Nitrogen and water effects on wheat yield in a Mediterranean-type climate. II. Fertilizer-use efficiency with labelled nitrogen

Under the Mediterranean farming conditions of Syria, rain-fed cropping predominates, but irrigation is increasing where water sources are available. In both rain-fed or irrigated systems, it is important to understand N use by crops and its behavior in the soil. In this paper, we report on nitrogen fertilizer-use efficiency (NFUE) by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under 1/3, 2/3 and full irrigation with ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer at different application rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) for two seasons with varying rainfall, i.e. 323 and 275 mm. NFUE values in the above-ground crop varied with measurement date, reaching a maximum before anthesis, and then, during the grain-filling period, either remaining constant under irrigation or decreasing, particularly under the rain-fed conditions. Irrigation increased the recovery of applied N in grain and straw at harvest from 10% in the wetter year to over 60% in the drier year. Nitrogen at 100 kg ha⁻¹ level increased recovery by >45% in the wetter year, while fertilizer recovery improved in the drier year only with enhanced water availability from irrigation. The Difference method (28–95%) for estimating N recovery diverged from the ¹⁵N Direct method (21–63%), emphasizing the need to examine both labeled, and unlabeled, N pools for interpretation of ¹⁵N studies. With irrigation, the crop removed significantly more fertilizer N than under rain-fed conditions, with less remaining in the soil; over 40% of the fertilizer N remained in the top 20-cm soil as organic N. Irrigation had no effect on the ¹⁵N recovery at depth, with no significant re-mineralization being detected. While NFUE is increased by higher rainfall and irrigation, fertilizer N losses under the Mediterranean climatic conditions of Syria are low. The apparent inefficiency induced by organic immobilization adds to total soil N, which can potentially be used by future crops.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation,partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a deep-rooted crop which can tolerate water stress and can be grown in rotation with other crop species. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for the growth and development of safflower; however, the effect of N level on dry matter, accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation has not been extensively studied. A 2-year field study was therefore conducted with the objective to determine the effect of N fertilization on crop phenology, dry matter, N accumulation, partitioning and retranslocation of safflower grown under rain-fed conditions. Three rates of N were used (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two hybrids (CW9048 and CW9050) of safflower were selected. The experiment was conducted during the 2003–2004 (2004) and 2004–2005 (2005) growing seasons on a calcareous sandy loam (Entisols, Orthents, Typic Xerorthent) at the experimental farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece. During 2004 spring was quite mild with significant rainfall whereas during 2005 spring was hotter with lower rainfall. Our study found that N fertilization increased biomass at anthesis by an average of 24% and at maturity by an average of 25% compared with the control. Total above ground biomass increased after anthesis in both years, in both hybrids and for all fertilizer treatments. N fertilization increased the dry matter partitioning in leaves + stems and heads at anthesis and also in leaves + stems, seeds, and head vegetative components at maturity. Dry matter translocation was not affected by N fertilization but lower values were found during the second year. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and increased in those plants treated with fertilizer compared with the controls. In addition, N fertilization increased N retranslocation from the vegetative parts of the plant to the seed, but it did not affect N gain. During the second year, which was drier, there were significant N losses but also greater N translocation efficiency and higher contribution of pre-anthesis N to seed. Seed yield was correlated with the dry matter and N translocation indices, and was higher for the fertilized plants, compared with the control. The present study indicates that N fertilization promoted the growth of safflower and increased the dry matter yield, N accumulation, translocation and seed yield under rain-fed conditions.     

Cultivar and seasonal effects on the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to safflower yield

In crops grown under Mediterranean environments, translocation of pre-anthesis assimilates to the seed is of great importance for seed growth, because hot and dry conditions during the seed filling period diminish photosynthesis and crop nitrogen uptake. This field study was conducted to assess the genetic and seasonal variation in the amount of pre-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen accumulated and translocated to seed by safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants, and the possible N losses occurring between anthesis and maturity. Ten genotypes, 4 hybrids and 6 open pollinated cultivars, were grown for 2 growing seasons without irrigation, on a silty clay (Typic Xerorthent) soil. The proportion of dry matter and N content at anthesis that was translocated to seed differed among genotypes and ranged from 14.9 to 39.6 and from 24.8–59.3%, respectively. Genotypic differences in dry matter and N translocation were mainly associated with dry matter and N accumulated during the vegetative growth of the plants. Greater amounts of dry matter and N content at anthesis resulted in a greater dry matter and N translocation to seed during the filling period. When the N contents of aboveground plant parts at anthesis and maturity were compared, both gains and losses were observed, and were mainly related to the sink size. No N losses were detected when yield was high. When yield was low, N losses depended on N content at anthesis; high N content resulted in N losses, otherwise no N losses were observed. The contribution of pre-anthesis accumulated reserves to seed weight ranged from 64.7 to 92.2%, indicating the importance of pre-anthesis storage of assimilates for attaining high safflower yield.     

