Extended genetic resources of Dactylis glomerata subsp. izcoi in Galicia (northwest Spain)

Dactylis glomerata subsp. izcoi, endemic to Galicia (NW Spain), includes diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. The present paper results from ongoing research on the distribution of Dactylis in Galicia. Tetraploids dominate all kind of habitats, but diploids do occur in restricted areas. After intensive exploration carried out by the Misión Biológica de Galicia, dealing with diploid populations of subspecies izcoi, 13 new diploid localities were recently detected along the ridge called Macizo Galaico Duriense three on the west side of the ridge and the remainder on the east, persisting in ancient habitats in the following communities: Quercetea robori-petrea, Erico-Ulicetalia, Ericion australis and Ulicion nanae. Two diploid populations have been detected for the first time in Coruña Province. However, no diploids were found on the west side (near the coast) of Coruña and Pontevedra Provinces, probably due to Atlantic influence.     

Determination of Variations of Some Enzymes in Orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) Ecotypes

In the present study, wild orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) collected from four different locations (Oltu, Olur, Uzundere and Uluba < ) of Erzurum (Turkey) were used to investigate various electrophoretic analyses within and between four ecotypes based on peroxidase (PRX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes. Four natural populations of Dactylis glomerata showed genetic variability within and among ecotypes based on similarities and polymorphism of isoenzyme bands. In addition, a dendogram analysis was made according to band patterns indicating that ecotypes could be grouped showing characteristics in relation to each other, notably Oltu-Uluba < and Olur-Uzundere. However, the degree of relationship of Oltu-Uluba < (6 units) was higher than Olur-Uzundere (12 units).     

镉胁迫下二倍体和同源四倍体油菜DNA甲基化差异分析

二倍体与四倍体在逆境抗性上的差别可以从表观遗传学的角度予以解释。本研究以“矮脚黄”纯合二倍体和同源四倍体油菜为材料,采用DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性分析（Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP）方法和HDA-GT12TM全自动凝胶毛细管核酸电泳检测技术,在全基因组水平上研究了CdCl2胁迫下油菜二倍体和四倍体DNA序列中CCGG位点的甲基化水平及模式变化特征差异。采用56对引物在4个处理样品中共检测出9 687个基因位点。结果显示,二倍体和四倍体在镉胁迫下,其总甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平较各自的对照均有一定程度的上升。由此可见,镉胁迫导致四倍体和二倍体甲基化水平的提高,但四倍体基因组在镉胁迫下拥有更高的DNA甲基化水平。DNA甲基化模式分析表明,镉胁迫导致二倍体和四倍体的过甲基化位点数均高于去甲基化位点数,二者在镉胁迫下去甲基化位点数差异不大,但四倍体发生过甲基化的位点数要明显多于二倍体。     

Isoenzyme differences between the wild diploid and tetraploid wheats

Variability of acid phosphatase (ACP), esterase (EST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes among 660 accessions of wild diploid wheats Triticum boeoticum (475) and T. urartu (185) and among 35 accessions of wild tetraploid wheats T. araraticum (21) and T. dicoccoides (14) was studied with the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The wild diploids are differentiated by the electrophoretic variants of ACP-B, ACP-C, EST-A, EST-B, EST-C, EST-D, and SOD-B. Triticum urartu matches the A genome of wild tetraploid wheats T. araraticum and T. dicoccoides by allozymes of ACP-B, ACP-C and SOD-B, but differs distinctly by the monomorphic allozyme EST-A66. Triticum boeoticum fits the A genome of polyploid wheats by allozymes of EST-A and EST-B, but differs in allozymes of ACP-B and SOD-B. Thus, none of the two contemporary diploid wheats corresponds exactly to the A genome of wild tetraploid wheats by all diagnostic isoenzymes. Triticum boeoticum and T. arararicum share EST-C46 and EST-D71, whereas T. urartu and T. dicoccoides are fixed for silent EST-C0 and share EST-D73, suggesting independent origin of the two tetraploid wheats with a contribution from ancestral forms of both diploids.     

