Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and fiber quality in cotton performance trials

Plant breeding programs involving a wide range of crop plants routinely practice selection (directly or indirectly) for genotypes that display stability for a given trait or set of traits across testing environments through the genotype evaluation process. Genotype stability for trait performance is a direct measure of the presence and effect of genotype × environment interactions, which result from the differential performance of a genotype or cultivar across environments. The genotype evaluation process also requires selection of the proper field trial locations that best represent the target environments the breeding program is directed toward. In this study, we assessed the extent to which genotype × environment interactions affected agronomic performance (lint yield, gin turnout) and fiber quality (fiber length, fiber strength, uniformity index, micronaire, fiber elongation) in a series of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) performance trials in 12 location–year environments in South Carolina. Genotype × environment interactions affecting lint yield were larger in higher yielding environments, while interactions for fiber strength were greater for genotypes with lower mean fiber strength values. Two regions within the South Carolina cotton production areas were identified as proper testing locations for lint yield performance, while testing for fiber strength can be accomplished in any location within the statewide cotton production areas. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

棉纤维品质改良的分子生物学基础

本文简要地评述了棉纤维特异性表达基因和棉花纤维素合成酶基因的克隆及其表达方面的研究进展。与棉纤维伸长有关的基因主要有GhCAP和pGhEXl,与棉纤维次生壁加厚有关的基因主要有H6、Fb-E6和FSl8A等,但这些基因的精确功能还有待进一步研究。棉花celA是从第一个高等植物中克隆出的编码纤维素合成酶催化亚基的基因。利用转基因技术将抗虫、抗除草剂基因和这些与纤维发育有关的基因导入棉花,不但可改良棉花的产量和纤维品质,降低生产成本,而且可减轻对环境的不利影响,从而增强棉花的市场竞争力。     

新疆高品质陆地棉纤维品质性状遗传分析研究

 以9-1696×CCRI 35配置单交组合及其衍生世代,利用该组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂ 6世代群体的纤维品质性状,采用世代平均值法、主-多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法对该组合纤维长度、整齐度、比强度和伸长率4个纤维品质性状做遗传分析。结果表明：（1）4个纤维品质性状均以加性遗传为主,同时检测出显著的上位性效应。经模型适合性检验,纤维长度和伸长率两个纤维品质性状符合加性－显性－上位性遗传模型。比强度和整齐度性状符合加性－上位性遗传模型。（2）比强度和伸长率符合两对加性－显性－上位性主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型,其主基因遗传率分别为：比强度（47.80%）、伸长率（20.07%）。纤维长度和整齐度遗传受主基因和多基因共同控制。     

Inheritance and potentials of a mutated dwarfing gene ndf1 in Brassica napus

A dwarf mutant ‘NDF‐1′, approximately 70 cm high, was derived from a 200‐cm high doubled haploid (DH) line ‘3529’ (Brassica napus), seeds of which were jointly treated with chemical inducers and bombardment of fast neutron. The leaves of the ‘NDF‐1’ mutant were wrinkled and thicker compared with the wild‐type control. The mutant had much lower values than its original parents for all agronomic traits, except for its seed weight. A genetic analysis revealed that dwarfism is under the control of a major gene (designated as ndf1) with a mainly additive effect and non‐significant dominance effect. Because of the high level of resistance to lodging, breeding programmes for double low dwarf oilseed rape and heterosis utilization were initiated. Some new dwarf strains with improved agronomic performance were developed. The hybrid of the cross between the tall parent and the dwarf line showed increased harvest index and significantly higher seed yield than the tall parent or the control variety ‘Zhongyou 821’ and presented an estimated heterosis vigour rate as high as 12.5–25.8%. The dwarf trait will be a promising marker for a simple, economic and efficient way to control the purity of F₁ hybrid varieties in hybrid production of B. napus.     