Effects of fertilizer,variety and location on barley production under rainfed conditions in Northern Syria 2. Soil water dynamics and crop water use

The effects of fertilizer and location on the water use of two contrasting varieties of barley were studied in Northern Syria using a neutron probe. The observed patterns of soil moisture dynamics and crop water use were typical of those previously observed in Mediterranean-type environments. Moisture supply, as reflected by rainfall, was the principal factor affecting total water use, but both the application of fertilizer (N and P) and varietal differences also resulted in increased water use, particularly at the wetter location. There were no differences in the water-use efficiency between the two varieties, but the application of fertilizer resulted in large increases of water-use efficiency at both locations. Separation of crop evapotranspiration into crop transpiration and soil evaporation indicated that increased water-use efficiency was partially due to increased transpiration efficiency but was largely due to a reduction in soil evaporative loss, through greater soil shading by the crop canopy, and increased crop transpiration. Examination of this dataset together with the patterns of root and shoot growth suggest that fertilizer and varietal effects on root growth are linked to patterns of water use, growth and yield formation in barley.     

Transpiration efficiencies of maize and beans in semi-arid Kenya

Maize and bean were grown under varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population, and irrigation at Kiboko, Kenya in the short rains 1990, 1991, 1992 and the long rains 1991. The production of dry matter was not affected significantly by any treatment, because treatments only had a small impact on the balance between evaporation and transpiration. In all seasons the greatest loss of water from the profile was through direct evaporation from the soil surface. Transpiration was always less than 25% of rainfall. The ratio of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (E + T) was small (0.23), but increased from 0.15 to 0.40 as rainfall increased from 158 mm in the long rains 1991 to 470 mm in the short rains 1992. Treatments had little impact on the balance between transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface. The average transpiration efficiencies for maize and bean were 89 and 29 kg shoot dry matter ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, respectively. For each crop there was a 60% change in transpiration efficiency between the short and the long rain season which could be accounted for by differences in saturation vapour pressure deficit.     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响

为探讨黄淮冬麦区小麦测墒补灌条件下氮肥的适宜施用量,在田间测墒补灌条件下,以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,设置每公顷0kg(N0)、150kg(N1)、210kg(N2)和270kg(N3)4个施氮量处理,研究测墒补灌条件下施氮水平对小麦开花后叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响。结果表明,花后7、14、21d,N2、N3处理的小麦最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均高于N1和N0处理;花后28、35d,N2处理高于N3处理。花后7、14、21、28、35d,N2处理的实际光化学效率(Φ_(PS Ⅱ))显著高于其他处理;花后28、35d,N2处理的叶绿素相对含量显著高于N3和N1处理。灌浆前期,籽粒灌浆速率在N2和N3处理间无显著差异,但均高于N1和N0处理;灌浆中后期N2处理的灌浆速率最高。N2处理的籽粒产量和氮肥农学效率均最高,与N3、N1和N0处理相比,N2处理分别增产6.29%、13.15%和25.79%。综合考虑籽粒产量、氮肥农学效率和荧光特性,在本试验条件下210kg·hm~(-2)施氮量的效果最佳。     

Orchardgrass response to different types,rates and application patterns of dairy manure

Manure management is a difficult task on many intensive dairy farms. Crops that can utilize large quantities of manure N, yield quality forage with larger rates of manure application, and allow manure spreading at different times in a year can simplify that task. A study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on a Copake sandy loam soil (mixed mesic) in New Milford, Connecticut. The objectives were: (1) to measure and compare dry matter (DM) response of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to different amounts and application times of N fertilizer and liquid and solid cattle manure; and (2) to determine crop uptake of fertilizer and manure N. Fertilizer and liquid and solid manure were applied to the soil surface annually in amounts of 150, 300 or 450 kg N ha⁻¹ in one, two or four equal applications. Orchardgrass dry matter production increased over the entire range of N amounts from all sources. Yields varied from approximately 2500 kg DM ha⁻¹ for control plots (0 kg N) to 10600 kg for plots receiving 450 kg N ha⁻¹ either as fertilizer or liquid manure. Crop response to liquid manure application was greater in year one with abundant rainfall than in year two with dry conditions during most of the growing season, whereas crop response to solid manure application improved in the second year, due to the availability of residual organic N. Orchardgrass was more sensitive to the timing of fertilizer N application than to manure N application. Despite the large differences in weather patterns experienced during this study, analysis of application patterns indicated that manure could be applied throughout the growing season to crop stubble (post-harvest) with comparable rates of uptake overall. N uptake in control plots averaged 56 kg N ha⁻¹ for both years, compared to 340 kg N ha ⁻¹ for fertilizer plots, 250 kg N ha ⁻¹ for liquid manure plots and 190 kg N ha⁻¹ for solid manure plots receiving 450 kg total N ha ⁻¹.     