The genome biogeography of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC

Summary Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae) is a natural group of more than 100 known species, many of which are handsome ornamentals with large, showy, delicate flowers. This group includes the fiber, food, and medicinal plants kenaf, H. cannabinus L., and roselle, H. sabdariffa L. The basic chromosome number is x = 18. In nature are found diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octoploid, and decaploid taxa. This group displays a remarkable amount of genome diversity, as shown by cytological analysis of 140 hybrid combinations from over 60,000 crosses. At least 13 genomes are present: A, B, C, D, E, G, H, J, P, R, V, X, and Y. Subsaharan Africa is the center of genome diversity; nine of the 13 genomes are represented in African taxa, and nine of the 10 confirmed diploid species occur in Africa. Five (possibly six) genomes reside in extant diploids. The G genome (or a modified G genome) is widely distributed. Found in only one diploid species in Africa, it is found also in African tetraploid and African and Indian octoploid species, in New World tetraploid and decaploid species, and in Australian hexaploid species. The G-genome apparently was widely dispersed and differentiated, followed by hybridization, subsequent chromosome doubling, and radiation. The A, B, X, and Y genomes, on the other hand, are confined mainly to Africa, with a few taxa in Asia, and apparently are the products of a later round of hybridization and allopolyploidy.     

Limited genotype- and ploidy-related variation in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Abstract

Water-soluble carbohydrates and fibre fractions are important traits that influence forage utilization by the ruminant. Little is known about the quality variation among perennial ryegrass genotypes within the same maturity group or between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The current study was carried out in the form of two experiments on two successive years (2006–2007) in three sites in Northern Germany. The main aim was to investigate the variation in nutritive value that could be attributed to differences in maturity among 20 intermediate heading perennial ryegrass genotypes or to differences in ploidy between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. Results of the first experiment revealed significant variation among the 20 tested genotypes in the investigated quality parameters that were consistent with the discovered variation in the maturity of the genotypes determined in terms of their Mean Stage by Count (MSC). In the second experiment, few but consistent significant differences were detected between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The tetraploid derivatives had always significantly higher water-soluble carbohydrate content and lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) than their near-isogenic diploid parents.     

二倍体与四倍体刺槐组培苗形态和生理性状比较

为了比较二倍体与四倍体刺槐组培苗不同无性系之间的差异,本研究分别测定二倍体刺槐组培苗和人工诱导四倍体刺槐组培苗的形态及生理指标,并进行相关分析.结果表明,多数四倍体刺槐无性系的长势、抗逆性优于二倍体;二倍体与四倍体刺槐不同无性系以及不同形态、生理指标之间存在丰富的变异,其中四倍体刺槐的变异更为丰富;各测定指标之间存在较...     

Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Natural Ecotypes of Perennial Grasses (Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Phalaris tuberosa L., Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S.) Collected in Southern Italy

In 1999, natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Phalaris tuberosa L. and the macrotherm species Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S., were collected as seed in Southern Italy (Apulia, Basilicata and Campania regions) to evaluate the potential as forage of native germplasm under dry conditions, using available commercial cultivars as controls. The persistence of accessions, biometric, phenologic, productive and qualitative parameters of forage have been studied for a 3-year period (2000–2002) in a typical Mediterranean environment. D. glomerata is widely present in the studied area with two subspecies (subsp. glomerata L., subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman). The research pointed out significant differences in plant size, earliness and single plant dry matter (DM) production. All the natural ecotypes belonging to this species showed higher persistence than the control cultivars. Some natural ecotypes appeared to have potential for improving DM yield (subsp. glomerata ecotypes) and reducing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content (subsp. hispanica ecotypes). Natural ecotypes belonging to F. arundinacea, P. tuberosa, and B. rupestre are sporadically present in the studied area. Among them, two ecotypes of P. tuberosa, showing higher winter growth and earliness compared to cv. ‘Holdfast’, seem to be interesting for a future breeding programme.     

