基因水稻培矮64S回交后代白叶枯病抗性与育性研究

对筛选到的转[WTBX][STBX]Xa21[WTBZ][STBZ]基因培矮64S后代纯合株系抗性与育性的研究表明,在第5代杂种中,该外源基因仍能稳定遗传表达;以其作父本、培矮64S为母本所配制的F1植株, Xa21基因PCR检测均呈阳性,且绝大多数表现抗白叶枯病,说明该外源基因能够通过常规杂交方式转移利用。这些杂交组合F2群体中抗病与感病株出现3∶1分离,表明转Xa21基因在杂交后代的传递属单基因显性遗传。长日高温下,（培矮64S/转Xa21基因培矮64S）F1雄性完全可育,F2群体可育与不育株出现27∶1分离。     

甘蓝型油菜胞质雄性不育系212A的选育与研究

在Ledos字兴?号后代材料中发现5株雄性不育株,经与中双2号自交系212B保持,育成了细胞质雄性不育系212A和保持系212B.通过人工套袋自交、剥蕾授粉自交及镜检观察,认为不育系212A属稳定型细胞质雄性不育系,产生的原因可能与低温时期的死蕾现象有关.恢保关系的研究表明,212A胞质雄性不育系与pol CMS、陕2A CMS恢保关系相同.遗传研究表明,测交F2育性为可育与不育3∶1分离;用恢复系回交(BC1)后代全可育,无育性分离;用保持系回交,后代育性为可育与不育1∶1分离.初步认为控制不育系的基因为S(rr),保持系基因为N(rr),恢复系基因为N(RR)或S(RR),属1对核基因控制的细胞质雄性不育系.     

分子标记辅助选择Pi9基因改良R288的稻瘟病抗性

根据已克隆的广谱持久抗瘟基因Pi9的DNA序列设计功能标记Clon2-1,通过分子标记辅助选择开展回交育种实践,定向改良水稻恢复系R288的稻瘟病抗性。获得如下结果:Clon2-1为共显性标记,在Pi9基因供体亲本75-1-127和受体亲本R288之间多态性明显且稳定;Clon2-1标记基因型对稻瘟病抗性表型的选择效率达100%。通过分子标记辅助选择和连续回交自交,获得了含Pi9基因的BC6F3群体,在此基础上筛选鉴定出1个高抗稻瘟病水稻新品系‘R288-Pi9’,用其与培矮64S配组获得的杂交组合同样表现出高水平稻瘟病抗性。     

粘类小麦CMS恢复基因Rfv1快速定向转育体系的研究

为了实现粘类小麦雄性不育恢复基因Rfv1的定向转育,创制优良的粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育新恢复系,以携有粘类小麦雄性不育恢复基因Rfv1的恢复系亲本5253、5383为供体,以西农Mp1、西农Mp2(化杀杂交小麦新品种西杂1号、西杂5号的父本)为受体,采用定向回交转育方法,结合根尖细胞学镜检、复合引物多重PCR等技术,进行了恢复基因Rfv1的定向转育与检测,育成既携有Rfv1恢复基因,又具有西农Mp1、西农Mp2核基因背景的粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育新恢复系.本研究表明:(1)根尖体细胞随体鉴定和复合引物PCR分析,不仅能准确地鉴定出1BL/1RS纯合易位系,而且可以鉴定1BL/1RS·1BL/1BS R~(fv1)易位杂合体.其中复合引物PCR更适合于回交后代中大量目标种子的筛选;(2)恢复基因转育后代定株与不育系测交,依据测交恢复度可准确确定恢复基因在回交后代的延续,恢复基因定株定向转育与性状选择结合可大大提高转育后代的实际应用效果;(3)本研究提出的粘类小麦雄性不育恢复基因Rfv1定向转育体系,可有效地实现小麦由化控强优势组合向三系强优势组合的定向转化,即生理型不育途径向遗传型不育途径的定向转化,进而建拓一套杂交小麦强优势组合多途径利用新体系.     