基于两个陆地棉低世代群体定位纤维品质相关QTL

【目的】定位棉花纤维品质性状相关的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)。【方法】以陆地棉高强纤维品系中棉所679和纤维品质一般的农垦5号为亲本构建包含200个单株的F2群体及对应的F2:3家系群体,对2个群体的纤维长度、断裂比强度等5个纤维品质性状进行检测。用6 688对简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)引物在双亲间筛选,得到149对多态性引物,以F2为作图群体,使用QTL IciMapping软件进行连锁图谱构建,并对F2及F2:3群体进行QTL定位。【结果】根据F2群体基因型信息构建了1张包含119个标记、28个连锁群、总长为1 173.5 cM(centiMorgan)的遗传连锁图谱。分别在F_2、F2:3群体中检测到9个和11个与纤维品质性状相关的QTLs,这些QTLs分布在11个连锁群上。其中F2群体的qFL-D11-1、q BT-D11-1与F2:3群体的qFL-D11-1、q MIC-D11-1均定位在标记DPL0062与HAU0423之间,推测这些位点可能是控制纤维品质性状的重要QTL。【结论】利用多个群体进行QTL定位有益于发现稳定的QTL位点,控制纤维品质性状的基因可能成簇存在,为挖掘纤维品质性状相关基因及分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

外源Bt基因对棉花产量性状及抗虫性的影响

本文在介绍转基因抗虫棉研究现状的基础上，综述了外源Ｂｔ基因对棉花产量性状及抗虫性影响的研究进展；并指出了Ｂｔ抗虫棉当前存在的几个问题，提出了提高转基因抗虫棉抗虫性和使用寿命的几种方法。     

扁桃棉花间作对棉花产量及影响因素的研究

摘要：以大田棉花为对照（CK）,与20年生扁桃树下间作棉花的光合特性、产量及土壤养分进行比较研究,结果表明：①扁棉间作对棉花的产量影响很大,主要表现在间作减少了亩株数、亩铃数和单株成铃数,进而影响到了子棉和皮棉的亩产,扁桃树树冠内侧、树冠外侧2米处的子棉平均亩产分别较对照递减了66.92%和42.78%。②扁棉间作改变了棉花光合特性的日变化规律,对照棉花的光合作用的日变化规律都呈双峰曲线,而间作棉花的变化规律都呈单峰曲线,峰值出现时间早晚与树影变化长度和方向有关。③扁棉间作降低了距离树干5米处（垂直树冠外围附近）土壤水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量,而对其它各处土壤养分含量的影响不大。说明扁棉间作系统中光合作用是决定棉花产量的最重要因素。     

Genetic analysis of presence and absence of lint and fuzz in cotton

Cotton fibre mutants that were fuzzless and/or lintless were crossed with each other and a normal genotype (fuzzy, linted) to produce F₂ and BC₁ generations. F₂ segregation ratios from the cross of fuzzless‐lintless × fuzzy‐linted, for fuzzy‐linted, fuzzless‐linted and fuzzless‐lintless were 45 : 15 : 4. From the cross of fuzzless‐lintless × fuzzy‐linted, the F₂ segregation ratios were 9 : 39 : 16 whereas the BC₁F₁ segregation ratios from the F₁ backcrossed to fuzzless‐lintless were 1 : 3 : 4. These data suggest that the presence or absence of lint and fuzz are controlled by the interaction of four gene loci on non‐homologous chromosomes. We designate these loci as N₁, N₂, Li₃ and Li₄, where N₁ N₁ confers the presence of fuzzy, N₂N₂ confers inhibition of fuzzy initiation and development, and duplicate gene pairs, Li₃Li₃ and Li₄Li₄, determine the presence of lint. Homozygosity for li₃li₃ and li₄li₄ might also inhibit fuzz from development. In other words, they were recessive epistatic to fuzz genes.     

