Conjunctive use of saline and non-saline irrigation waters in semi-arid regions

In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from sub-surface drainage systems is often saline and during the dry season its disposal poses an environmental problem. A field experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1992 using saline drainage water (EC=10.5–15.0 dS/m) together with fresh canal water (EC=0.4 dS/m) for irrigation during the dry winter season. The aim was to find if crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crops were a winter crop, wheat, and pearl-millet and sorghum, the rainy season crops, grown on a sandy loam soil. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with fresh canal water. Subsequently, the wheat crop was irrigated four times with different sequences of saline drainage water and canal water. The rainy season crops received no further irrigation as they were rainfed. Taking the wheat yield obtained with fresh canal water as the potential value (100%), the mean relative yield of wheat irrigated with only saline drainage water was 74%. Substitution of canal water at first post-plant irrigation and applying thereafter only saline drainage water, increased the yield to 84%. Cyclic irrigations with canal and drainage water in different treatments resulted in yields of 88% to 94% of the potential. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly where 3 or 4 post-plant irrigations were applied with saline drainage water to previous wheat crop, but cyclic irrigations did not cause yield reduction. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the sub-surface drainage system during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water in conjunction with fresh canal water without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. This will save the scarce canal water, reduce the drainage water disposal needs and associated environmental problems.     

拔节孕穗期受渍对小麦干物质产量、矿质营养和品质的影响

小麦拔节孕穗期受渍造成小麦严重减产，而排水则显著提高籽粒产量，有利于麦株吸收土壤中的氮、磷、钾矿质营养，对改善小麦籽粒的品质亦有较大作用。发展农田暗管排水降低地下水位对南方多雨地区小麦增产及改善品质有重大作用。     

Response of wheat to saline irrigation and drainage

The response of wheat (Triticum aestiuum L.) to varying depths of irrigation, quantity of water applied and to the drainage conditions was studied in 2 m × 2 m × 2 m size lysimeters filled in with a sandy loam soil. Saline water with an electrical conductivity of 8.6 dS m⁻¹ was used for irrigation. The treatments included four irrigations of 5 cm depth, four irrigations of 7 cm, and three irrigations of 9 cm, scheduled on the basis of cumulative pan evaporation, while the drainage conditions were represented by the drained and undrained lysimeters. Another treatment, using good quality water for irrigation, represented the potential yield of the crop. The growth parameters, as well as the yield, showed an improvement with larger irrigation depth increments in the drained lysimeters. But, in contrast, in the undrained lysimeters, the yield was reduced with larger irrigation depth increments, mainly due to a sharp rise in water table depth during the irrigation cycles. The rise and fall in water table showed a high sensitivity and were also highly disproportionate to the irrigation and evapotranspiration events. The yield tended to be higher with a smaller depth of water applied more frequently in the undrained lysimeters. But, in view of the limitations of conventional surface irrigation to apply water in smaller depth increments, an improved drainage is imperative for cropping in shallow saline water table conditions.     

旱作物涝渍排水研究动态分析

在总结分析国内外有关研究的基础上 ,指出涝渍地旱作排水研究有 5大趋势 :1由重视农田排涝发展到重视农田排渍 ;2由静态排水指标研究发展到动态排水指标研究 ;3由涝、渍分别研究发展到涝渍综合研究 ;4从排水指标仅考虑作物产量发展到既考虑产量又重视品质 ;5由单一涝渍过程对作物的影响研究发展到多个涝渍过程对作物的复合影响研究。     

滴灌水氮耦合对北疆春小麦生长的影响

在滴灌条件下,研究了不同水肥处理对北疆春小麦干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,施氮量对春小麦干物质积累作用大于灌水量,表现在干物质积累量、养分吸收量、籽粒产量3个方面,水氮耦合效应的作用最小。灌水量、施氮量与以及耦合效应与产量的回归分析表明,水氮耦合作用为正效应。表明适当的灌水和施肥相结合,对春小麦产量有增加效应,在单...     

