蕉十分重要。1　为害症状香蕉花蓟马躲藏在香蕉花蕾内 ,营隐蔽生活。主要锉吸子房和小果汁液 ,在被害部位产生淡红色伤痕小点 ,以后渐变成黑色 ,很像香蕉黑星病的病斑 ,但花蓟马锉伤形成的黑点向上突起 ,而黑星病的病斑是向下凹陷。随着蕉果的膨大 ,黑斑点也逐渐增大 ,影响果实外观质量及商品价值。同时由于造成伤口 ,蕉果极易感染炭疽病和黑星病 ,成熟果…     

温度对西花蓟马、花蓟马存活和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了19、22、25、28和31℃条件下两种蓟马在辣椒上的存活率、成虫寿命、繁殖力及生命参数,以揭示温度对入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和本地害虫花蓟马Frankliniellaintonsa的影响。结果显示,在19～31℃范围内两种蓟马雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,内禀增长率随温度的升高而增大,西花蓟马和花蓟马皆是在31℃时最高,分别为0.1347和0.1822。两种蓟马的种群趋势指数及净增殖率与温度之间呈曲线关系。在相同温度条件下,西花蓟马在各温度下的存活率高于花蓟马,但内禀增长率低于花蓟马。西花蓟马的繁殖力、种群趋势指数及净增值率在22℃时最高,花蓟马在25℃时最高。两种蓟马对温度的适应能力不同,22℃是西花蓟马的最适温度,而25℃更适合于花蓟马。     

榕母管蓟马危害榕树盆景

榕母管蓟马[Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal)]又称古巴月桂雌蓟马, 属缨翅目, 管蓟马科, 是榕树上一种重要的害虫, 过去在我国长期使用G. uzeli Zimmermann学名.     

Esterase inhibition by synergists in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

BACKGROUND: Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most important crop pests in the south‐eastern region of Spain. Its increasing resistance to insecticides constitutes a serious problem, and understanding the mechanisms involved is therefore of great interest. Use of synergists to inhibit the enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification is widely used to determine their responsibility for insecticide resistance. However, they do not always act as intended or expected, and caution must be exercised when interpreting synergist results. RESULTS: Laboratory‐selected strains of WFT were used to analyse the effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and methiocarb on total esterase activity. Significant differences were found, indicating esterase activity inhibition by DEF, a lower effect for methiocarb and a small inhibition of the activity by PBO. Esterase isoenzyme inhibition by these compounds showed a similar result; this assay revealed an extreme sensitivity of Triplet A (resistance‐associated esterases) to DEF. In an in vivo assay carried out with these compounds at different incubation times, only DEF caused posterior in vitro esterase activity inhibition, with a maximum effect 1 h after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this work, only DEF shows true synergistic inhibition of WFT esterases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Verbena × hybrida flower volatiles attractive to Western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis

Western flower thrips (WFT) are attracted to three flowering verbena cultivars. The volatile components of these cultivars contain different enantiomers of linalool oxide which have been synthesised and one shown to be attractive to WFT.     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically important pest of a wide range of crops grown throughout the world. Insecticide resistance has been documented in many populations of WFT. Biological and behavioural characteristics and pest management practices that promote insecticide resistance are discussed. In addition, an overview is provided of the development of insecticide resistance in F. occidentalis populations and the resistance mechanisms involved. Owing to widespread resistance to most conventional insecticides, a new approach to insecticide resistance management (IRM) of F. occidentalis is needed. The IRM strategy proposed consists of two parts. Firstly, a general strategy to minimise the use of insecticides in order to reduce selection pressure. Secondly, a strategy designed to avoid selection of resistance mechanisms, considering cross-resistance patterns and resistance mechanisms.     

阿维菌素与三种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的联合毒力

阿维菌素是防治西花蓟马的常用药剂,为筛选出对西花蓟马具有增效作用的阿维菌素与其他药剂的混配组合,采用浸叶法测定了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮等药剂对西花蓟马2龄若虫的毒力,并通过共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。结果表明,阿维菌素与毒死蜱复配表现出明显的增效作用;阿维菌素与毒死蜱比值为2∶8与8∶2时,增效作用最显著;阿维菌素与吡蚜酮、吡虫啉均表现出拮抗作用。     

Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

The interactions between six insecticides (methiocarb, formetanate, acrinathrin, deltamethrin, methamidophos and endosulfan) and three potential synergists (piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM)) were studied by topical exposure in strains selected for resistance to each insecticide, and in a susceptible strain of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). In the susceptible strain PBO produced appreciable synergism only of formetanate, methiocarb and methamidophos. Except for endosulfan, PBO synergized all the insecticides to varying degrees in the resistant strains. A very high level of synergism by PBO was found with acrinathrin, which reduced the resistance level from 3344- to 36-fold. PBO slightly synergized the carbamates formetanate (4.6-fold) and methiocarb (3.3-fold). PBO also produced a high synergism of deltamethrin (12.5-fold) and methamidophos (14.3-fold) and completely restored susceptibility to both insecticides. DEF did not produce synergism with any insecticide in the resistant strains and DEM was slightly synergistic to endosulfan (3-fold). These studies indicate that an enhanced detoxification, mediated by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, is the major mechanism imparting resistance to different insecticides in F occidentalis. Implications of different mechanisms in insecticide resistance in F occidentalis are discussed.     

Virulence and efficacy of different entomopathogenic nematode species against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

Virulence and efficacy of five species and strains of the entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae:Steinernema riobravis, Steinernema feltiae strains Ger. and UK, andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora strains HP88 and IS5, against the prepupal and pupal stages of the western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were investigated in the laboratory. Although all these nematodes controlled WFT to some extent, they differed in efficiency. The heterorhabditid nematodeH. bacteriophora strain HP88 was more specific to the soil-inhabiting WFT stages (36–49% thrips mortality). The steinernematid nematodesS. riobravis andS. feltiae strains Ger. and UK had only a slight effect (10% mortality) on prepupal and pupal populations of WFT, andH. bacteriophora strain IS5 had the least effect of all. A possible reason for such species variation is suggested and discussed.     

西花蓟马传播病毒病的研究进展

西花蓟马［Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)］是一种世界性的重要农业害虫,目前在69个国家和地区已有报道。西花蓟马能以持久性的方式传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)的病毒,所传播病毒造成的经济损失远远大于其本身所造成的损失。因此,许多学者对西花蓟马及其传播的番茄斑萎病毒属病毒进行了大量研究。本文主要综述了近年来西花蓟马传播病毒的种类、番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的结构以及西花蓟马的传毒机制等方面的研究进展。