Genetic diversity of Fagopyrum homotropicum, a wild species related to common buckwheat

Nineteen natural populations of Fagopyrum homotropicum, a self-fertilizing close relative of common buckwheat, from the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China were investigated for their chromosome number and allozyme variation at 16 loci of 11 enzymes. Three populations, 'Deqin', 'Zhongdian', and 'Xiancheng', were revealed to be allotetraploid. Judging from allozyme constitution of the tetraploid and their possible progenitors, diploid progenitors are probably the diploid population of F. homotropicum from Lijiang and a natural population of F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis. Diploid populations of F. homotropicum are fixed for a given allele at almost all isozyme loci. Allozyme variation has been maintained in natural populations mainly by fixing different alleles in different populations, as they are highly differentiated among the populations (G_st = 0.969). The position of populations in the phylogenetic tree constructed from genetic distance nearly corresponded with the geographical position of the populations.     

Rediscovery of a diploid cytotype of Dasypyrum breviaristatum in Morocco

The chromosome numbers of a total of 273 Dasypyrumbreviaristatum plants sampled from 20 Moroccan and one Greek naturalpopulations were examined. 270 plants from all of the populations weretetraploids. Among them, 223 were eu-tetraploids with 28 chromosomes and 47 wereaneuploids with 25, 27 and 29 chromosomes. Besides, three plants were found tobe diploids among 16 plants from a population in the Moyen Atlas Mountains ofMorocco. This is the second report of a diploid cytotype ofD. breviaristatum since the firstcommunication in 1957. Morphologically, the diploids were similar to but smallerthan the tetraploids in plant height, spike length, spikelet number and leafepidermis cell size. However, it was not possible to distinguish between the twocytotypes based on those morphological characteristics alone. A distinctdifference was found between the two cytotypes only in the number of trichomeson the leaf surfaces. The karyotype of the diploid cytotype consisted of a pairof SAT-chromosomes, five pairs of metacentric and a pair of submetacentricchromosomes. Based on the similarity in karyotype and in plant morphologybetween the two cytotypes of D.breviaristatum, we suggest that the diploid cytotype is themost probable candidate for the ancestral form of the tetraploid cytotype.     

Phylogenetic relationships among natural populations of perennial buckwheat, Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn., revealed by allozyme variation

Twenty natural populations of F. cymosum, an insect-pollinated allogamous wild species of Fagopyrum, were investigated for their chromosome number and allozyme variation at 10 Ioci encoding 8 enzymes. Diploid populations were obtained in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet in China, whereas tetraploid populations were obtained in Tibet, the Himalayan hills, Thailand and southern China. Both diploid and tetraploid populations maintained a large amount of allozyme variation. The average heterozygosity, H_e, ranged from 0.045 to 0.389 (0.213 on average). Tetraploid populations showed higher H_e values than diploid populations. Natural populations of F. cymosum were locally well differentiated (G_ST = 0.322), probably due to reproductive isolation between the two ploidy levels and to distribution over wide areas from southern China to the Himalayan hills. The phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on allozyme variation clarified two distinct groups of diploid populations, the Sichuan and Yunnan groups. As for the tetraploid populations, polyploidization occurred twice independently, once in Yunnan and once in eastern Tibet. Tetraploid F. cymosum diffused to warmer areas such as southern Yunnan and Thailand as well as to cooler areas of Tibet and the high Himalayan hills and became the most widely distributed of the Fagopyrum species.     

