杀雄剂CH1对冬小麦雄性不育的效应研究

为探讨化学杀雄剂CH1对冬小麦雄性不育的诱导效果及其与乙烯利的互作效应、筛选CH1最佳使用剂量和表面活化剂组合，用6个CH1剂量水平、7种表面活化剂和3种浓度的乙烯利进行不同配伍组合，对不同组合处理下3个小麦品种的农艺性状、雄性不育率和饱和授粉结实率进行了分析。结果表明：（1）在15~30 g·hm^-2剂量下，CH1可诱导3个品种雄性不育率达95%以上，说明CH1具有诱导小麦雄性不育的作用；随CH1剂量的增加，3个品种的饱和授粉结实率均呈下降趋势，其中20~30 g·hm^-2处理的饱和授粉结实率明显偏低，推测雌蕊受到了一定的伤害；（2）观察花药和雌蕊发育情况，发现未喷施CH1的植株花药大且开裂，羽毛状柱头较大，而CH1处理的不育株花药瘦小，呈剑状，不开裂，羽毛状柱头较小；（3）随着CH1剂量的增加，3个品种均表现出株高逐渐降低和抽穗期延迟的现象，CH1对旗叶的药害反应因品种不同存在差异；（4）CH1剂量为10 g·hm^-2时，与其他表面活化剂相比，NE1820对普冰151的旗叶伤害较轻，对株高无明显抑制作用，可提高饱和授粉结实率；(5) CH1剂量为15 g·hm^-2时，添加2种浓度乙烯利后，3个品种的株高比未添加乙烯利降低，抽穗期延迟，其中添加5 mL·L^-1乙烯利后3个品种均能达到100%雄性不育，并且饱和授粉结实率相比未添加乙烯利平均高7%左右。因此，CH1采用15 g·hm^-2剂量，配伍1% NE1820和5 mL·L^-1乙烯利可诱导小麦产生完全的雄性不育，且获得较高的授粉结实率，可作为杂交小麦制种候选方案进一步研究与利用。     

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in ear organs is related to protein concentration in grains of winter wheat

The relationship between phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities in flag leaf blade and ear organs (glume and grain) and protein content of grain as well as grain weight after flowering were studied in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Results showed higher PEPC activity in the developing grain than in flag leaf blade and glume during grain development. For 16 of the genotypes studied, the mean PEPC activity in the developing grain or glume at 15 and 25 days after flowering was significantly and positively correlated with final protein content of grain. Enzyme activities in glume and flag leaf blade were positively correlated with final grain weight but the activity in developing grain was weakly and negatively correlated with grain weight. The overall data suggest that PEPC may be involved in protein biosynthesis during grain development, and it may have an important role in regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the ear of wheat.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions

Non-leaf green organs of wheat plants may have significant photosynthetic potential and contribute to grain yield when the plants are subjected to stress at late growth stages. Canopy structure, change of green non-leaf organ area (e.g., ear, peduncle, sheath), the proportion of green non-leaf organs area to total green area and the contribution proportion from different organs’ photosynthate to grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied at Wuqiao Experiment Station of China Agricultural University, Hebei, China, in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 using two winter wheat cultivars, Shijiazhuang8 (SJZ-8) and Lumai21 (LM-21). Four irrigation treatments used were W0 (no water applied during spring), W1 (750 m³ ha⁻¹ water applied at elongation), W2 (1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 50% at elongation and 50% at anthesis) and W4 (3000 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 25% at upstanding, booting, anthesis and grain filling), respectively. Results showed that the area of top three leaf blades decreased and the proportion of green non-leaf organ area to the total green area at anthesis increased with the decreasing of water supply. Root weight increased in the 0-100 cm soil layer and decreased in the 100-200 cm layer when water supply increased, suggesting reducing irrigation enhanced root weight in deep soil layer. The photosynthetic contribution of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node to grain yield increased with decreasing water supply, and was significantly higher than that of the flag leaf blade contribution. Winter wheat grain yield increased, but water use efficiency (WUE) decreased, with increase in water supply. Higher light transmission ratio in the canopy after anthesis was achieved with smaller size and high quality top leaf blades, higher grain-leaf ratio and larger proportion of green non-leaf area, which lead to higher canopy photosynthetic rate and WUE after anthesis. Irrigation of 1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied in two parts, 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at elongation and another 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at anthesis, was the best irrigation scheme for efficient water use and for high yield in winter wheat.     

