抗菌肽在哺乳动物防御系统中的作用

抗菌肽是近年来发现的广泛存在于自然界的一类阳离子抗菌活性肽，它们在宿主先天性免疫和适应性免疫中有重要作用。多数抗菌肽具有分子小、带正电、两亲性、抗菌谱广等共同特点。防御素和calhelicidins是哺乳动物的两大主要抗菌肽家族，它们通过抵抗致病菌入侵为宿主提供了第一道防线而对宿主具有先天的抗菌防御功能，其中一些多肽对未分化的树突状细胞、淋巴细胞有趋化性，另外还有诱导细胞因子生成、肥大细胞脱粒等作用，从而表明这些多肽能动员并增强宿主的先天性免疫和适应性免疫。本文主要对哺乳动物抗菌肽的一般性质、基因及其表达、在宿主防御中的作用、作用机理及研究前景进行了概述。     

猪源Cathelicidins抗菌肽家族的研究进展

Cathelicidins是一类在哺乳动物中发现的含有保守的cathelin区域的抗菌肽,是宿主防御系统的重要组成部分,具有广谱且强大的抗菌活性。文中综述了猪源Cathelicidins抗菌肽家族的基因组成、结构、抗菌活性、作用机制及应用前景。     

哺乳动物抗菌肽及其在畜牧生产上的应用前景

抗菌肽是阳离子型活性肽 ,是哺乳动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分 ,具有分子量小 ,热稳定性好 ,无免疫原性 ,抗菌谱广等特点 ,通过改变细菌细胞膜的通透性而发挥抗菌作用 ,这不同于抗生素通过阻断大分子生物合成的作用机理 ,因而致病菌不易对其产生耐药性。本文就几种哺乳动物抗菌肽特性、抗菌机理、基因表达及其研究展望和存在问题进行了综述。     

哺乳动物上皮细胞抗菌肽分离纯化技术研究进展

抗菌肽是在动植物体内发现的氨基酸数目少于100个的一类多肽,是哺乳动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分,具有分子质量小、对热稳定、水溶性好、广谱抗菌和作用机制独特等特点。文章主要综述了几种哺乳动物上皮细胞抗菌肽的分离纯化技术研究概况。     

哺乳动物抗菌肽的研究进展

正抗菌肽(Antibacterial peptide)是生物体用来抵御外来病原入侵而产生的具有抗菌作用的一类小分子蛋白质,具有分子质量小、对热稳定、水溶性好、广谱抗菌和作用机制独特等特点。本文主要对几种哺乳动物抗菌肽研究概况及其开发应用前景做一综述。抗菌肽是生物长期进化过程中保留的先天免疫系统或原生宿主防卫机制中重要的活性分子,是具有抗菌活性的肽类的总称~([1]),是哺乳动物防御系统的一个重要组成部     

绿色饲料添加剂抗菌肽的作用机理及其应用前景

抗菌肽是生物体内诱导产生的一类具有抗菌作用的生物活性肽，是哺乳动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分，具有分子量小、热稳定性好、无免疫原性、抗菌谱广等特点，在机体抵抗病原入侵方面起着重要作用。本文就抗菌肽的结构特点、作用机理、应用研究、研究展望及存在问题等方面进行了综述。     

抗菌肽在断奶仔猪生产中的应用效果研究进展

抗菌肽是由宿主先天性免疫防御系统产生的一类可抵抗外界病原体感染的小分子阳离子多肽。抗菌肽具有抗菌谱广、对多重耐药菌有良好杀伤作用、热稳定性和水溶性好、对哺乳动物正常细胞几乎无毒害作用等特点,因此在畜牧业中有望替代抗生素成为新一代抗菌添加剂。本文主要就抗菌肽在提高断奶仔猪生长性能、减少腹泻、改善肠道平衡以及促进机体免疫功能等方面的作用进行了阐述。     

抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用

抗菌肽是动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分 ,是阳离子型活性肽。目前发现抗菌肽或类似抗菌肽的小分子肽类广泛存在于昆虫、两栖类、水产动物、哺乳动物及植物中 ,这种内源性抗菌肽经诱导而合成 ,在机体抵抗病原的入侵方面起着重要的作用。具有相对分子质量小 ,热稳定性好 ,无免疫原性 ,抗菌谱广等特点。     

绿色饲料添加剂抗菌肽研究进展

抗菌肽是哺乳动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分,具有分子量小、热稳定性好、无免疫原性、抗菌谱广等特点,对畜禽具有促生长、保健和治疗疾病的功能,且无毒副作用、无残留。就抗菌肽的特性及其在饲料中添加的最新研究和应用概况进行了综述,以期为抗菌肽在畜牧业中的应用提供参考。     

抗菌肽SMAP-29研究进展

抗菌肽作为存在于生物体内一类具有广谱抗菌活性的多肽,是宿主非特异性防御系统的重要组成部分,在动物先天免疫机制中具有特殊的意义。目前,在哺乳动物体内发现的10多种抗菌肽都属于Defensins（防御素）和Cathelicidins两大家族。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.