水氮限量供给下两个高产小麦品种物质积累与水分利用特征

为给小麦节水高产高效栽培提供科学依据,以主栽小麦品种济麦22和石麦15为材料,在大田条件下,设置2个灌水水平[春灌一水(W1)和春灌二水(W2)],在每个灌水水平下设置2个施氮量处理[192kg.hm-2(N1)和270kg.hm-2(N2)],探讨了有限水氮供给条件下两品种的干物质生产与水分利用特征。结果表明:(1)在W1水平下,济麦22的N1与N2处理籽粒产量和水分利用效率无显著差异,石麦15的N1处理籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著高于N2处理;在W2水平下,两品种籽粒产量和水分利用效率均以N1处理较高;在相同施氮水平下,两品种籽粒产量和水分利用效率均以W2处理较高;在不同水氮处理下,济麦22籽粒产量和水分利用效率高于石麦15。(2)在相同灌溉水平下,两品种花后物质积累量和分配比例均以N1处理高于N2处理;在相同施氮水平下,两品种花后物质积累量和分配比例均以W2处理高于W1处理;2个品种比较,石麦15花后物质积累量和分配比例高于济麦22,而济麦22花前物质积累量及其对产量的贡献率高于石麦15。(3)在不同水氮处理下,济麦22总耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量及花后耗水比例均大于石麦15。综合上述结果认为,两小麦品种在W2N1水氮组合下可实现高产与水分高效利用的协调统一。     

吐丝期自然干旱条件下灌水和施氮对玉米产量及氮素吸收的影响

设置大田试验,利用吐丝期自然干旱胁迫研究灌水(自然干旱、灌水30 mm、灌水60 mm,分别为W0、W1和W2)和施氮(0、100、200、300 kg/hm~2,分别为N0、N1、N2、N3)对玉米产量、干物质累积与分配、氮素吸收与利用的影响及其耦合效应,并探讨适宜的水、氮组合调控措施。结果表明,吐丝期自然干旱条件下灌水和施氮均显著影响玉米成熟期的产量、干物质累积量、收获指数、氮素吸收量及氮肥利用效率,且两种措施具有显著的交互作用。W2N3处理的玉米产量最高,达9 666 kg/hm~2。干物质累积量和氮素吸收量随灌水量、施氮量的变化趋势与产量类似,收获指数和氮素利用效率存在明显差异。W0N0和W1N0处理的收获指数相比其他处理显著偏低,说明干旱和缺氮限制干物质向子粒的转运分配。玉米施用氮肥的表观利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力在灌水条件下均显著高于自然干旱条件,随施氮量增加而逐渐降低,均在W2N1处理达最高。     

适雨灌溉下氮肥运筹对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

【目的】为合理利用水稻生长期间的降雨，改善江汉平原地区稻田氮肥管理。【方法】采用田间小区试验，研究了常规淹灌(FI)和适雨灌溉(RAI)条件下，农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释掺混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对降雨利用率、水稻产量、光合特性、干物质积累及氮吸收利用的影响。【结果】1)RAI能在节省水资源同时提升稻田对雨水的储蓄和利用能力，与FI相比可减少田间灌溉水量41.7%，各生育阶段水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)、干物质积累、氮素吸收以及产量均有不同程度的增加；2)两种水管理方式下，与FFP处理相比，OPT-N处理水稻在分蘖期的Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、干物质积累和氮素吸收显著降低，但在孕穗期-灌浆期有所增加，对最终产量形成影响不大；RAI结合30%N+70%CRF处理有利于水稻生育前期Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr的增加，提升生育中后期干物质积累量，氮素吸收量在分蘖期显著高于OPT-N和FFP，在齐穗期和成熟期显著高于FFP，有效穗数、穗长、千粒质量和结实率在各处理间表现最高，实际产量相较常规水肥管理可增产10.4%。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下，OPT-N不会显著影响水稻的生长及产量，30%N+70%CRF有助于水稻光合作用、氮素吸收及产量的增加。     