北方冬小麦旗叶光饱和点探讨

为准确估算冬小麦旗叶光饱和点的范围,采用Li-6400-40荧光探头提供不同光合有效辐射强度,同步测量了不同品种（系）、不同时期(抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期)、不同CO₂浓度及不同施氮量下小麦旗叶的气体交换和荧光参数。结果表明,运用直角双曲线修正模型拟合的饱和光强与实际观测值较为接近。外界CO₂浓度和施氮量对小麦旗叶光饱和点具有较大影响,低CO₂浓度(300 μmol·mol^-1)和低施氮量(70 kg·hm^-2)下光饱和点均比较低;而品种（系）间和测定时期间小麦旗叶光饱和点整体差异不明显。正常条件下,小麦旗叶的光饱和点整体集中在 1 700~2 000 mol·m^-2·s^-1范围,远高于目前普遍认为的1 200 mol·m^-2·s^-1,这与小麦叶片的阳生特点及实际观测结果相一致。早期广泛采用的老版本光合助手(Photosynthesis Assistant)的拟合结果明显低于观测值(P<0.05)。综合试验结果推测,早期光饱和点的研究结果偏低可能与测量CO₂浓度、氮素营养以及所用的拟合模型等因素有关。     

施氮量对小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响

合理的施氮量可提高小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性,促进小麦籽粒氮素累积和利用,进而获得高产。为掌握小麦最佳施氮量及其促高产的生化机理,以晋麦104号为材料,设置0 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)、360 kg·hm~(-2)四个施氮水平,研究了施氮量对小麦产量及其氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,小麦产量随氮肥用量增加先升后降,施氮240 kg·hm~(-2)时最高。小麦旗叶氮素代谢关键酶活性在开花期后随时间推移呈先升后降之势;且均随施氮量增加而先升后降,施氮240 kg·hm~(-2)时,小麦旗叶GS、NR、GPT、GOGAT等关键酶活性最高。小麦旗叶氮素代谢关键酶活性与籽粒产量均显著相关。240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量通过改善小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性,提高氮素代谢水平,从而增加小麦籽粒产量。     

氮肥施用对旱地秸秆覆盖冬小麦旗叶生理特性的影响

为给旱地保护性耕作小麦水肥高效利用提供理论依据和建立合理的氮素管理模式,在渭北旱塬研究了秸秆覆盖下氮肥用量及施用时间对小麦旗叶光合特性及衰老的影响。结果表明,施氮量没有显著影响小麦花后旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、光合速率和蒸腾速率,高氮用量明显增加小麦旗叶中丙二醛的累积,加速了旗叶衰老。氮素分次施用有延缓小麦旗叶SPAD值下降从而延缓旗叶衰老的作用,但是没有显著影响小麦旗叶的光合速率和蒸腾速率。秸秆覆盖较不覆盖显著提高了小麦旗叶的SPAD值、光合速率和蒸腾速率,并延缓了旗叶的衰老,进而提高了灌浆后期籽粒的灌浆速率,有增加千粒重的趋势。小麦籽粒产量变化范围为3 123~3 714kg·hm-2,试验年度氮素调控和秸秆覆盖均没有显著影响小麦的产量。     

小麦旗叶相关性状全基因组关联分析

为发掘小麦旗叶性状相关基因位点，以384个小麦品种（系）为材料，对2个年份获得的旗叶长、宽、面积、长宽比和55K SNP芯片分型数据进行全基因组关联分析。结果发现，共检测到60个与旗叶性状显著关联的SNP，分布于除了1D、2A、4D和6D外的17对染色体上，解释表型变异的4.11%~9.70%，平均为5.64%。与旗叶长、宽、面积、长宽比相关的位点分别有12、24、18和16个，其中10个SNP为多性状相关位点。旗叶长相关SNP中，7D染色体上的3个SNP（AX-110826147、AX-111061288和AX-111843581）与2个年份旗叶长及其平均值均显著相关，1个SNP（AX-108882010）与2018年旗叶长及2个年份平均值均显著相关，这4个SNP位于7D染色体63.48~67.45 Mb区段，SNP标记间R²的平均值为0.78（P<0.000 1），呈现较大的连锁不平衡。遗传效应分析发现，该区段存在8种单倍型，其中单倍型III和IV在2个年份的旗叶长基本一致，分别为18.30和18.20 cm，高于其他6种单倍型的旗叶长；这2种单倍型分别占供试材料的40.36%和2.08%，可能是一个新的控制旗叶长的基因位点。     

