Grain Protein Content of Interspecific Progenies Derivedfrom the Cross of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The protein contents of the grain of 50 interspecific progenies developed from the cross between WAB56-104, an Oryza sativa variety, and CG 14, an Oryza glaberrima line, were investigated. In contrast to the higher protein content of O. glaberrima than O. sativa on the average, the protein content of CG 14 was always lower than that of WAB56-104. However, judging from the average of three seasons, 72% of the interspecific progenies had a higher protein content than the mid-parent and 50% of them had a higher protein content than WAB56-104. Although the actual values of protein content of the interspecific progenies were significantly different among the seasons, a highly significant correlation was always observed in protein content between any two of the three seasons. Protein content therefore was considered character of each interspecific progeny though it was also affected by environment. A significant correlation was not observed between paddy yield and protein content in any season; several interspecific progenies showed higher protein content and paddy yield than the mid-parents. A low paddy yield is likely to be associated with high protein content through physiological regulation without a genetic linkage between the two traits. However, the results suggest that the transgressive segregation of protein content observed in the interspecific progenies is attributed not to this physiological regulation but to a certain mechanism to concentrate protein in grains with a genetic background.     

Relationships between upland rice canopy characteristics and weed competitiveness

Weed-competitive upland rices with an acceptable yield potential are needed for labor-limited systems in Africa, particularly where shortened fallow periods have increased weed pressure. Crosses between weed-competitive but low-yielding African rice, Oryza glaberrima, and improved Oryza sativa tropical-japonica rices, might reduce tradeoffs between competitiveness and yield potential. Parallel field studies under moist upland conditions were conducted during the 1996 and 1997 wet seasons at Mbe in Cote d'Ivoire to (1) characterize canopy properties, growth vigor and yield for O. glaberrima, O. sativa and interspecific progenies under monoculture, and (2) determine their competitiveness when grown in single rows in competition with natural weed growth, maize (removed 50 days after sowing [DAS]), the highly weed-competitive O. glaberrima IG10, and with themselves. In the monoculture study with 21 lines, dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), PAR extinction coefficient (K_df), mean tip elevation angle (MTA) and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured 31, 46 and 64 DAS. Across lines, LAI was positively correlated with SLA, dry matter partitioning to leaves (31 and 46 DAS) and K_df (46 DAS); and negatively with MTA (46 and 64 DAS). Plant height was negatively correlated with tiller number. In the competition study with 16 lines, the O. glaberrima landraces had superior relative yield (yield under interspecific competition/yield under intraspecific competition). Some breeding lines were competitive with specific competitors. Correlations between canopy characteristics under monoculture and competition indicated that LAI, SLA and tillering ability were predictive of competitiveness regardless of the competing species, whereas partitioning, K_df and MTA were correlated with competitiveness only for specific growth stages and/or competitors. Competitiveness was negatively but weakly correlated with yield potential, and positively, with crop duration. The authors conclude that SLA and tillering ability, which are major determinants of vegetative vigor, and crop duration, which affects the ability to recover from early competition, are useful traits in the selection of weed-competitive rices, particularly in breeding programs that use O. glaberrima. The traits are compatible with high yield potential if cultivars have large SLA during early developmental stages and small SLA during advanced stages. Major knowledge gaps remain on weed competitiveness under drought- and flood-prone conditions, which are frequently associated with weed problems.     

Performance of diverse upland rice cultivars in low and high soil fertility conditions in West Africa

Traditional tropical japonica (Oryza sativa) and Oryza glaberrima cultivars are typically grown in low-input, subsistence production systems in the uplands of West Africa by resource-poor farmers. In these systems, low soil fertility (LF), which is generally associated with lower organic carbon content, and N and P availability, is one of the major constraints to rice productivity. Thus, cultivars adapted to LF are needed for the food security of farmers, who would otherwise be solely reliant on nutrient inputs to increase productivity. This study evaluated the performance of six diverse cultivars grown in LF and high soil fertility (HF) conditions with supplemental irrigation over two seasons. Average grain yield across all cultivars in LF was 54% of that in HF (156 vs. 340 g m⁻²). Three improved indica rice cultivars and CG 14 (O. glaberrima) out-yielded Morobérékan (traditional tropical japonica) and WAB450-IBP-38-HB (progeny from interspecific hybridization of tropical japonica and O. glaberrima) in LF (181 vs. 105 g m⁻² on average). The high grain yield in LF was the result of large spikelet number m⁻² due to superior tillering ability and high harvest index rather than biomass production. The high-yielding cultivars in LF consistently had lower leaf chlorophyll content and higher specific leaf area during the period from the early vegetative stage through the reproductive stage. Among them, two indica cultivars (B6144F-MR-6-0-0 and IR 55423-01) were also high yielding in HF. The use of improved indica cultivars adapted to LF, but also with input-responsiveness, appears to offer an attractive and economical approach to improving upland rice productivity and widening genetic diversity in this region.     