Genetic association of yield with its component traits in a recombinant inbred line population of cotton

Lint yield of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is determined by its component traits, boll number, boll weight, and lint percentage. Selecting high yielding lines is based on the ability to manipulate component traits. In this study, 188 recombinant inbred lines and two parental lines were grown in 1999 and 2000 at Mississippi State University. Lint yield and its three component traits were measured and analyzed by an extended conditional mixed linear model approach. Boll number unit-area^–1 made the largest contribution to genotypic and genotype × environment (G × E) variations for lint yield. Both boll number and lint percentage, and boll number and boll weight jointly accounted for more than 70% of the genotypic and G × E variations in lint yield. Ninety-nine percent of the genetic and phenotypic variation in lint yield could be explained by the three component traits, indicating that lint yield was mainly dependent on its three component traits. Small phenotypic variation in lint yield could be accounted for by effects of genotype, G × E interactions of boll number or boll number combined with other component trait(s) (Table 5). For boll number unit-area^–1 a wider distribution of genotypic contribution effects was detected than for lint percentage and boll weight in this study. Boll number and boll weight interacted to affect lint yield, indicating that balanced selection for boll weight and boll number is needed in high-yielding line development. Comparative results with other approaches were also discussed in this study.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged     

Genetic analysis of earliness in upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). II. Yield and lint percentage

Inheritance and interrelationships of seed cotton and lint yields were evaluated in a diallel analysis involving seven early maturing parents of different origin and a commercial variety. Lint yield showed relatively little additive variance and low heritability, whereas lint percentage showed the opposite. Highest yields were shown by the least determinate and slowest-maturing genotypes; yields generally decreased as determinacy increased and rate of maturity accelerated. Except for date for first open boll, components of earliness showed no associated with yield.     

长江流域麦/油后直播棉花播种时间下限研究

【目的】晚播、增密、减氮是长江流域棉花生产通过缩短生产周期来降低人工成本和物化成本的有效途径,适宜的播种时间是麦/油后直播棉花产量形成的重要影响因子,但是适宜的播期及晚播下限的研究未见报道。【方法】2018年和2019年在湖北省主产棉区4个试验点进行播期试验,试验设5个播期处理,分别为5月20日、5月25日、5月30日、6月4日、6月9日,在高密度、低氮条件下,研究不同播种时间对棉花生育进程、田间长势长相、产量和品质的影响。【结果】推迟播种可通过缩短播种出苗期和苗期加速棉花生育进程,全生育期缩短,纤维品质稳定。但是,随播期推迟,伏桃数量、单株铃数、单位面积成铃数、籽棉产量及成熟期吐絮率下降。特别是过迟播种,单位面积成铃数、10月20日吐絮率及产量会显著下降。【结论】长江流域相似棉区麦/油后直播模式最适播期建议在5月25日左右,以不晚于6月4日为宜。     

棉花脱叶催熟剂对纤维品质的影响及应用时间的确定

棉花脱叶催熟技术是实现棉花机械采收的重要前提,确定脱叶催熟剂喷施时期及标准对实现良好的脱叶和催熟效果至关重要。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了脱叶催熟剂对纤维品质的损伤程度,及与棉铃铃期之间的定量关系。结果表明,脱叶催熟剂对纤维长度的影响在品种间存在差异, 46%～69%的供试品种纤维长度较对照下降或持平,另有31%～54%的品种纤维长度反而较对照增加,所有品种纤维长度较对照平均仅降低0.2%～1.2%。纤维比强度受脱叶催熟剂的影响较为明显,其损伤量(处理与对照的差值)集中分布在-4～0 cN tex^-1之间。脱叶催熟剂对纤维比强度的损伤程度与喷施时间有关,铃龄30 d时喷施损伤大,铃龄37 d时喷施损伤减小,且有61%供试品种的比强度较对照平均增加了1.1cN/tex。脱叶催熟剂对纤维比强度的损伤量随棉铃铃期延长而加剧,因此可根据"脱叶催熟剂喷施时棉铃的铃龄与铃期的比值(Rd/b)"这一指标确定脱叶催熟剂的喷施时间。此外,棉铃铃期与棉铃体积、棉铃体积与纤维比强度均呈显著正相关关系。如要生产比强度>31 cN tex-1的棉花纤维,所选品种的棉铃体...     