Genetic Analysis and QTL Mapping of Large Flag Leaf Angle Trait in Japonica Rice

Genetic segregation analysis for flag leaf angle was conducted using six generations of P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 derived from a cross of 863B(a maintainer line of japonica rice) and A7444(a germplasm with large flag leaf angle).Genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf angle were investigated in 863B(P1),A7444(P2) and 141 plants in BC1F1(863B/A7444$$$$863B) population.An SSR genetic linkage map was constructed and QTLs for flag leaf angle were detected.The genetic map containing 79 information loci was constructed,which covers a total distance of 441.6 cM,averaging 5.6 cM between two neighboring loci.Results showed that the trait was controlled by two major genes plus polygene and the major genes were more important.Fifteen markers showed highly significant correlations with flag leaf angle based on single marker regression analysis.Two QTLs(qFLA2 and qFLA8) for flag leaf angle were detected by both composite interval method in software WinQTLCart 2.5 and composite interval method based on mixed linear model in QTL Network 2.0.The qFLA2 explained 10.50% and 13.28% of phenotypic variation,respectively,and was located at the interval of RM300 and RM145 on the short arm of chromosome 2.The qFLA8 explained 9.59% and 7.64% of phenotypic variation,respectively,and was located at the interval flanking RM6215 and RM8265 on the long arm of chromosome 8.The positive alleles at the two QTLs were both contributed from A7444.     

小麦灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与产量性状及部分品质性状的关系

为了给高产、优质小麦育种和栽培提供参考依据,以50个小麦基因型为试验材料,研究不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率的差异及其与产量性状和部分品质指标的关系。结果表明：（1）不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率差异极显著;（2）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重呈负相关,相关系数（R）分别为-0.171、-0.405^**和-0.369^**;（3）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值的相关系数（R）分别为-0.085、-0.111和-0.045,相关不显著。     

Comparison of Assimilation Rates in Leaves at Various Nodes in Canopies of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars with Different Plant Forms

Abstract

This study was conducted to reveal the ideotype of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) canopy structure for high yield and biornass productivity. The assimilation rate and nitrogen contents of the flag, second, third and lower leaves and the ear of the main stem were measured in three spring cultivars with different plant forms (figures), Haruyutaka, Norin 61 and Selpek, under field conditions. The assimilation rate was evaluated based on the amount of water-soluble carbohydrate accumulated during the day (WSC/day). Surface area indexes of the ear and flag leaf in Haruyutaka and Selpek were larger than those in Norin 61. In Haruyutaka and Selpek, the amount of WSC/day was larger in the flag leaf than in the second or third leaf, which had a sufficiently high nitrogen content. On the contrary, in Norin 61, the amount of WSC/day in the flag leaf was similar to that in the second and third leaves during the grain-filling period. The amount of WSC/day in the flag leaf during the last half of the grain-filling period was much higher in Selpek than in Haruyutaka and Norin 61. This may be one of the reasons why Selpek had a heavier total dry weight than Haruyutaka and Norin 61 in 1993 and 1995.     

春小麦旗叶大小相关性状的QTL定位分析

为了发掘控制春小麦旗叶大小相关性状的QTL,以宁春4号/Drasdale构建的包含148个家系的RIL群体F8代为试验材料,在正常灌溉和不同干旱胁迫共3种处理下对小麦开花期旗叶长、宽、面积和周长进行了QTL定位。结果表明,共检测到相关加性QTL 22个,其中,控制旗叶面积的QTL有3个,控制旗叶长的QTL有5个,控制旗叶宽的QTL有9个,控制旗叶周长的QTL有5个,分布于1B、2D、3B、4B、7A、7B和7D染色体上,单个QTL的贡献率在6.58%~39.83%之间。其中,qFLW-2D-2.T1在T1和T3处理下均能够检测到,qFLW-7D.T1在T1和T2处理下也均能够检测到,说明这2个QTL表达不依赖于水分条件,属于稳定表达的QTL。其他QTL只在一种处理下能够检测到,说明其表达依赖于水分条件。同时,本研究也检测到了在不同处理下同时控制2种或3种性状的QTL,推测这些区域的QTL可能为一因多效QTL,但有待于进一步验证。     

Economic returns from fungicide application to control foliar fungal diseases in winter wheat