Decision models for optimal cropping patterns in irrigations based on crop water production functions

A study was conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of alternative levels of water use over the fixed yield approach when there is a constraint on water. In the multi-crop farm models used, a water production function for each crop could be included so that one has the choice of selecting alternative levels of water use depending upon water availability. Water production functions (square root and quadratic type) for seven crops, viz. wheat, gram, mustard, berseem, sugarcane, paddy and cotton, based on experimental data from irrigated crops were used.The fixed yield model was modified incorporating the stepwise water production functions using a separable programming technique. The models were applied on a selected canal command area and optimal cropping patterns determined. Sensitivity analysis for land and water resources was also conducted. The water production function approach gives better possibilities of deciding upon land and water resources.     

黄河下游灌区农田排水再利用效应模拟评价

在田间试验观测基础上,采用SWAP模型分析黄河下游簸箕李引黄灌区农田排水再利用下的土壤盐分季节性变化以及地下水位对土壤盐分剖面分布的影响,模拟农田排水补灌对作物产量的效应。研究结果表明,咸排水补灌引起的土壤盐分积聚主要在冬小麦生长期,夏玉米生长期内并不明显,有效地控制地下水位有助于减少土壤盐分累积量,维系作物根区的盐分平衡。利用含盐量为4mg/cm3以下的农田排水在冬小麦生长后期水分亏缺阶段进行补灌,可在基本不影响随后夏玉米产量的基础上,不同程度地改善冬小麦产量。对缺水严重的黄河下游引黄灌区,农田排水再利用是缓解水资源供需矛盾、改善作物产量的一种有效水管理措施。     

Modeling the effects of saline water use in wheat-cultivated lands using the UNSATCHEM model

Waters of poor quality are often used to irrigate crops in arid and semiarid regions, including the Fars Province of southwest Iran. The UNSATCHEM model was first calibrated and validated using field data that were collected to evaluate the use of saline water for the wheat crop. The calibrated and validated model was then employed to study different aspects of the salinization process and the impact of rainfall. The effects of irrigation water quality on the salinization process were evaluated using model simulations, in which irrigation waters of different salinity were used. The salinization process under different practices of conjunctive water use was also studied using simulations. Different practices were evaluated and ranked on the basis of temporal changes in root-zone salinity, which were compared with respect to the sensitivity of wheat to salinity. This ranking was then verified using published field studies evaluating wheat yield data for different practices of conjunctive water use. Next, the effects of the water application rate on the soil salt balance were studied using the UNSATCHEM simulations. The salt balance was affected by the quantity of applied irrigation water and precipitation/dissolution reactions. The results suggested that the less irrigation water is used, the more salts (calcite and gypsum) precipitate from the soil solution. Finally, the model was used to evaluate how the electrical conductivity of irrigation water affects the wheat production while taking into account annual rainfall and its distribution throughout the year. The maximum salinity of the irrigation water supply, which can be safely used in the long term (33 years) without impairing the wheat production, was determined to be 6 dS m^?1. Rainfall distribution also plays a major role in determining seasonal soil salinity of the root zone. Winter-concentrated rainfall is more effective in reducing salinity than a similar amount of rainfall distributed throughout autumn, winter, and spring seasons.     

Comparative performance of different crop production functions for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Experiments were conducted for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the lysimeters with controlled irrigation at Berlin (FRG) and in field plots at Hisar (India) under different climatic conditions. Crop production functions, relating crop yield with evapotranspiration with and without the consideration of the time of water deficit during crop growth period, were derived. The derived functions and those previously obtained by different workers were tested against the experimental data. There was a significant correlation of seasonal evapotranspiration with yield that was slightly higher for dry matter than for grain. The correlation, which was quite high for linear functions, was slightly greater for nonlinear functions. The correlation was also slightly improved if evapotranspiration for different growth stages was considered rather than total seasonal evapotranspiration. Since there apears to be no single equation that fits all of the conditions studied and since different equations lead to different conclusions, it is suggested that the crop production functions considering evapotranspiration at different growth stages be used with caution. In general the degree of sensitivity of grain yield and dry matter yield to water stress for wheat cultivar WH 283 grown in field experiments under semi-arid climate decreased in the order of crop growth sub-periods I (Sowing to heading), III (Milk ripe to ripe), and II (Heading to milk ripe). However, the sensitivity of the grain yield and dry matter yield to water stress for wheat cultivar Kolibiri grown in lysimeter experiments under humid climate decreased in the order of the growth sub-periods i.e. I, II, and III.     

