Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments

Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO₃⁻) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO₃-N (300 μg g dw⁻¹) alone, and with NO₃-N and sulfide (H₂S) (100 and 200 μg g dw⁻¹). Nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrite (NO₂⁻), NO₃⁻, ammonium (NH₄⁺), SO₄²⁻ and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H₂S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C₂H₂) addition in microcosms with added H₂S. With no added H₂S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H₂S concentrations generally increased NO₃-N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N₂O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N₂O to N₂ in the absence of C₂H₂, anomalously high transient NO₂-N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH₄-N formation generally decreased due to H₂S addition at the freshwater sites; NH₄-N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H₂S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO₄²⁻-containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH₄⁺ in these coastal freshwater sediments.     

Land use and climate change impacts on soil organic carbon stocks in semi-arid Spain

Purpose

The sensitivity of soil organic carbon to global change drivers, according to the depth profile, is receiving increasing attention because of its importance in the global carbon cycle and its potential feedback to climate change. A better knowledge of the vertical distribution of SOC and its controlling factors—the aim of this study—will help scientists predict the consequences of global change.

Materials and methods

The study area was the Murcia Province (S.E. Spain) under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. The database used consists of 312 soil profiles collected in a systematic grid, each 12 km² covering a total area of 11,004 km². Statistical analysis to study the relationships between SOC concentration and control factors in different soil use scenarios was conducted at fixed depths of 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–100 cm.

Results and discussion

SOC concentration in the top 40 cm ranged between 6.1 and 31.5 g?kg^?1, with significant differences according to land use, soil type and lithology, while below this depth, no differences were observed (SOC concentration 2.1–6.8 g?kg^?1). The ANOVA showed that land use was the most important factor controlling SOC concentration in the 0–40 cm depth. Significant differences were found in the relative importance of environmental and textural factors according to land use and soil depth. In forestland, mean annual precipitation and texture were the main predictors of SOC, while in cropland and shrubland, the main predictors were mean annual temperature and lithology. Total SOC stored in the top 1 m in the region was about 79 Tg with a low mean density of 7.18 kg?Cm^?3. The vertical distribution of SOC was shallower in forestland and deeper in cropland. A reduction in rainfall would lead to SOC decrease in forestland and shrubland, and an increase of mean annual temperature would adversely affect SOC in croplands and shrubland. With increasing depth, the relative importance of climatic factors decreases and texture becomes more important in controlling SOC in all land uses.

Conclusions

Due to climate change, impacts will be much greater in surface SOC, the strategies for C sequestration should be focused on subsoil sequestration, which was hindered in forestland due to bedrock limitations to soil depth. In these conditions, sequestration in cropland through appropriate management practices is recommended.     

滨海盐渍区海水养殖废水利用与减蒸抑盐措施研究

在半干旱的莱州地区,利用微区试验研究了海水养殖废水灌溉和秸秆覆盖双重作用下滨海盐土水盐行为及其耐盐能源作物(菊芋)效应。结果表明:秸秆覆盖能明显抑制土面蒸发,具有很好的保墒效果;秸秆覆盖能明显减弱土壤盐分的表聚作用,有效缓解了盐分对作物的直接接触危害。因海水养殖废水灌溉带入土体的大量盐分通过低频次的补充灌溉措施,以及夏季雨水的自然淋洗,土壤表层盐分在可控范围之内。秸秆覆盖能改善作物株形,显著增加作物产量,为我国滨海盐碱地区高矿化度的咸水资源有效利用以及耐盐能源作物生产提供了基本依据。     

Nutrient accumulation in four ornamental tree species under saline stress conditions

The present investigation was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India to screen four ornamental tree species ideal for salt-affected environment. Screening was done on the basis of nutrient accumulation in leaves and roots. The 1-year-old tree seedlings growing in 10″ pots were subjected to five levels of sodium chloride salinity stress (control, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mM). Experimental design utilized was factorial completely randomized block with three replicates in each treatment. In addition, the sodium (Na⁺)/ potassium (K⁺) ratio in leaves and roots of all ornamental tree species was determined. Based upon nutrients content and Na⁺/K⁺, the order of salinity tolerance observed in the study was Casuarina equisetifolia > Acacia auriculiformis > Callistemon lanceolatus > Putranjiva roxburghii.     