MAS育种改良籼稻恢复系‘E32’及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性

利用已克隆的广谱抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的DNA序列,设计功能分子标记Ins2-3,通过标记基因型辅助选择和连续回交育种实践,定向改良籼稻恢复系E32及其两系杂交种培矮64S/E32的稻瘟病抗性。获得以下结果:Ins2-3是一个高效共显性DNA标记,在Pi9供体亲本75-1-127和受体亲本E32基因组中分别扩增出一条793bp和2 kb的稳定条带,Ins2-3的辅助选择效率达100%;利用Ins2-3开展分子标记辅助选择育种,通过连续多代回交自交,育成了苗瘟和穗瘟抗性均显著提高的新恢复系E32-Pi9,其遗传背景与受体亲本E32一致;用E32-Pi9配制的两系杂交种培矮64S/E32-Pi9的稻瘟病抗性,比对照培矮64S/E32显著提高,而主要农艺性状及杂种优势表现非常相似。     

籼型水稻三系不育系蜀21A的选育与应用

蜀21A是用D62B与D香1B杂交,后代经米质和稻瘟病抗性鉴定,F5代选优良单株与D62A测交和连续回交转育而成的籼型水稻三系不育系。蜀21A败育彻底,育性稳定,农艺性状优良,配合力高,2014年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定,所配组合蜀优217(蜀21A/成恢727)于2015年通过国家农作物品种审定。     

抗稻瘟病水稻光温敏核不育系华1201S的选育

华1201S是以广占63-4S为受体亲本、以携带Pi2基因的抗稻瘟病株系VE6219为供体亲本,通过1次杂交、3次回交、多次自交,每个世代用分子标记对目标基因Pi2进行跟踪检测,同时通过表型选择和抗性鉴定培育而成的中籼型水稻光温敏核不育系。2013和2014年在湖北恩施州两河村稻瘟病重发区自然鉴定,华1201S的稻瘟病综合抗性指数1.3~2.3级,穗颈瘟损失率均为1级,2 a表现均为抗稻瘟病。2015年在广东省农科院苗期抗谱鉴定,人工接种33个稻瘟病菌株,华1201S的抗性频率96.97%,而广占63-4S的抗性频率仅为12.12%。华1201S育性转换临界温度23℃,在武汉稳定不育期64 d,海南冬繁自然结实率70%以上。2015年8月通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。     

转bar基因水稻恢复系的生理性状和农艺性状

通过杂交将转bar基因水稻亲本（Gulfmont、Bengal Hu-10和Cypress PB-6）中的bar基因转发转移到恢复系测64、明恢63和特青中，培育出6个抗除草剂（Liberty）的同型恢复系测64－B（G）、测64－B(C)、特青－B（C）、明恢63－B（G）和明恢63－B（C）。抗除草剂同型恢复系的大部分生理性状和主要农艺性状与原恢复系接近。将同型恢复系与不育系杂交，选配出8个抗除草剂三系杂交组合和2个抗除草剂两系杂交组合，抗除草剂组合能保持或略高于原组合的产量水平，利用这项技术有望解决杂交稻制种过程中出现的纯度问题。     

转Cry5Aa基因棉花品系的遗传稳定性研究

为检测转Cry5Aa基因棉花品系的遗传稳定性,为品种安全性评价提供依据,本研究结合大田性状比较、卡那霉素检测和PCR分子检测,研究转Cry5Aa基因棉花品系杂交后代遗传特性和群体遗传特性的稳定性,结果表明:F1代均为抗性个体,F2代正反交组合抗性分离比例均接近3∶1,表明外源基因为显性并稳定插入到基因组中,说明JX0010品系抗虫性状纯合度高,性状一致性好。     

抗稻瘟病不育系千乡411A的选育

千乡411A是以地谷B为主体抗源,用"金23B/冈46B//Ⅱ-32B/地谷B"中F6代的两个姊妹系杂交,从F2中选优良单株与金23A测交,并经连续回交转育而成的三系不育系。千乡411A表现为配合力强、高抗稻瘟病、高效种子生产等特性。2015年通过四川省技术鉴定,所配抗病杂交稻组合千乡优416于2016年通过重庆市品种审定。     

Transfer of Lysozyme Gene into indica Parents of Hybrid Rice by Backcrossing

Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara), one of the major fungal diseases in rice fields all over the world, is induced by the ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr [Anamorph: Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.] [1]. According to the statistic…     

Recent Advances in Development of Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Hybrid Rice in China