适雨灌溉下氮肥运筹对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

【目的】为合理利用水稻生长期间的降雨,改善江汉平原地区稻田氮肥管理。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(FI)和适雨灌溉(RAI)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释掺混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对降雨利用率、水稻产量、光合特性、干物质积累及氮吸收利用的影响。【结果】1)RAI能在节省水资源同时提升稻田对雨水的储蓄和利用能力,与FI相比可减少田间灌溉水量41.7%,各生育阶段水稻叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)、干物质积累、氮素吸收以及产量均有不同程度的增加;2)两种水管理方式下,与FFP处理相比,OPT-N处理水稻在分蘖期的P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r、干物质积累和氮素吸收显著降低,但在孕穗期-灌浆期有所增加,对最终产量形成影响不大;RAI结合30%N+70%CRF处理有利于水稻生育前期P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r的增加,提升生育中后期干物质积累量,氮素吸收量在分蘖期显著高于OPT-N和FFP,在齐穗期和成熟期显著高于FFP,有效穗数、穗长、千粒质量和结实率在各处理间表现最高,实际产量相较常规水肥管理可增产10.4%。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下,OPT-N不会显著影响水稻的生长及产量,30%N+70%CRF有助于水稻光合作用、氮素吸收及产量的增加。     

不同水分管理模式和播后镇压对小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

为明确不同水分管理模式和播种后镇压对小麦干物质积累及产量形成的影响,以烟农19为材料,在大田条件下设置雨养(RI)、雨养+播后镇压(RC)、传统漫灌(TI)、传统漫灌+播后镇压(TC)、微喷灌(MI)和微喷灌+播后镇压(MC)处理,研究不同处理对小麦干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,与RI和TI处理比较,MI处理产量分别提高了44.2%和11.0%;RI处理产量最低,是由于穗数、穗粒数和粒重的显著下降所致,而TI处理产量较MI处理下降是由穗粒数和粒重显著降低导致。雨养和传统漫灌下播后镇压较其未镇压处理显著提升了产量,分别提高14.1%和6.2%。与TI和RI处理比较,MI处理开花期和灌浆期具有较高的群体叶面积指数(LAI)、旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值),籽粒平均灌浆速率和成熟期干物质积累量;相比未镇压处理,镇压后,雨养和传统漫灌下LAI提升,雨养和微喷灌处理下灌浆期旗叶SPAD值显著增加,籽粒灌浆速率提高,从而促进了粒重增加和群体干物质积累。总之,微喷灌+播后镇压能促进小麦群体的形成,延缓叶片衰老,提高小麦的穗粒数及千粒重,从而增加小麦产量,为试验区推荐小麦栽培模式。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and rice stubble management techniques on soil moisture content,soil nitrogen status,and nitrogen uptake by wheat

The effects of nitrogen fertilization and stubble treatment on soil mineral-N content, moisture status and subsequent crop N uptake were studied in a series of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops planted soon after rice (Oryza sativa L.) harvest. The experiments were part of a programme to define optimum management systems for intensive rice/upland cereal rotations. Stubble management, N application time and rate all influenced amount of soil mineral-N, accounting for up to 52, 67 and 75%, respectively, of the mineral-N variation. In turn, variation in soil mineral-N explained up to 70% of the variation in N accumulation by wheat. N accumulation was highly correlated with crop yield (r² up to 0.95).Incorporating large quantities of rice stubble at wheat sowing reduced soil NO-₃-N concentration by 36% at stem elongation. Both N uptake and yield were reduced by 38% on these plots. Increasing quantities of rice stubble retained on the soil surface increased soil NO₃-N concentration by 46%, and wheat on these plots had a 29% increase in N uptake and a 37% increase in yield. Stubble burning rather than retention on the surface resulted in lower soil NO₃-N concentration, and this was ascribed to ammonia volatilization resulting from fertilizer contact with ash, and to reduced mineralisation in the drier soil.Application of N at wheat sowing significantly increased mineral-N status at least until stem elongation, while fertilization at tillering or stem elongation significantly increased soil mineral-N content at least until anthesis.It was concluded that stubble and fertilization management techniques can be manipulated in order to regulate soil mineral-N status, which in turn determined plant N uptake. Plant N uptake determined yield.     