栽培稻种间近等基因系杂种育性遗传及其基因定位

 用粳型亚洲栽培稻品种WAB56-104与来自种间回交组合WAB56-/104/CG14∥WAB56-104///WAB56-104的3个栽培稻种间近等基因系杂交、回交，对3个BC1F1群体的花粉及小穗育性遗传研究表明，育性遗传符合单位点孢子体-配子体互作模型，来自非洲栽培稻的不育基因在与相同位点的亚洲栽培稻等位基因互作时，导致携带亚洲栽培稻等位基因的雌雄配子败育，而形成花粉及小穗的半不育，但本研究的3个组合中，并未导致所有携带亚洲栽培稻等位基因的雌配子完全败育，其作用介于配子消除与花粉灭杀之间。用微卫星标记对这3个群体的育性基因定位表明，它们都位于第6染色体短臂末端，但WAB450-2、WAB450-8携带的不育位点与紧密连锁的微卫星标记RM190、RM133共分离，且很可能与S1等位，而WAB450-7的不育基因则与位于相邻区间的RM253呈松散连锁，可能与WAB450-2、WAB450-8的育性位点不同。     

栽培稻种间近等基因系杂种育性研究

 为了研究亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻种间杂种不育的遗传基础，以亚洲栽培稻品种WAB56-104为测验种与来自种间回交组合WAB56-104/CG14//WAB56-104///WAB56-104的14个种间近等基因系测交，对亲本及杂种的花粉及小穗育性研究表明，这14个近等基因系带有来自非洲栽培稻品种CG14的3个互不等位的配子消除位点和2个互不等位的花粉不育基因位点, 其中至少有2个配子消除位点未曾报道过。     

Yield Potential and Physiological and Morphological Characteristics Related to Yield Performance in Oryza glaberrima Steud.

Abstract

Oryza glaberrima has mostly been used as a source to improve stress resistance of Oryza sativa. Improvement of this species could be an approach to use its adaptability to local environments in Africa such as multiple resistance to several indigenous constraints. The yield of O. glaberrima was inferior to that of O. sativa under favorable growth conditions but not under unfavorable conditions. Moreover, spikelet number before grain shattering was no less in O. glaberrima than in O. sativa at any fertilizer input levels, suggesting that the yield potential of O. glaberrima is as high as that of O. sativa. Inferior yield of O. glaberrima reported in favorable environments could result from grain shattering enhanced by such growth environments where higher incidence of lodging, which is another undesirable character of O. glaberrima, can occur. Regarding characteristics associated to yield generation, O. glaberrima seemed to possess: higher dry matter production and greater leaf area than O. sativa at least until heading; a lower photosynthetic rate per leaf area but a higher rate against the same leaf nitrogen content in a low content range; higher responsiveness of dry matter, leaf area and leaf photosynthesis to increases in nitrogen inputs; lower water-use efficiency on dry matter accumulation and gas exchange bases; faster progress of leaf senescence during maturity; and faster completion of grain filling during maturity than O. sativa.     

A Quantitative Trait Locus for Chlorophyll Content and its Association with Leaf Photosynthesis in Rice

Leaf photosynthesis, an important determinant of yield potential in rice, can be estimated from measurements of chlorophyll content. We searched for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value, an index of leaf chlorophyll content, and assessed their association with leaf photosynthesis. QTL analysis derived from a cross between japonica cultivar Sasanishiki and high-yielding indica cultivar Habataki detected a QTL for SPAD value on chromosome 4. This QTL explained 31% of the total phenotypic variance, and the Habataki allele increased the SPAD value. Chromosomal segment substitution line (CSSL) with the corresponding segment from Habataki had a higher leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD value than Sasanishiki, suggesting an association between SPAD value and leaf photosynthesis. The CSSL also had a lower specific leaf area (SLA) than Sasanishiki, reflecting its thicker leaves. Substitution mapping under Sasanishiki genetic background demonstrated that QTLs for SPAD value and SLA were co-localized in the 1,798-kb interval. The results suggest that the phenotypes for SPAD value and SLA are controlled by a single locus or two tightly linked loci, and may play an important role in increasing leaf photosynthesis by increasing chlorophyll content or leaf thickness, or both.     