绿色棉遗传规律分析及其对产量和纤维品质的影响

 通过天然红叶绿色棉和绿叶白色棉的杂交,统计分析F₁,F₂代叶与纤维色泽的遗传分离规律,以及色素对纤维生长的影响。验证了红叶色素和绿色长绒色素性状是由两对位于两条染色体上,由独立遗传的不完全显性基因控制;而绿短绒为完全显性遗传,并且与绿长绒性状位于同一染色体上,由两对非等位基因控制,其遗传距离为1.26 cM。同时, t测验统计分析结果显示,绿纤维棉株的衣分和绒长极显著低于白色棉,说明纤维中绿色色泽有阻碍棉花纤维生长发育作用;红叶对铃重与铃数以及纤维长度和衣分都没有显著影响。因此,在改良彩棉纤维色泽的同时要与提高纤维品质研究相结合,达到共同提高的目的。     

有机肥替代对棉花养分积累、产量及土壤肥力的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥替代率对黄河流域棉株生物量、养分积累、产量、氮磷比及土壤肥力的影响,试图探索出有机肥替代化肥的适宜替代率,为有机肥、无机肥在黄河流域棉田合理施用提供参考依据。【方法】试验始于2016年,在中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验基地设置6个施肥处理:T1:不施肥,T2:100%化肥,T3:20%有机肥+80%化肥,T4:40%有机肥+60%化肥,T5:50%有机肥+50%化肥,T6:100%有机肥。经3年施肥后,2018年进行田间取样,分析不同施肥处理对棉花生物量、养分积累、产量、氮磷比及土壤肥力的影响。【结果】(1)有机肥替代50%化肥处理提高棉株生物量、养分积累和籽棉产量。(2)与单施化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、碱解氮含量均有增高趋势,全部施有机肥显著增加土壤速效磷含量。(3)棉株全氮、全磷积累量与棉株生物量呈极显著正相关,棉株根、茎氮磷比与籽棉产量呈极显著负相关。【结论】有机肥替代部分化肥能减少化肥用量,连续应用有机肥替代部分化肥具有增加土壤肥力的趋势;有机肥替代50%化肥处理能增加棉花生物量、养分积累量,提高籽棉产量,替代效果最好。     

陆地棉产量与品质性状的主基因与多基因遗传分析

对(泗棉3号×TM 1)(组合Ⅰ)和(泗棉3号×CARMEN)(组合Ⅱ)的产量与品质性状进行遗传模型分析,得到有关产量与品质性状的最适遗传模型,其中组合Ⅰ子指的最适遗传模型为负向显性主基因+多基因模型,铃重最适遗传模型为等显性主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,衣分、单株铃数的最适遗传模型分别为两对主基因+多基因和一对主基因+多基因模型。组合Ⅱ中衣分、子指、单株铃数、铃重、整齐度和麦克隆值的最适遗传模型均为无主基因的多基因模型,纤维长度、纤维强度和伸长率最适遗传模型均为一对主基因+多基因模型。主基因个数的预测与分子检测的主效QTL个数基本相符。选用P1、P2、F1和F2∶3四个世代联合分析方法,相比于单个分离世代的分离分析法,增加了试验的精确度,保证分析结果的准确性,并可以鉴别多基因的存在。     

T1 locus in cotton is the candidate gene affecting lint percentage, fiber quality and spiny bollworm (Earias spp.) resistance

A genetic linkage map of chromosome 6 was constructed by using 270 recombinant inbred lines originated from an upland cotton cross (Yumian 1 × T586) F₂ population. The genetic map included one morphological (T₁) and 18 SSR loci, covering 96.2 cM with an average distance of 5.34 cM between two markers. Based on composite interval mapping (CIM), QTL(s) affecting lint percentage, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, fiber strength and spiny bollworm resistance (Earias spp.) were identified in the t₁ locus region on chromosome 6. The allele(s) originating from T586 of QTLs controlling lint percentage increased the trait phenotypic value while the alleles originating from Yumian 1 of QTLs affecting fiber length, fiber length uniformity, fiber strength and spiny bollworm resistance increased the trait phenotypic value.     