Presence of phylogeographic structure among wild diploid alfalfa accessions (Medicago sativa L. subsp. microcarpa Urb.) with evidence of the center of origin

The genetic structure of wild germplasm on a macrogeographic scale has implications for collection and conservation of wild genetic resources of economically important plants. Cultivated alfalfa is derived from a taxonomic group called the Medicago sativa–falcata complex, which includes a number of morphologically and genetically differentiated diploid and tetraploid subspecies representing the primary gene pool for alfalfa improvement. Although the origin of the taxa included in M. sativa–falcata complex has been described broadly, the center of diversity for each taxon is not clear. In this study, 60 individual genotypes from 16 accessions of the diploid taxon M. sativa subsp. microcarpa Urb. [M. sativa subsp. caerulea (Less. ex Ledeb.) Schmalh.] were obtained from the two proposed centers of diversity, Caucasia and Central Asia, and were genotyped with 89 simple sequence repeat markers. Phylogenetic reconstructions together with population genetics statistics (heterozygosity, allelic diversity, and F_ST) were used to describe the pattern of present genetic diversity, to deduce biogeographic history, and to infer the center of diversity. Our results revealed that the Central Asian accessions were distinct from the Caucasian accessions, and that overall accessions, genetic distance was positively correlated with geographical distance, indicating a spatial genetic structure. The accessions from the Caucasian region had higher mean F_ST values, higher allele diversity and higher heterozygosity, suggesting that the Caucasian region is the likely center of diversity for M. sativa subsp. microcarpa [M. sativa subsp. caerulea] and the accessions recolonized Central Asia from Caucasia after the glacial retreat.     

矮紧型、抗病同源四倍体不结球白菜矮桩秋冠新材料创制

为创制矮紧型、抗病同源四倍体不结球白菜矮桩秘冠新材料,使用浓度为0.2%的秋水仙素处理二倍体不结球白菜矮桩秋冠植株子叶期生长点,通过形态学、解剖学、细胞学特征和使用流式细胞仪进行鉴定,筛选出同源四倍体植株,并进行农艺性状、营养指标、光合能力和抗病性测定。形态学鉴定结果显示,四倍体植株的种子、花器官、荚果表现出巨大化,但整体株型和叶片变小。解剖学鉴定结果发现,四倍体植株气孔变大但单位面积密度减小,花粉粒变大且形状不规则。细胞学鉴定中,二倍体植株细胞染色体数为20条,四倍体为40条,是二倍体的2倍。流式细胞仪鉴定结果表明,二倍体细胞核DNA相对含量峰值在50处,四倍体细胞核DNA相对含量峰值在100处,与细胞学鉴定结果一致。农艺性状中,四倍体植株的单叶质量、十叶厚有所增加,但叶柄长、株高、叶长等有一定程度的降低。营养品质中,四倍体可溶性糖、纤维素、叶绿素含量减少,氨基酸、有机酸含量增加。光合特性分析结果发现,与二倍体相比,四倍体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率分别增加了29.192%、16.071%和14.0947,光饱和点降低,说明四倍体植株比二倍体具有更强的光合效率。抗病测定结果发现,四倍体植株叶片对灰霉病的抗性明显增强。经选育获得了矮紧型、抗病不结球白菜同源四倍体矮桩秋冠新材料,为不结球白菜种质创新和新品种培育奠定了基础。     

Cytogenetic relationships between Avena insularis (2n=28) and both A. strigosa (2n=14) and A. murphyi (2n=28)

The newly discovered tetraploid oat Avena insularis was crossed with the diploid A. strigosa and the tetraploid A. murphyi. Considerably reduced chromosome association at meiosis and a low average number of chiasmata per cell of the A. strigosa × A. insularis hybrids indicated that the diploid A. strigosa did not participate in the creation of A. insularis. From A. murphyi, A. insularis differed by four chromosomal rearrangements and the hybrids between them were sterile. The tetraploids A. magna, A. murphyi and A. insularis share the two to four floret large diaspore, which is adapted to heavy alluvial soil. They all, however, diverge from one another by four chromosomal rearrangements. At this point it is not possible to determine whether they have diverged from a single tetraploid progenitor, or developed from different diploid species.     