Impact of climate and lithology on soil phytolith-occluded carbon accumulation in eastern China

Purpose

Occlusion of carbon (C) within phytoliths, biogenic silica deposited in plant tissues and returned to the soil, is an important mechanism for long-term terrestrial biogeochemical C sequestration and might play a significant role in mitigating climate change.

Materials and methods

Subtropical and tropical soil profiles (to 100 cm depth) developed on granite and basalt were sampled using a mass-balance approach to explore the influence of climate and lithology on soil phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) accumulation.

Results and discussion

Soil PhytOC storage in the subtropics was significantly greater than in the tropics, with the soil profiles developed on granite storing greater PhytOC than soils derived on basalt. Phytolith and PhytOC content decreased with depth in all soil profiles. Phytolith content showed a positive correlation with the soil bio-available silicon in the soil profiles developed on basalt, while a negative correlation was observed in soil profiles developed on granite.

Conclusions

Climate and lithology have a significant impact on soil PhytOC sequestration. The management of forests (e.g., afforestation and reforestation) and external silicon amendments (e.g., basalt powder amendment) in soils, especially those developed on granite, have the potential to enhance PhytOC accumulation in forest ecosystems.

     

中国沿海半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐植物(菊芋)的研究

An experiment with six treatments： CK1 （rainfed）, CK2 （irrigated with freshwater）, and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, and 1：4 （v/v） was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.）, in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1：1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1：4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.     

Bradford-reactive soil proteins and aggregate stability under abandoned versus tilled olive groves in a semi-arid calcisol

Glomalin, a substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is reported to play a role in soil aggregation, but this role has been questioned in soils rich in calcium carbonate. We studied the relationship between aggregation stability and glomalin in a Haplic Calcisol comparing abandoned and active cultivation of olive groves. Abandonment was associated with increases in soil organic carbon, the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA_1-2mm), and easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. WSA_1-2mm was strongly positively correlated with both easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. While easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein measured in both stable and unstable aggregates did not show any significant differences, Bradford-reactive soil protein was twice as high in stable than in unstable aggregates under both tillage and abandonment. Our results suggest that Bradford-reactive soil protein influences aggregate stability, even in soils with low organic matter and high calcium carbonate contents. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein in soil aggregation.     

Long-term manure application increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization through accumulation of unprotected and physically protected carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and nitrogen(N) mineralization are important biogeochemical processes associated with soil fertility. These processes are influenced by physically, chemically, and biologically stabilized SOC fractions, the mechanisms of which are not well known. The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of manure and mineral fertilizers on the contents of SOC fractions to promote the mineralization of SOC and N.Treatments included: i) no fertilizer control(CK); ii)...     

秸秆还田对盐渍土团聚体稳定性及碳氮含量的影响

以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为研究对象,分析了3种盐渍化程度(轻度、中度、重度)和3 a连续秸秆还田下土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性以及各级团聚体C、N含量的变化。研究结果表明:重度盐渍土0.25～2 mm和0.053～0.25 mm团聚体所占比例显著低于轻度和中度盐渍土;土壤盐分含量与0.25～2mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮的分配比例、0.053～0.25 mm团聚体中全氮的分配比例成显著负相关。秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和0.25 mm团聚体所占比例(R0.25)分别增加47.6%、39.7%和54.0%,使中度盐渍土MWD、GMD和R0.25分别增加31.0%、31.9%和31.4%;各粒级中秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土0.053～0.25 mm粒级有机碳和全氮含量增加最多,增加比例分别为29.1%和28.8%,该粒级中C、N分配比例也显著提高;秸秆还田使中度盐渍土0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳及其分配比例提高最多,比例分别为56.1%和58.7%。秸秆还田对轻度和中度盐渍土团聚体的稳定性均起到了明显的改善作用,但不同盐渍土秸秆还田对土壤团聚体C、N分布的影响明显不同。     