冬小麦同化物、氮素转移量和转移效率对氮肥的反应

为探究不同品种冬小麦花前同化物和氮素转移对氮肥的反应,以NR9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229号和西农2208等冬小麦品种为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,测定和分析了土壤不同供氮状况下冬小麦花前同化产物和氮素转移的变化。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著增加冬小麦花前干物质转移量和转移效率以及花前和花后吸氮量、花前氮转移量,提高花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率、总吸氮量和籽粒产量,但降低了花前氮的转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率和氮素利用效率。品种间花前干物质转移量、转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量以及花前吸氮量、花后吸氮量、总吸氮量、花前氮转移量、转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率、氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著差异。施氮后不同品种的干物质和氮素各性状指标变化幅度明显不同,说明品种之间对氮肥反应的敏感程度有差异。因此通过改变遗传因素和氮肥施用量可促进冬小麦花前同化物和氮素向籽粒的转移．提高籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE NITROGEN: WATER INTERACTION ON GRASS SWARDS

Experiments were conducted on ryegrass swards using different amounts of N fertilizer applied as a single early dressing (S) or in repeated applications during the season (R). Over three years, the yield from R was generally higher, but under dry conditions (using plot covers) S gave the greater yield. The latter result is ascribed to the bigb yield obtained from S at the first cut, at which time N uptake was not limited by a lack of soil water. Irrigation at less than the full requirement resulted in lower total yields but it increased water-use efficiency by up to 70% (R) and 94% (S).     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响

为筛选测墒补灌节水条件下实现小麦高产和氮素高效利用的最优施氮量,以小麦品种烟农1212为材料,在拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%条件下,设置0、120、180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理（分别用N0、N1、N2和N3代表）,分析施氮量对测墒补灌小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与转运和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,N2处理下小麦花后7~28 d旗叶光合性能显著高于N0和N1处理,但施氮量增至N3时光合性能无显著变化。N2处理的营养器官花前贮藏干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量显著高于其他处理;花后光合同化物积累量显著高于N0和N1处理,但与N3处理无显著差异。成熟期N2处理干物质在籽粒中的分配比例较N0和N1处理分别高5.00和2.86个百分点。N2处理的籽粒灌浆持续时间和活跃灌浆期长,最大灌浆速率下粒重高,籽粒产量较N0和N1处理分别高41.01%和22.44%,且氮肥农学效率最高,氮肥偏生产力较高。综合考虑,180 kg·hm^-2施氮量为测墒补灌节水条件下最佳施氮量。     

施氮水平对玉米开花后干物质积累、转运及土壤无机氮含量的影响

通过连续两年(2015～2016年)在吉林省中部玉米主产区开展田间试验,研究不同施氮水平对玉米产量、开花后干物质积累、转运与分配特征以及土壤无机氮含量动态变化的影响。结果表明,与不施氮肥处理相比,施氮处理2年玉米产量平均增幅为13.1%～42.1%,其中以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理产量最高。随施氮水平的增加,玉米茎干重、叶干重呈上升趋势,子粒干重呈先增后降趋势;施氮处理较不施氮肥处理显著提高玉米开花后不同器官干物质向子粒的转运量、转运率和营养体对子粒的贡献率(P0.05),均以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理为最高。开花期至成熟期0～20 cm土壤无机氮含量,随施氮水平的提高而提高。相关分析表明,玉米成熟期干物质积累量、转运量与玉米产量及构成因素均呈正相关关系,除穗数外,相关性均达显著水平。因此,适宜的施氮量可提高土壤无机氮含量,促进玉米开花后干物质积累与转运,提高玉米产量。     

Plant available soil water at sowing in Mediterranean environments—Is it a useful criterion to aid nitrogen fertiliser and sowing decisions?