高产、抗病同源四倍体不结球白菜黄心乌新材料的创制

不结球白菜黄心乌是长江中下游流域特别是安徽地区的主栽品种之一。为获得品质优良的黄心乌新材料,本研究使用0.2%(w/v)的秋水仙素溶液点滴处理二倍体黄心乌幼苗的子叶生长点,通过形态学和细胞学的方法筛选到同源四倍体黄心乌植株,并对二、四倍体黄心乌的农艺性状以及品质进行分析。形态学研究结果表明,四倍体植株的株型、叶片、花、种荚表现出巨大型;四倍体叶片的气孔变大,气孔密度变小;花粉粒体积比二倍体变大且呈现出棒状。细胞学分析结果发现,四倍体植株的根尖染色体数目是二倍体的2倍。流式细胞仪分析结果表明,四倍体植株的荧光强度为二倍体的2倍。营养品质方面,与二倍体相比,四倍体纤维素、有机酸含量显著上升,叶绿素、硝态氮含量显著下降,可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化。此外,结合光响应曲线分析结果发现,强光条件下,四倍体对光强的适应能力更强。在抗病性检测中发现,四倍体的灰霉菌抗性明显优于二倍体。本研究获得了高产、抗病的同源四倍体不结球白菜黄心乌新材料,为不结球白菜育种工作提供了新的种质资源。     

Characterization of the missing diploid progenitors of the common oat

Summary The genomic formula ACD of the hexaploid oat,Avena saliva, AC for the tetraploid speciesA. magna andA. murphyi, and the hypothesis that the A genome was contributed byA. strigosa group and C genome byA. ventricosa—A. eriantha group, have derived from karyotype studies. Cytogenetic evidence, however, does not support any of the known diploid oats as possible progenitors of the hexaploid oats.A. magna, and to a lesser extent,A. murphyi, are closer to the hexaploids than other tetraploids. Morphologically, these tetraploids resemble thesterilis type, which is apparently the genuine form of the hexaploid oats, with a few important differences. Spikelet morphology of these three wild oats indicates some features that must also occur in one or more of their diploid progenitors: 1. Ventricose diaspore containing the entire spikelet, 2. Long and broad callus with blunt tip, 3. Awn insertion at the lower one quarter of the lemma, 4. Close proximity of lemma tips of the two lower florets.A. magna andA. murphyi have narrow ecological ranges and are restricted to heavy alluvial soils which are now mostly under cultivation. It is likely that on similar soil type the diploid progenitors would grow as well and a search for them should be attempted there. Morocco is the most promising area for finding the missing diploids. Not onlyA. magna andA. murphyi grow there, but except one, all other annual oat species as well.     

High proportion of diploid hybrids produced by interspecific diploid × tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum</Emphasis> hybridization

A perennial version of grain sorghum [S. bicolor (L.) Moench] would create opportunities for greatly reducing tillage and preventing soil degradation. Efforts to select for perenniality and grain production among progeny of hybrids between S. bicolor (2n = 20) and the weedy tetraploid perennial S. halepense (L.) Pers. (2n = 40) are complicated in that F₁ hybrids produced by diploid × tetraploid sorghum crosses are usually tetraploid. In 2013, a set of random pollinations between 19 diploid cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred lines and 43 tetraploid perennial plants produced 165 F₁ hybrid plants, more than 75% of which had highly atypical plant, panicle, and seed phenotypes. Phenotypic segregation in F₂ populations derived from atypical hybrids was also anomalous. Examination of mitotic metaphase cells in F₁ or F₂ root tips revealed that 129 of the 165 hybrids were diploid. Parentage of the diploid progenies was confirmed using simple-sequence repeat analysis. The mechanism by which diploid hybrids arise from diploid × tetraploid crosses is unknown, but it may involve either production of monohaploid (n = 10) pollen by the tetraploid parent or chromosome elimination during early cell divisions following formation of the triploid zygote. The ability to produce diploid germplasm segregating for S. bicolor and S. halepense alleles could have great utility, both for the development of perennial sorghum and for the improvement of conventional grain sorghum.     