Fungicides are commonly applied to control foliar fungal diseases of winter wheat in the central Great Plains of the United States and often are routinely recommended. However, economic benefits from fungicide application in winter wheat have rarely been quantified in this region. A total of eight field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in Nebraska, USA to quantify yield increases from fungicide applications to control foliar fungal diseases in winter wheat. Experiments were conducted at the same four locations (Mead, Clay Center, North Platte and Sidney) in both years. The fungicides used were azoxystrobin + propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin + propiconazole applied at varying rates and growth stages. Average wheat prices were calculated from data provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service. Average fungicide and fungicide application costs were obtained through surveys of local retailers, chemical manufacturers and commercial applicators. These prices and costs were used to calculate net returns from fungicide treatments. The probability of a positive net return was 0.60, 1.00 and 0.80 in 2006 (dry, low disease severity), 2007 (wet, moderate to high disease severity) and both years combined, respectively. Net returns ranged from $−101 ha⁻¹ to $172 ha⁻¹ in 2006 and from $60 ha⁻¹ to $294 ha⁻¹ in 2007. Net returns were at least two times the total cost ($2 return on $1 investment) in 4 out of 60 or 6.7% of treatments in 2006 and 51 out of 60 or 85% of treatments in 2007. In 2006, the best net returns occurred at Mead and Clay Center and resulted from the treatments 1) azoxystrobin + propiconazole applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 31 (first node detectable) at a rate of 0.58 l ha⁻¹ and 2) azoxystrobin + propiconazole applied at GS 31 at a rate of 0.58 l ha⁻¹ and again at GS 37 (flag leaf just visible) at the same rate. In 2007, the treatments that resulted in the best net returns were 1) azoxystrobin + propiconazole applied at GS 39 (ligule/collar of flag leaf just visible) at a rate of 1.02 l ha⁻¹, 2) pyraclostrobin applied at GS 39 at a rate of 0.66 l ha⁻¹, 3) propiconazole applied at GS 39 at a rate of 0.29 l ha⁻¹, and 4) trifloxystrobin + propiconazole applied at GS 39 at a rate of 0.73 l ha⁻¹. For the same fungicide applied at the same rate at GS 31 and GS 39 in 2007 (wet, moderate to high disease severity), the GS 39 application generally resulted in a higher net return than the GS 31 application. Averaged across treatments and locations, net returns were $6 ha⁻¹ and $183 ha⁻¹ in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The results from this study indicate that foliar fungicide application to winter wheat can be profitable in years with moderate to high disease severity; however, net loss can result if fungicides are applied in years with low disease severity.     

病毒诱导的全新tae-miR9663的沉默影响叶片发育和籽粒大小

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类长度为18~24nt的非编码小分子RNA,参与植物各种发育进程。tae-miR9663是新发现的在小麦幼苗、旗叶和籽粒中高表达的miRNA,但其生物学功能未知。为了探索taemiR9663的功能,通过人工合成tae-miR9663的小串联模拟靶标(short tandem target mimic,STTM),将其构建到大麦条斑花叶病毒(barley stripe mosaic virus,BSMV)载体上,利用病毒介导的基因沉默(virus-inducing gene silencing,VIGS)技术转染小麦宁春16五叶一心期的第5片叶,转染20d后观察叶片表型并取旗叶进行实时定量PCR,成熟时观察种子大小。叶片表型观察结果表明,与BSMV:00相比,接种BSMV:STTM-taemiR9663的9株幼苗中出现4种叶片表型,即第6片叶有白点或白条纹,旗叶(第7片叶)有白点或白条纹,第6片叶边缘有锯齿状,旗叶叶尖处有皱缩。实时定量PCR分析结果表明,STTM-tae-miR9663过表达植株的tae-miR9663表达丰度下降,说明BSMV-VIGS技术可通过过表达STTM有效地沉默内源miRNA。成熟种子大小观察结果表明,与BSMV:00比较,接种BSMV:STTM-tae-miR9663的植株种子的长和宽均减小。     

The impact of Septoria tritici blotch in bread making quality among argentinean wheat cultivars

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is a relevant foliar wheat disease worldwide. Several reports show the importance of STB on grain yield, their components and grain protein while little is known about its effect on the rheological properties of the wheat flour. The scarce literature found, only mentions the effect of the complex of foliar diseases on wheat quality, without individualizing the effect of the different pathogens separately. This study analyze the influence of increasing doses of inoculum of Zymoseptoria tritici, on the bread making quality of ten Argentinean wheat cultivars and its possible variation according to their quality group. The increase of inoculum concentration augmented the area under disease progress curve, decreased green flag leaf area duration and green leaf area duration. Cultivars K. Flecha and B.75 Aniversario had the lowest green flag leaf area duration causing higher reduction in grain filling period and higher reductions in P, indicating a lower gliadin/glutenin ratio. STB decreased P/L and E while L, W, D, SV and bread volume increased. Cultivars differed in rheological parameters according to their quality group. Gluten/protein relationship was significant in quality group 1 and non-significant in cultivars belonging to quality group 2 and 3.     