In regions where rainfall is low and variable, water stored in the soil profile prior to sowing can alter yield expectation and hence management decisions. Thus, wheat farmers in Mediterranean regions may be able to benefit from knowing the amount of soil water at sowing by optimising their nitrogen (N) fertiliser management and by deciding on whether or not to sow a crop. We used the ASPIM-Nwheat model to explore how levels of plant available soil water (PAW) at sowing, N fertiliser rate, soil, site and season-type (below or above median rainfall) affected wheat yields at sites in the Mediterranean area of southwest Australia. Overall, the greatest influence on yield potential and the consequent N fertilisation requirement was season-type. The additional yield per mm PAW at sowing was generally higher in seasons with below median rainfall, except when yields were severely water-limited by below median rainfall of <222 mm combined with <40 mm PAW at sowing on light clay soil with 109 mm plant available water capacity (PAWC). Sowing was generally warranted; only on light clay soil with <10 mm PAW at sowing and below median rainfall of <222 mm was there an opportunity for a conditional sowing strategy. Scope for varying N fertiliser rates with PAW at sowing was limited to soils with higher PAWC (109 and 130 mm, respectively) in below median rainfall seasons at the wetter site (295 mm mean seasonal rainfall), and in both season-types at the drier site (225 mm mean seasonal rainfall). Only in these combinations, soil water at sowing modified the optimal N fertiliser rate for maximum average yield resulting in significant interactions between PAW at sowing and N fertiliser rates. Similar interactions were found for a site in the Mediterranean Basin and a site in the eastern Australian subtropics on soil with high PAWC (183 and 276 mm, respectively). In contrast, there was no benefit from modifying crop management based on PAW at sowing on soil with low PAWC (i.e. sandy soil) and/or under conditions of high in-season rainfall. The conditional N management approach becomes more viable as the proportion of water stored in the soil prior to sowing increases relative to total crop water use and as the PAWC of the soil increases. Knowledge of PAW at sowing × N fertiliser rate interactions in a particular soil × site × season-type context can help to identify sites where a more targeted N management dependent on amounts of PAW at sowing is potentially profitable.     

施氮量对高产小麦光合特性、干物质积累分配与产量的影响

为明确山东省高产麦区高产节肥高效的施氮量,以高产小麦品种济麦22和烟农1212为材料,在大田试验测墒补灌条件下,设置0(N0)、180(N1)、210(N2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)四个施氮量水平,研究施氮量对小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累分配和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,适量施氮可显著提高灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾效率和气孔导度,增加拔节期至成熟期小麦的干物质积累量,提高干物质在籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率;与不施氮肥处理相比,施氮180～240 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22增产10.1%～28.2%,烟农1212增产27.1%～42.8%。在同一施氮处理下,开花期至成熟期,烟农1212的干物质积累量比济麦22高12.77%～19.92%;花后14～28 d,烟农1212的旗叶净光合速率比济麦22高8.61%～24.11%;灌浆期间,烟农1212花前营养器官贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量比济麦22高6.10%～11.68%,花后光合同化物积累量比济麦22高12.63%～22.00%,籽粒产量增加12.73%～19.46%。说明适量施氮有利于灌浆中后期小麦旗叶保持较高的光合性能,促进花后光合同化物的积累和向籽粒的分配,发挥品种的高产潜力。当施氮量为210 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22和烟农1212的籽粒产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高,是该试验条件下的最优施氮量。     

耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响

为探讨耕作方式和氮肥对旱地小麦的互作效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田试验条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式为主区,75、150、225、300kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮量(分别用N1～N4表示)为副区,分析了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合处理下旱地冬小麦花后干物质转运、糖含量及产量的差异。结果表明,4种耕作方式中,PM的株高最高,叶面积最大,籽粒产量最高,较CT增产14.50%。PM增产主要是通过增加穗长和穗粒数来实现,也归因于花前营养器官干物质的积累量及其在花后向籽粒中转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT显著增加,特别是增加了叶片和颖壳的干物质转运量、转运效率。CTI的千粒重和有效穗数虽然最高,但产量与CT无显著差异;NTS的株高、千粒重、有效穗数、干物质积累量和花后向籽粒中转运量均处于较低水平,产量较CT降低16.74%。施氮显著增加了旱地冬小麦的籽粒产量,平均产量表现为N4N2N3N1。CT、CTI、NTS下,施氮的增产作用显著,但PM下不显著。在所有处理中,PMN2的籽粒产量最高,比最低的NTSN1增加70.55%。施氮增产的原因主要是促进了不同器官干物质积累和开花后干物质转运。NTS提高了各器官的可溶性糖含量,但其效应在不同生育时期存在差异,茎秆主要表现在开花后20～30d,叶片和颖壳在开花后10～40d,叶鞘在开花后20～40d,籽粒在开花后10～30d。施氮显著降低了开花后0～30d茎秆和叶片的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,但显著增加了开花后20d籽粒的可溶性糖含量。以上结果说明,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,常规耕作、秸秆还田、全膜覆土穴播下冬小麦高产的氮肥施用量以中等水平(150kg·hm~(-2))最佳,免耕秸秆覆盖下需增加氮肥施用量(300kg·hm~(-2))。