In addition to weed control in direct seeding field of hybrid rice, herbicide resistance genes were used by Chinese scientists to increase and identify the purity of hybrid seeds, and to realize the mechanization of hybrid seed production. The elite restorer lines, such as Minghui 63, R752, T461, R402, D68 and E32 were transformed directly with herbicide resistance genes, in which D68 and E32 are restorer lines of two-line system and the others are of three-line system. Because almost all of important restorer lines are indica varieties and are recalcitrant in transformation, many herbicide resistant near-isogenic restorer lines were developed by sexual hybridization of indica and japonica varieties and backcross with indica restorer lines later, such as Ce 64, Minghui 63, Teqing, Milyang 46, R402 and 9311, in which 9311 is a restorer line of two-line system. The elite photoperiod-sensitive/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, such as Pei'ai 64S, P88S, 4008S and 7001S, were transformed with herbicide resistance genes. A few herbicide resistant male sterile lines were developed through sexual hybridization and subsequently systemic selection, such as Bar1259S, Bar2172S, 05Z221A and 05Z227A. With the employment of herbicide resistant male sterile lines or herbicide resistant restorer lines, a few herbicide resistant hybrid rice combinations were developed, such as Xiang 125S/Bar 68-1 and Pei'ai 64S/Bar 9311. Based on herbicide resistance, the research was marching on to investigate the parental lines of hybrid rice with insect resistance, drought tolerance, etc.     

超高产杂交水稻培矮64S/E32和两优培九剑叶对高温的响应

 以汕优63为对照，研究了新育成的两个超级杂交水稻组合培矮64S/E32和两优培九的高温耐受特性。结果表明高温引起了光合效率降低，加重了光合光抑制。光化学、光合电子传递最适温度在28℃左右，光合碳同化的最适温度在35～40℃。高温下通过PSⅡ线性电子传递的能力几乎丧失（下降96.7%～100%），而PSⅡ光化学效率下降较少（8.8%～210%）,暗示PSⅡ光合线性电子传递过程比光化学能转化对高温更敏感。超级杂交稻比对照汕优63更耐高温，其机理可能如下：一是因为超级稻在高温时有更迅速的类胡萝卜素积累，增加其抗氧化能力，减少了因过剩激发能积累引起活性氧产生、积累并伤害光合细胞；二是因为超级稻高温下有高效的叶黄素循环热耗散途径可以耗散过量的激发能； 三是因为超级稻在高温下有稳定的光合功能和较强的光合效率，较高的热稳定蛋白含量。     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响

 以大田栽培的三套杂交水稻组合汕优63、青优早和秀优57为材料， 研究了低温(5℃)与光照(210 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD)对杂交水稻F₁及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响。结果表明：低温引起77K荧光参数F0、Fm、Fv下降，可变荧光Fv的变化能反映三套杂交水稻组合间的抗冷性的差异。F₁的抗冷性居父母本之间。同时发现，在低光照下低温处理引起Fo，Fm，Fv上升，但未改变Fv／Fm，Fv／Fo的比值。证明在低温下，低于水稻生长光强210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD的光照对PSⅡ的最初光能转化效率和光能传递速率影响不大， 即对光合作用的光化学过程未产生光抑制现象。由此可见，取样于田间强光照下的水稻剑叶，在5℃和210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD 处理下，210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD可能有利于水稻对低温的适应， 从而减轻叶片的光化学过程的伤害程度。     

温敏核不育基因在籼型三系遗传背景下的育性表达

用3个温敏核不育系培矮64S、6311S和360S与7个籼型质核互作型水稻雄性不育系及相应的保持系、3个恢复系配组,观察了51个组合的F1、19个F2及6个BC1的育性表现。结果表明：培矮64S温敏核不育性状由2对隐性基因控制,具有对质核互作型雄性不育系育性的强恢复基因;6311S温敏核不育性状由1对隐性基因控制,同时具有1对弱恢复基因;360S温敏核不育性状由1对隐性基因控制,但没有恢复基因。进一步利用4个细胞质雄性不育系/6311S组合F2群体中4个温敏核不育株与5个细胞质雄性不育系CMS配组,研究了杂交F1的育性,表明在可育细胞质背景下,三系恢复基因对温敏核不育基因的表达没有影响;在不育细胞质背景下,三系恢复基因是温敏核不育基因表达的关键。由此提出了选育不育细胞质背景的光温敏核不育系和温敏核不育背景的质核互作型不育系的策略。     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本灌浆期剑叶果糖1，6-二磷酸酯酶活性的影响

Effects on chilling on fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FBPase) of flag leaves in five hybrids Shanyou 63, Shanyou 64, Weiyou 64, Qingyouzao and Xiuyou 57 were investigated. The results indicated that chloroplast FBPase activity of flag leaves in hybrid rice F₁ and their parents at filling stage decreased after low temperature (1℃) treatment. The sensitivity of FBPase to chilling can reflect difference of cold tolerance among these hybrids. The order of cold tolerance was as follows: Japanica type Xiuyou 57, Indica type Qingyouzao, Shanyou 63, Shanyou 64. and Weiyou 64. The cold tolerance of F₁hybrid rice was inherited toward to that of the maternal line. The possible role of FBPase during grain filling and the relationship between FBPase activity of flag leaves and cold tolerance in hybrid rice were discussed.     

稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征的表现及其遗传

通过对水稻F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体及大量品种（系）的RVA谱的测定,研究了稻米淀粉RVA谱的类型及遗传。结果表明：（1）RVA谱可分为A~F六种类型,糯稻的特征图谱为A型,籼稻的特征图谱有B、C、D、E、F五种类型,粳稻有D、E、F三种类型。（2）稻米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）不同,RVA谱则不同。稻米的AAC相同,RVA谱也可不同,在低、中AAC类型中,RVA谱的差异能反映品种食味品质的差异。（3）4个杂交稻组合的RVA谱表现出相同的特点,除最高粘度和起浆温度外,其他特征值均介于双亲之间,表明杂交稻米品质改良要求不育系与恢复系的改良同步进行。（4）在F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体中,RVA谱各特征均呈连续分布,最高粘度是典型的数量性状遗传,热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值、消减值、回复值都可能是由一对主效基因和若干微效基因共同控制的遗传。     

Marker-Assisted Breeding of Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Line 1892S for Disease Resistance and Submergence Tolerance

Rice line 1892S is an elite thermo-sensitive genic male sterile(TGMS)line for two-line hybrid rice production.However,1892S is susceptible to rice blast,bacterial blight and submergence.Here we reported the introduction of blast resistance(R)gene Pi9,bacterial blight R gene Xa21 and submergence tolerance gene Sub1A into 1892S genetic background through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection.The improved TGMS line 31892S and its hybrids conferred disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and showed submergence tolerance for over 14 d without significant loss of viability.The sterility-fertility conversion of 31892S was similar to that of 1892S.31892S and its derived hybrid rice had similar agronomic traits and grain quality with 1892S and the control hybrid rice,respectively.The newly developed 31892S provided an improved TGMS line for two-line hybrid rice production with disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and submergence tolerance with no yield penalty or change in grain quality.     

转几丁质酶基因（RC24）水稻中大2号抗纹枯病特性研究

导入外源几丁质酶基因“RC24”的水稻中大2号接种纹枯病菌的结果表明,接种病菌后病斑扩展速率和田间病情指数小,表现为对水稻纹枯病高抗。组织病理学研究表明纹枯病菌能侵入中大2号,并引发纹枯病,入侵时间和症状出现的时间与非转基因感病对照没有显著差异,但病菌菌丝体消解现象出现早于对照,其抗病性主要表现为限制病菌扩展。以中大2号与非转基因水稻材料配制的杂交组合的抗病性表明,杂交组合的抗病性均高于非转基因亲本,但其抗病性也会因母本的不同而有所变化。     

Breeding and Characterization of a New Rice Restorer Line Containing Bt Gene

Bt5198, a new rice restorer line containing Bt gene, was developed from the cross and backcross of the elite restorer line Chenghui 177 with Bt Minghui 63, a transgenic Bt restorer line. The inbred lines were evaluated using PCR amplification, test paper evaluation, insect resistance evaluation in both the laboratory and paddy fields, nursery evaluation of rice blast resistance and pedigree selection of agronomic traits. Larval mortalities on Bt5198 and Bt Minghui 63 were 100% when rice culms were inoculated with the eggs of the striped stem borer (SSB) in the laboratory. Bt5198 was highly resistant against SSB and the yellow stem borer (YSB) under field conditions. The F₁ hybrids derived from Bt5198 and four cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were also highly resistant to SSB and YSB and had a significant heterosis. Two-year evaluation of rice blast resistance confirmed that the resistance levels of Bt5198 to leaf blast and neck blast were similar to those of Chenghui 177 and significantly better than those of Bt Minghui 63. Seed germination ability and pollen yield of Bt5198 were similar with Chenghui 177, suggesting that the introduction of the Bt gene into the new restorer line had no significant effects on seed vitality or the yield of seed production. To identify the presence of the Bt gene, it was effective to combine test paper examination with the evaluation of insect-resistance, both in the laboratory and under field conditions.