Molecular mapping and characterization of traits controlling fiber quality in cotton

Cotton (Gossypium spp) is the world's leading natural fiber crop. Genetic manipulation continues to play a key role in the improvement of fiber quality properties. By use of DNA-based molecular markers and a polymorphic mapping population derived from an inter specific cross between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G. barbadense), thirteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality properties were identified in 3-79, an extra long staple (ELS) cotton. Four QTLs influenced bundle fiber strength, three influenced fiber length, and six influenced fiber fineness. These QTLs were located on different chromosomes or linkage groups and collectively explained 30% to 60%of the total phenotypic variance for each fiber quality property in the F₂ population. The effects and modes of action for the individual QTLs were characterized with 3-79 alleles in TM-1 genetic background. The results indicated more recessive than dominant, with much less additive effect in the gene mode. Transgressive segregation was observed for fiber fineness that could be beneficial to improvement of this trait. Molecular markers linked to fiber quality QTLs would be most effective in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of these recessive alleles in cotton breeding programs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海岛棉棉铃阶段性发育与产量品质的关系

运用包含环境互作效应的ADM发育遗传模型对3年海岛棉亲本及F1代不同发育时期单铃重及发育特点与产量、品质的关系研究表明,海岛棉各时期单铃重对最终单铃重、纤维品质性状选择效果较好;前期(10、20 d)单铃重大,会减少无效铃数,降低衣分;后期(60、70d)单铃重大,会增加无效铃数,提高衣分。而中期(30、40、50d)单铃重对最终单株产量有一定选择效果。棉铃体积膨大期(0～10 d、10～20 d)净增量较大,单铃重增加,其他产量性状降低;纤维长度、反射率、黄度等品质性状改善;棉铃内容物充实期(30～40、40～50、60～70 d)干重增量大,主要纤维品质性状变差。选择单铃重进入快增期较晚、生长速率较大而出现时间较晚的材料将提高单株产量。纤维形成过程中,同化物质较早进入棉铃,经历缓慢增长,使纤维逐渐成熟而形成优良的品质。棉铃发育受到明显的母体效应影响,因而选择合适的母本对改良纤维品质性状较为重要。     

磷肥做种肥条施对棉花根系活力及产量的影响

为了提高磷肥利用率和棉花产量,在田间试验条件下研究了两种施磷方式对棉花根系活力和产量的影响。结果表明：在相同施磷量条件下,磷肥条施与传统施肥方式相比较棉花根系活力增加1.7倍,籽棉产量增加14.5%,磷肥农学利用率增加38.0%,磷肥偏生产力增加14.5%。通过试验研究得出磷肥条施不仅可以增加棉花根系活力和产量,而且还可以提高磷肥利用率。     

QTL mapping of fiber quality in an elite hybrid derived-RIL population of upland cotton

Xiangzamian 2 (XZM2) was the most widely cultivated cotton hybrid planted as F₁ hybrids and as selfed F₂ seeds in China before the release of transgenic Bt hybrids. By crossing two parents of XZM2, Gossypium hirsutum cv. Zhongmiansuo12 (ZMS12) and G. hirsutum acc. 8891, and through subsequent selfings, we obtained F₈ and F₉ populations of 180 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). A RIL population was cultivated in two cotton-growing regions in China for 2 years. The purpose of the present research was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fiber quality and provide information applicable to cotton breeding. A genetic map was constructed mainly using SSR markers. QTL controlling fiber quality traits were determined at the single-locus and two-locus levels, and genotype-by-environment interactions were analyzed. Among the main-effect QTL, a fiber length QTL qFL-D2-1 and a reflectance QTL qFR-D2-1 were simultaneously detected at two growing regions in 2 years, which suggested a high degree of stability in different environments, and might be of particular value for a marker-assisted selection (MAS) program. The results suggested that epistatic effects, as well as additive effects, of QTL play important roles in fiber quality in these RILs. In our research, the phenomenon of QTL clusters was detected in the cotton genome.