不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长特性及产量的影响

全球变暖表现出夜间增温幅度大于白天的非对称性增温特性,为明确不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长发育特征及产量的影响,以扬麦18为试验材料,采用被动式增温装置分别对小麦分蘖期至拔节期(NW_(T-J))、拔节期至孕穗期(NW_(J-B))、孕穗期至开花期(NW_(B-A))三个不同阶段进行夜间增温处理,以不增温为对照(NN),研究不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长发育特性、旗叶衰老特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同阶段夜间增温均能提高小麦花后0～15 d旗叶面积和叶绿素含量;显著提高灌浆前期小麦旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低花后0～15 d小麦旗叶丙二醛(MDA)含量;显著增加成熟期小麦干物质的积累量,提高小麦产量,其中,NW_(J-B)处理下小麦产量增加幅度最大,较NN(对照)提高了8.75%。本试验条件下,拔节期至孕穗期夜间增温提高了花后0～15 d小麦旗叶面积、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性,降低了灌浆前期小麦旗叶膜脂过氧化程度,最终增加了小麦的干物质积累量和产量。     

豫北高地力条件下施氮量对冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响

为探讨施氮量对高地力条件下冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响,以矮抗58为供试材料,采用大田试验法,研究了0、150、200、250和300 kg.hm-2施氮水平对小麦花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及小麦成熟后0-100 cm土壤各层硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,施氮量达200 kg.hm-2时能够显著提高旗叶和籽粒中GS活性及游离氨基酸含量,但与250和300 kg.hm-2的施氮量处理间差异不显著;小麦成熟后随着施氮量的增加,0~100 cm土层内硝态氮的残留量上升,小麦成穗数增加,千粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量提高;小麦产量在施氮200 kg.hm-2时为最高,在施氮300 kg.hm-2时最低,说明在高地力条件下,小麦实现高产的适宜施氮量为200 kg.hm-2。     

滴灌带配置方式对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为筛选出与冬小麦种植相适宜的滴灌带配置方式,对比分析了1管4行（处理A）、1管5行（处理B）、1管6行（处理C）三种不同的滴灌带铺设方式下冬小麦生长、产量的差异。结果表明,在不同滴灌带配置方式下,滴灌冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）均随生育进程呈先升后降趋势,处理A在整个生育期内LAI始终高于处理B和处理C;旗叶叶绿素含量（SPAD值）在开花期以前表现为处理C＞处理B＞处理A,进入灌浆期后各处理的SPAD值均不同程度下降,呈现出处理A＞处理B＞处理C的态势;各处理单株干物质积累在生育期内呈“S”型变化趋势,处理A的叶、穗干物质积累分别较处理C高出17.39%和0.69%;产量差异在处理间均达到显著或极显著水平,处理A比处理B、处理C分别增产10.97%和37.71%。综合考虑到投入与产出,尽管处理B在三种处理中各方面表现中等,但其在实现节水的同时,产量（7 122.46 kg·hm^-2）高于处理C,滴灌带用量较处理A减少了3 333.4 m·hm^-2,因此在本试验条件下冬小麦滴灌带的配置方式以1管5行较为合适。     

小麦开花后不同光合器官对籽粒品质的影响

为探讨不同光合器官对小麦籽粒品质的作用,以永良4号为供试品种,在开花后通过剪叶遮光(包括剪旗叶、剪旗叶+倒二叶、包旗叶鞘、包穗、包穗+穗下节间)等处理,研究了叶器官和非叶器官对小麦籽粒营养物质含量及单穗生产量的影响.结果表明,剪叶遮光后小麦籽粒中淀粉、脂肪、铁含量比正常生长降低,灰分、磷、钾、锌、钙含量提高,而对蛋白质含量影响很小;剪叶遮光后小麦籽粒淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、灰分、磷、钾、锌、铁、钙筚穗产量均比正常生长降低.非叶器官对籽粒营齐物质含量以及生产量的影响均大于叶器官.