Advantages of Wild Diploid Solanum Species Over Cultivated Diploid Relatives in Potato Breeding Programs

For breeding programs of the tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), both wild and cultivated diploid relatives are valuable sources of genetic diversity. While both types of germplasm are used in breeding programs, there are several advantages to using wild relatives. Diploid relatives are typically crossed with haploids (2n = 2x = 24) from tetraploid S. tuberosum to improve daylength adaptation. Most haploids are male sterile, so they are typically used as female parents. Cultivated diploids, such as members of the Phureja Group, produce male sterile hybrids when crossed as females to haploids; wild relatives, such as S. tarijense, often produce male fertile hybrids. Tuber yield following crosses of haploids to cultivated or wild relatives is often high. However, cultivated relatives generally produce hybrids with a high set of small tubers; hybrids from wild relatives are variable, but many are similar to cultivars in tuber size and set. While tubers of hybrids from cultivated relatives are typically rough, with deep eyes and raised internodes, those from wild relatives are often smooth. Tuber dormancy in hybrids with cultivated relatives is generally short, while that in hybrids with wild species is longer, allowing for storage over winter. Finally, resistance to several major diseases and stresses has been found in wild species and their hybrids with S. tuberosum haploids. The desirable traits in hybrids are transmitted to tetraploids via unilateral sexual polyploidization (4x × 2x or 2x × 4x crosses in which the diploid parent produces 2n gametes). Wild Solanum species are recommended for use in potato breeding programs as sources of genetic diversity that can be adapted easily following hybridization with S. tuberosum haploids.     

不同倍性菘蓝对干旱胁迫的耐受能力及保护性酶的响应机制

为了比较不同倍性菘蓝对干旱胁迫的耐受能力及其体内保护性酶的响应机制,在MS培养基中加入不同浓度的甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫处理,观测不同倍性菘蓝种子的萌发和幼苗生长状况,测定幼苗中丙二醛及脯氨酸含量,同时对其地上部分保护性酶SOD、POD和CAT进行测定。种子萌发、幼苗生长以及丙二醛和脯氨酸含量的测定结果均表明,四倍体菘蓝较二倍体菘蓝对干旱胁迫的耐受能力强。对其体内保护性酶的研究结果表明,随着甘露醇浓度的增加二倍体和四倍体菘蓝中SOD、POD和CAT三种保护性酶均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,各甘露醇浓度下四倍体中的SOD、POD和CAT三种保护性酶活性均高于二倍体,说明在干旱胁迫下四倍体菘蓝对活性氧的清除能力高于二倍体菘蓝,部分解释了四倍体菘蓝较二倍体菘蓝对干旱胁迫的耐受能力强。     

The Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perilla</Emphasis> Species

Perilla (Lamiaceae) contains one tetraploid species, P. frutescens (L.) Britt. and three diploid species, P. citriodora (Makino) Nakai, P. hirtella Nakai and P. setoyensis G. Honda. Tetraploid species have been traditionally cultivated in Asia for their seed oil and for their fragrant leaves that are used as medicine or as a garnish for fish. The center of diversity is still obscure. To conserve the genetic resources, it is important to know the diversity of the tetraploid species. The three diploid species, which are possible parents of the tetraploid species, are all believed to be indigenous to Japan. Their distribution in China and Korea was clarified on the basis of herbarium and field surveys. The tetraploid species is assumed to have originated somewhere around the mid-to downstream area of the Changjiang River. Though Perilla is not cultivated as often in these areas as in northern China, Korea, the Himalayan region, or Myanmar, these areas should also be important for the conservation of genetic resources of tetraploid Perilla crops because of the expected high genetic diversity.