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1 (MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence (F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content (leaf RWC), and soil moisture content (SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that g_s and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components (panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition (control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.     

Effects on rice plant morphology and physiology of water and associated management practices of the system of rice intensification and their implications for crop performance

Field experiments were conducted in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, during the dry season (January–May) in 2008 and 2009 to investigate whether practices of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), including alternate wetting and drying (AWD) during the vegetative stage of plant growth, could improve rice plants’ morphology and physiology and what would be their impact on resulting crop performance, compared with currently recommended scientific management practices (SMP), including continuous flooding (CF) of paddies. With SRI practices, grain yield was increased by 48% in these trials at the same time, there was an average water saving of 22% compared with inundated SMP rice. Water productivity with AWD-SRI management practices was almost doubled (0.68 g l⁻¹) compared to CF-SMP (0.36 g l⁻¹). Significant improvements were observed in the morphology of SRI plants in terms of root growth, plant/culm height, tiller number per hill, tiller perimeter, leaf size and number, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf weight (SLW), and open canopy structure. These phenotypic improvements of the AWD-SRI crop were accompanied by physiological changes: greater xylem exudation rate, crop growth rate, mean leaf elongation rate (LER), and higher light interception by the canopy compared to rice plants grown under CF-SMP. SRI plants showed delayed leaf senescence and greater light utilization, and they maintained higher photosynthetic rates during reproductive and grain-filling stages. This was responsible for improvement in yield-contributing characteristics and higher grain yield than from flooded rice with SMP. We conclude that SRI practices with AWD improve rice plants’ morphology, and this benefits physiological processes that result in higher grain yield and water productivity.     

三角形强化栽培条件下移栽秧龄和密度对杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期生理和产量的影响

  以杂交水稻组合Ⅱ优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究移栽秧龄和栽插密度对水稻结实期一些生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明,在TSRI下,栽培密度的补偿效应可以改善不同移栽秧龄处理下杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期的一些形态及生理特性,进而获得高产。当移栽秧龄为2叶1心、栽植密度为40 cm × 40 cm时,在一定数量有效穗数的前提下,控制水稻无效分蘖的数量,能够使结实期水稻群体获得较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI,延缓了结实期水稻叶面积的下降,而且生育后期根系不早衰,有利于促进茎鞘物质输出,增加茎鞘物质输出率及转化率,其每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率存在优势,产量最高,且极显著高于其他处理,为此试验TSRI下最佳的移栽秧龄和栽插密度组合。移栽秧龄为8叶1心和栽插密度为50 cm × 50 cm的处理均会造成有效穗数显著降低,影响水稻结实期正常的生理机能,导致产量显著下降。结合产量表现,5叶1心移栽,栽插密度以30 cm × 30 cm ~ 40 cm × 40 cm为宜,可供缓解作物间茬口矛盾的情况下参考;大苗移栽容易加快结实期水稻衰老进程,产量显著降低,大苗移栽应加大移栽密度,本研究条件下栽植密度以30 cm × 30 cm为宜。     

Identification and validation of QTLs for cold tolerance at the booting stage and other agronomic traits in a rice cross of a Japanese tolerant variety,Hananomai, and a NERICA parent,WAB56-104

In Africa, cold temperatures occur in the highlands of East and Southern Africa and in some areas of the Sahel region of West Africa leading to substantial rice yield losses. Cold tolerance (CT) at booting stage on basis of spikelet fertility after cold water irrigation was evaluated using F₂ population derived from a cross between temperate japonica, Hananomai, and tropical japonica, WAB56-104. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for CT were detected on chromosome 8 and 10 with enhanced effects on the trait coming from Hananomai and WAB56-104 allele, respectively. The QTLs explained 30% and 33% of phenotypic variation in spikelet fertility, respectively. CT was negatively correlated with panicle number (r = ?0.35, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with panicle weight (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Selected BC₁F₄ and BC₁F₅ genotypes having homozygous alleles for both CT QTLs exhibited higher spikelet fertility under cold stress. The identified QTLs will be useful in the development of cold-tolerant varieties for production in high altitude areas through marker-assisted selection.     