Modeling wheat yield and crop water productivity in Iran: Implications of agricultural water management for wheat production

In most parts of Iran, water scarcity has been intensifying and posing a threat to the sustainability of agricultural production. Wheat is the dominant crop and the largest irrigation water user in Iran; hence, understanding of the crop yield-water relations in wheat across the country is essential for a sustainable production. Based on a previously calibrated hydrologic model, we modeled irrigated and rainfed wheat yield (Y) and consumptive water use (ET) with uncertainty analysis at a subbasin level in Iran. Simulated Y and ET were used to calculate crop water productivity (CWP). The model was then used to analyze the impact of several stated policies to improve the agricultural system in Iran. These included: increasing the quantity of cereal production through more efficient use of land and water resources, improving activities related to soil moisture conservation and retention, and optimizing fertilizer application. Our analysis of the ratio of water use to internal renewable water resources revealed that 23 out of 30 provinces were using more than 40% of their water resources for agriculture. Twelve provinces reached a ratio of 100% and even greater, indicating severe water scarcity and groundwater resource depletion. An analysis of Y-CWP relationship showed that one unit increase in rainfed wheat yield resulted in a lesser additional water requirement than irrigated wheat, leading to a larger improvement in CWP. The inference is that a better water management in rainfed wheat, where yield is currently small, will lead to a larger marginal return in the consumed water. An assessment of improvement in soil available water capacity (AWC) showed that 18 out of 30 provinces are more certain to save water while increasing AWC through proper soil management practices. As wheat self-sufficiency is a desired national objective, we estimated the water requirement of the year 2020 (keeping all factors except population constant) to fulfill the wheat demand. The results showed that 88% of the additional wheat production would need to be produced in the water scarce provinces. Therefore, a strategic planning in the national agricultural production and food trade to ensure sustainable water use is needed. This study lays the basis for a systematic analysis of the potentials for improving regional and national water use efficiency. The methodology used in this research, could be applied to other water scarce countries for policy impact analysis and the adoption of a sustainable agricultural strategy.     

Optimizing supplemental irrigation: Tradeoffs between profitability and sustainability

Water production functions are used to model yield response to various levels of supplemental irrigation (SI), to assess water productivity coefficients, and to identify optimum irrigation under various input-output price scenarios. The SI production function is taken as the difference between the total water production function (irrigation + rain) and that of rainwater. Theoretical analysis of the unconstrained objective function shows that the seasonal depth of SI to maximize profit occurs when the marginal product of water equals the ratio of unit water cost to unit product sale price. Applying this analysis to wheat in northern Syria, the production functions of SI under different rainfall conditions are developed. Coupled with current and projected water costs and wheat sale prices, the functions are used to develop an easy-to-use chart for determining seasonal irrigation rates to maximize profit under a range of seasonal rainfall amounts.Results show that, for a given seasonal rainfall, there is a critical value for the ratio of irrigation cost to production price beyond which SI becomes less profitable than rainfed production. Higher product prices and lower irrigation costs encourage the use of more water. Policies supporting high wheat prices and low irrigation costs encourage maximizing yields but with low water productivity. The resulting farmer practice threatens the sustainability of water resources. Balancing profitability versus sustainability is a challenge for policy makers. Our analysis can help national and local water authorities and policy makers determine appropriate policies for water valuation and allocation; and assist extension services and farmers in planning irrigation infrastructure and farm water management.     