Plant characteristics associated with weed competitiveness of rice under upland and lowland conditions in West Africa

Weeds are a major constraint to rice (Oryza spp.) production in West Africa. Superior weed competitive rice genotypes may reduce weed pressure and improve rice productivity. Two upland and two lowland experiments were conducted in southern Benin to examine genotypic variations in weed-suppressive ability and grain yield under weedy conditions, and to identify plant characteristics that could be used as selection criteria for improved weed competitiveness. A total of 19 genotypes, including Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima genotypes and interspecific hybrids developed from crossing O. sativa and O. glaberrima, were grown under weed-free and weedy conditions in an upland with supplemental irrigation and in a flooded lowland. In weedy plots, hand weeding was done once or not at all. Mean relative yield loss across all genotypes due to weed competition ranged from almost 0% to 61%. Large genotypic variations in weed biomass and grain yield under weedy conditions were found. Visual growth vigor at 42 and 63 days after sowing (DAS) under weed-free conditions significantly correlated with weed biomass at maturity in both upland and lowland experiments (R² = 0.26–0.48). Where weed pressure was low to moderate, with mean relative yield loss less than 23%, the multiple regression models using grain yield and plant height at maturity or only grain yield measured under weed-free conditions as independent variables could explain 66–88% of the genotypic variation in grain yield under weedy conditions. At higher weed pressure (mean relative yield loss: 61%), as observed in one of the upland experiments, biomass accumulation of rice at 42 days after sowing was associated with higher grain yield under weedy conditions. Biomass accumulation also significantly correlated with visual growth vigor at the same sampling dates. Therefore, we conclude that grain yield, plant height at maturity and visual growth vigor at 42–63 DAS under weed-free conditions appear to be useful selection criteria for developing superior weed competitive rice genotypes.     

Relationship Between Allelopathic Effects and Functional Traits of Different Allelopathic Potential Rice Accessions at Different Growth Stages

In this study,effects of temperature,light and their interactions on allelopathic effects and the functional traits specific leaf area(SLA)and stem mass fraction(SMF)of different allelopathic potential rice accessions at different growth stages were analyzed.The main results were as follows:Allelopathic responses to temperature and light varied with different allelopathic potential rice accessions at different growth stages.With the rise of temperature and the extension of photoperiod,allelopathic effect increased firstly and then decreased at 2–3 leaf stage,but increased constantly at the 4–5 and 7–8 leaf stages in strong allelopathic rice accessions[O.longistaminata,F1(O.longistaminata×RD23),F2(RL159 and RL169)].Temperature had significant impact on allelopathic effect without considering light factors,but light showed little effect on rice allelopathy at the same temperature conditions.The greatest allelopathic effect was attained with moderate temperature and long photoperiod at 2–3 leaf stage in strong allelopathic rice accessions,but all the rice accessions showed weak allelopathic effects at the low temperature condition(15oC/10oC),and the influence of different factors on allelopathy followed a general trend as temperatureleaf stagelight,indicating that among the multiple factors impacting rice allelopathy,temperature was the main factor.Allelopathic characteristics of F1 and F2 to various temperature and light were similar to O.longistaminata,showing that allelopathic genes from wild rice can be expressed in its descendants.Temperature and light also had significant effects on SLA and SMF,and rice allelopathy was closely correlative to SLA in strong allelopathic rice accessions at the 4–5 and 7–8 leaf stages,but there was no correlation between rice allelopathy and SMF at different growth stages.These results suggested that rice adjust the relationship between allelopathy and SLA and adapt to the varied environments,and that high temperature and long photoperiod can enhance rice allelopathic activity.     

双季超级稻的干物质生产特性研究

以10个超级早、晚稻品种为材料,研究了双季超级稻的干物质生产特性.结果表明,超级早、晚稻均具有明显的干物质生产优势,稻谷产量随生物产量的增加而提高,与抽穗后的干物质积累量呈显著或极显著正相关,而与抽穗前各阶段的干物质积累量相关不显著,与抽穗后的LAI也呈极显著正相关.早发度与成穗率和产量密切相关,可作为水稻由营养生长向生殖生长过渡期的群体质量指标.     

杂交稻新组合再生稻头季及再生季源库特征分析

 以6个两系杂交组合和2个三系杂交组合为材料，比较研究了杂交稻头季与再生季的源库特性和再生稻产量形成的源库关系。结果表明：(1)再生季LAI为头季的1/3左右，再生稻单茎叶面积约为头季稻的1/7~1/3，头季总库容约为再生季的1.5倍，再生稻粒叶比约为头季稻的1.5~2倍；(2)头季稻较大的粒叶比对高产有利；头季稻成熟期LAI较大、粒叶比较小、成熟期单茎鞘干质量较大、茎鞘物质输出率高，有利于再生稻的高产；(3)再生季齐穗期LAI与产量成显著正相关；对高节位再生稻而言，齐穗期单茎叶面积与单茎产量呈极显著正相关，粒叶比与结实率呈负相关、与产量呈极显著负相关。再生稻，特别是高节位再生稻，其源库关系属增源增产型；(4)陆18S/53159、康两优2054、培矮64S/E32和培两优500再生季产量较高，均在5200 kg/hm2以上。综合考虑再生季产量与两季总产，在2002年气候条件下，长沙地区最适于再生栽培的杂交稻是培矮64S/E32，其次是康两优2054和T98A/259。     

Effects of genetic improvements on grain yield and agronomic traits of winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin of China

Wheat is an important food crop worldwide. Genetic improvements have contributed much to wheat production since the 1960s. Verifying the evolution of agronomic traits and the physiological basis of grain yield will facilitate breeders and agronomists in developing new wheat cultivars, with the aim of stable and high yields. Thirty-five wheat cultivars, bred or widely planted in the Yangtze River Basin from 1950 to 2005, were grown in field experiments under three N rates (0, 112.5, and 225 kg N ha⁻¹) from 2006 to 2009 in Nanjing, China. Wheat grain yield, kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and harvest index (HI) increased linearly with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 2000s, whereas spikes per unit land decreased significantly with cultivar development during the same period, and stabilized with further genetic improvements in cultivars. Grain yield, kernels per spike, and TKW differed with N rate and with cultivar. Grain yield, spikes per unit land, and kernels per spike increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, but TKW and HI decreased. Cultivar height decreased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s, and remained relatively stable in subsequent cultivars. The proportion of the length of the top internode to total plant height increased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s and thereafter fell, while the length of the basal internode (BI) maintained a shortening trend. Leaf area per culm, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and photosynthetic activity duration (PAD) of the flag leaf increased with cultivar development. Leaf area, LAI, and Pn increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, while PAD did not. Single spike yield increased linearly with genetic development in cultivars, and these increases mainly resulted from increasing kernel number and weight, which were closely related to source size and cultivar. Grain yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, Pn_Max, PAD, and single spike yield; single spike yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, Pn_Max, and PAD, suggesting that grain yield improvements were mainly associated with improvements in the source (leaf area, LAI, Pn, PAD, etc.) and sink (single spike yield). Sink-source ratios increased with genetic development of cultivars, suggesting that productivity per leaf improved and that sink-source relationships have reached close to optimum in the Yangtze River Basin. Furthermore, breeding for high yield should be related to improvement in kernels per spike and TKW per unit land and increased sink-source ratios with a feasible LAI, and N fertilizer management should be considered during breeding for higher yields.     

Canopy leaf area and leaf mass in the upper stratum of Urochloa hybrid ‘Mavuno’ grass subjected to nitrogen fertilisation

Nitrogen (N) inputs are recognised to maximise herbage mass (HM) in tropical perennial grasses, whereas less is clear on their impact on HM distribution and the effects on leaf mass (LM) and leaf area index (LAI) in the upper stratum. This 2 year study, carried out in Pirassununga, Brazil, assessed the HM distribution in the upper (>20 cm) and lower (<20 cm) strata in Urochloa hybrid ‘Mavuno’ grass maintained under similar pre- and post-cutting canopy heights with contrasting N fertilisation rates applied after each cutting (no-nitrogen, 15, 30, and 45 kg N ha⁻¹). The relevance of specific leaf area (SLA), leaf N concentration (NLeaf), tiller weight (TW) and population density to the LM and LAI of the upper stratum were also examined. Mavuno grass expressed a stable HM < 20 cm (59%–71% during Year I and 66%–80% for Year II), and apparent N fertilisation impacts on HM > 20 cm were verified at specific regrowth cycles during Year II. Mavuno grass pastures expressed plasticity for adjustments on leaf, tiller and population attributes, which were modulated by both climatic conditions and N fertilisation. Under favourable growth conditions during Year I, fertilised pastures were able to sustain higher NLeaf and SLA but associated with lower TW, resulting in maximisation of LAI but not in LM in the upper stratum. During Year II, fertilised pastures expressed higher NLeaf, SLA, number of basal tillers, despite the lowest TW, which resulted in higher LAI and LM in the upper stratum compared with non-fertilised pastures. Our results highlighted that adjustments on leaf and population attributes within the canopy were driven to maximise the upper stratum LAI, being positively affected by N fertilisation.     