地膜小麦集水灌溉技术研究

将旱地农田小沟垄集水和覆膜穴播增温保墒节水效果有机地结合在一起,充分接纳雨水,集水保墒,有效地提高了土壤耕层含水量和地表温度,增产增收效果显著。地膜小麦集水补灌,不同时期、不同补灌量处理间产量存在显著差异。从补灌时期看,以拔节期补灌产量最高,其次为扬花期,再次为冬前。从补灌量看,在同一补灌时期,补灌量高者产量高,每次补灌量应不低于150 m3/hm2。     

秸秆覆盖对冬小麦产量及水分生产效率的影响研究

为实现豫西半旱地区冬小麦节水高产栽培,提高水分利用效率,利用农田秸秆覆盖试验技术,研究了3种灌水模式下不同秸秆覆盖量对冬小麦生育期耗水量、作物产量以及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。研究结果表明：秸秆覆盖对千粒重、穗粒数和产量的增长具有明显的促进作用,对公顷穗数的增长具有抑制作用。灌3水处理与灌4水处理相比较,产量与水分利用效率随覆盖量增加明显提高,产量和水分利用效率提高1.0%和1.6%,耗水量减少4%,实现了节水与高产的统一。灌2水处理下不同覆盖量的耗水量和水分利用效率都有所提高,但对产量影响不显著。试验最佳分配方案为灌3水处理与4 500 kg/hm2覆盖量。     

Enhancement of crop yields from subsurface drains with various envelopes

A field experiment was conducted for 10 years in the Nile Delta of Egypt to quantify the benefit of subsurface drainage on crop yield. During three crop rotations, subsurface drains at a spacing of 20 m and a depth of 1.5 m doubled the yield of cotton and rice and increased the yield of wheat and clover by 50%. No significant enhancement in crop yield was found from placing various envelope materials around the drains compared to no envelope. Drains of 75 mm diameter resulted in significantly lower yields (20% less) for cotton and rice than drains of 100 mm diameter but there were no yield differences for wheat and clover. Applying 10 Mg/ha of gypsum and deep plowing (25 cm deep) improved yields from 5 to 19% for all crops, cotton and clover having the largest yield improvement. Soil salinity to a depth of 1.5 m was reduced from an average 5.3–2.2 dS/m after 1 year of drainage without additional water being applied beyond the normal irrigation amounts and rainfall.     

喷灌灌水与施肥对春小麦水分动态及产量的影响

为了探索河西走廊春小麦适宜的喷灌灌溉施肥制度,以当地畦灌模式为对照对比分析了不同灌水方式、灌溉施肥水平下土壤水分动态分布及产量效应并对春小麦产量进行了回归分析.研究了喷灌条件下灌水前后土壤水分分布动态、不同生育期内土壤含水率变化特征及不同灌水量水平下土壤水分下渗状况,分析了不同灌水、施肥水平对产量及产量构成要素的影响.结果表明,喷灌灌水定额为75 mm时,有部分水分下渗至春小麦主要根系活动层以下,但较畦灌量小;喷灌灌水定额在45~60 mm时,灌水后大部分水分储存在0~40 cm土层;春小麦整个生育期内,中等灌溉水平40~80 cm土层土壤水分变化不明显;春小麦产量及其构成要素对灌溉量响应大于施肥量,灌溉量过大时,产量有下降趋势;喷灌条件下,中等灌溉、追肥水平下产量较畦灌高1105%,节水增产效果显著.另外,根据产量拟合方程并结合水分利用效率,喷灌中等灌水、施肥水平为该地区适宜发展的灌溉施肥制度.     