全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响

以超级稻东农423为试验材料,设全程深施肥、全层施肥、表层施肥及无肥4个处理,研究水稻生长发育的动态变化,包括分蘖消长、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量动态变化,并对产量及其构成因素、稻米蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和味度值进行了比较。结果表明：1）全程深施肥方法能够促使水稻生育前期平稳生长,后期优势生长,延长有效分蘖期,增加有效分蘖数,提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量;2）各处理的产量和稻米蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平,并呈现全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥的趋势;各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平,并呈现无肥＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施的趋势;3）全程深施肥能够提高水稻的产量、穗数、每穗粒数和蛋白质含量,却降低了结实率、千粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量及味度值。     

云南干热籼稻区水稻高产形成规律及群体质量指标研究

为鉴定杂交籼稻组合在云南干热籼稻区种植的产量潜力,研究不同产量水平水稻产量形成规律及群体质量指标,选用大面积生产应用的6个杂交籼稻品种为材料进行了比较试验,并根据当地水稻生产特点制定了相应的高产栽培技术。结果显示,广优1186、德优4727、两优2186、宜优673、两优2161、宜香3003产量分别为15.65、15.29、15.19、15.18、14.89和13.95 t/hm~2。为更好的分析水稻高产形成规律,将6个品种产量划分为高产(13.0~14.0 t/hm~2)、更高产(14.0~15.0 t/hm~2)、超高产(15.0~16.0 t/hm~2)3个不同产量水平。超高产水稻较更高产水稻有效穗数提高10.25%,较高产水稻总粒数、实粒数、结实率分别提高32.13%、35.69%、12.50%;超高产水稻高峰苗数较更高产、高产水稻分别低10.32%和30.02%;成穗率随着产量水平的增加而增加。超高产水稻齐穗期总LAI为7左右,高效叶面积率70%左右。颖花量随着产量的增加而增加。超高产水稻实粒/叶、粒重/叶较高产水稻分别增加20.00%和25.54%。超高产水稻齐穗期、成熟期、齐穗至抽穗期干物质积累量较高产水稻分别提高11.70%、11.96%和12.35%。     

稻油轮作下油菜秸秆还田与水氮管理对杂交稻群体质量和产量的影响

【目的】研究秸秆还田与水氮配施的理论与技术,探讨对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响。【方法】选用宜香优2115为试验材料,三因素裂裂区设计,主区为油菜秸秆堆腐还田和直接还田两种秸秆还田方式,裂区为淹水灌溉和控制性交替灌溉两种水分管理方式,裂裂区为4种施氮量,分析对水稻群体质量及产量的影响,并探讨秸秆还田与水氮管理模式下群体质量和产量形成的关系。【结果】秸秆还田与水氮管理对主要生育时期水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数(LAI)及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,互作效应显著;且群体质量指标与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。秸秆堆腐还田对水稻群体质量指标的调控显著高于秸秆直接还田,齐穗期高效叶面积指数提高了4.71%～6.50%,群体干物质显著增加了9.22%～13.30%;并对水稻产量及其构成因素影响显著,有效穗数及每穗粒数分别提高了5.9%～9.8%和1.5%～5.2%,从而使产量提高了9.5%～13.4%。控制性交替灌溉相对于淹灌能保证足够的穗数,提高干物质积累量,减缓拔节至齐穗期叶面积衰减,加快结实期群体生长率,利于穗粒数及产量的提高;且随着氮肥用量的增加,分蘖数、干物质积累量、有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率均呈先增后降的趋势。【结论】从三因素间的互作效应来看,秸秆堆腐还田处理下,控制性交替灌溉与施氮量150 kg/hm^2,可有效提高齐穂期高效叶面积指数(4.80～5.32),具有较高的结实期干物质积累量(6.94～7.36t/hm^2),显著提高了有效穗(181.6万～220.9万/hm^2)及每穗粒数(180～200粒),从而显著提高产量达到10328.1～12464.1 kg/hm^2,为本研究节水减氮增效最佳的处理。