不同秸秆覆盖量对冬小麦生理及土壤温、湿状况的影响

在干旱条件下,采用小区试验,研究了农田不同秸秆覆盖量对冬小麦土壤含水率、土壤温度的影响,比较了冬小麦生理及产量状况。试验设4个处理,秸秆覆盖量分别为0(CK)、0.3(F0.3)、0.6(F0.6)和0.9(F0.9)kg/m2。试验结果表明:在小麦全生育期内秸秆覆盖可有效地保持土壤水分;在小麦返青后F0.6保持了较高的土壤温度,有利于小麦的拔节;实际产量F0.6最高,单方水产量以F0.6最高,F0.9次之,认为在此试验条件下适宜的秸秆覆盖量为0.6 kg/m2。     

清、污水灌溉对冬小麦生长发育影响的田间试验研究

污水灌溉对作物生长和土壤环境的影响日益受到人们的关注。通过在北京东郊所进行的清、污水灌溉田间试验 ,着重探讨了污灌条件下 ,不同灌水水量和施肥量对冬小麦生长和产量的影响。试验设置了 2种灌水水质 (清水和污水 )、3种灌水水平 (高水、中水和低水 ) ,2种施肥水平 (中肥和无肥 ,限污水灌溉 ) ,共 9个处理 ,2组重复。结果表明 :污水灌溉对冬小麦茎叶的生长发育有一定的促进作用 ,并能提高产量 17.6 %～ 31.1% ;虽然灌溉污水能够提供一定的养分 ,但对冬小麦适量施用氮肥仍然很有必要。     

太阳能暗管排水对银北灌区油葵土壤环境及产量影响

针对土壤盐渍化严重影响了宁夏银北灌区土壤环境和作物产量的问题,通过太阳能暗管排水区和非暗管排水区对比试验方法,着重研究了2017和2018两年太阳能暗管长时间持续排水对土壤环境和油葵产量的影响。结果表明:太阳能暗管排水可以有效改善土壤环境,使两年的地下水平均埋深分别增加4.5%和6.4%,地下水平均矿化度分别降低7.9%和9.0%,两年土壤平均脱盐率分别为4.7%和8.2%,对表层土壤的脱盐效果最为明显。同时提高了油葵产量和水分生产效率,两年油葵产量分别提高13.8%和21.6%,灌溉水分生产效率分别增加13.3%和21.8%,作物水分生产效率分别增加16.4%和22.9%。综合试验结果和经济成本考虑,油葵生育期灌水2次、播前灌水1次、冬灌1次,生育期5-9月持续排水,这是适宜惠农当地太阳能暗管排水条件下油葵的灌排制度。     

再生水灌溉条件对小麦品质、产量及重金属影响的试验研究

面临日益严重的水资源危机,再生水作为一种非常规水源越来越受到人们的重视。试验以龙口市和高密市污水处理厂的再生水为灌溉水源,研究在再生水灌溉条件下对小麦品质,产量、重金属含量的影响。研究表明再生水灌溉条件下,小麦的品质及产量略有提高,重金属在小麦体内的累积表现为:根■茎■籽粒,与清水灌溉的小麦品质无显著性差异,而且没有超出《粮食卫生标准》和《食品污染物限量》的要求,不会在小麦体内造成累积。     

伊犁新垦区冬小麦喷灌技术研究

伊犁河谷是新疆重要的商品粮生产基地,针对伊犁新垦区面临砂质薄土层的灌溉问题,通过冬小麦生产喷灌试验,确定伊犁新垦区冬小麦生产喷灌最佳灌溉制度和喷灌水肥调控技术。设置4个不同的灌溉定额(4 200、4 800、5 400、6 000m3/hm2)处理,采取统一的灌溉周期:4d,并对土壤水分、冬小麦分蘖、冬小麦产量、水分生产率和主要农艺性状等指标进行研究。试验表明在应用小水量多灌次的喷灌技术,灌溉定额对产量有较显著的影响,成正相关,当灌溉定额在5 700m3/hm2时,可获得最佳产量。在伊犁新垦区冬小麦喷灌生产,采用小水量多灌次和生育期内追肥的冬小麦喷灌水肥调控技术,可实现当地冬小麦生产的节水、节肥高效优质可持续发展。