Linkage between soil organic carbon and the utilization of soil microbial carbon under plastic film mulching in a semi-arid agroecosystem in China

ABSTRACT

Studying changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and soil microbial C substrate utilization under plastic mulching in different seasons is of great significance for improving soil fertility and sustainable agricultural development. Based on a 2-year plastic film mulching experiment in northeastern China, we investigated the SOC, labile SOC fractions under three treatments: non-mulching (NM), autumn mulching (AM) and spring mulching (SM). The results showed that SOC decreased with soil depth under the AM and SM treatments compared with the NM treatment. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under the AM treatment increased significantly in the 0–10 cm soil layer, by 31.2% and 27.2% (p < 0.05), respectively. The AM treatment significantly increased the utilization of amino acids and carbohydrate C sources. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that MBC was the main factor influencing microbial metabolic functional diversity and accounted for the largest variation in the 0–10 cm layer. Pearson’s correlation analysis illustrated that MBC was strongly correlated with the utilization of the microbial C substrate. We suggest that AM may be an effective and sustainable management practice for improving soil quality and maintaining microbial functional diversity in semi-arid agroecosystems in this area.     

Simulation of forest and wood product carbon budget under a changing climate in Finland

Flows of carbon (C) in the forest ecosystem were simulated with a gap-phase dynamics type model, while flows of C in wood products were simulated using a model that processes raw material into final products. In southern Finland, the ratio between gross production and total storage for the 500 year period was 3052–3572 Mg C ha^?1: 192–223 Mg C ha^?1 under the current climate and 4257–5096 Mg C ha^?1: 260–318 Mg C ha^?1 under the predicted changing climate. In northern Finland, the respective ratios were 1721–2021 Mg C ha^?1: 103–134 Mg C ha^?1 and 3409–4475 Mg C ha^?1: 212–244 Mg C ha^?1. The average total C storage in southern Finland over the 500 year period was 174–181 Mg C ha^?1 under the current climate, and 206–217 Mg C ha^?1 under the changing climate. In northern Finland, average total storage was 101 Mg C ha^?1 under the current climate, and 191–198 Mg C ha^?1 under the changing climate. The average C storages in unmanaged forest ecosystems under the current climate and under changing climate were 200 and 191 Mg C ha^?1 respectively in southern Finland, and 142 and 193 Mg C ha^?1 in northern Finland. Approximately 27–43% of total C was stored in wood products over a 500 year period. Wood products contributed 15–22% of the total emissions to the atmosphere. Over short periods, C sequestration potentials are much greater than over longer periods.     

干旱对夏玉米碳素同化、运转与分配的影响研究

试验研究全生育期干旱对夏玉米光合特性及C素同化、运转及分配的影响结果表明,水分胁迫对夏玉米各生育期C素代谢的自身规律影响较小,主要是改变C素同化、运转、分配的绝对量和分配率。水分胁迫下夏玉米干物质及其各器官干物质累积速率降低,总量减少,且不同器官干物质转移率、转移量及其对雌穗重的贡献发生改变,叶面积系数、叶绿素含量和光合速率减少,分配、转移到生殖器官的同化物减少。充分供水处理具有最大的干物质累积量和正常的C素代谢,合理的水分供应促进玉米植株生育前期总生物量的积累以及生育后期干物质从营养体向籽粒的转移,成熟期营养器官中的非结构性碳水化合物滞留少,向籽粒中的运转彻底,可获得较高籽粒产量。     

长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异

  【目的】  提高土壤有机碳水平对提升农田生产力有重要意义。基于长期定位施肥试验,比较施肥影响下相同成土母质发育的红壤性稻田和旱地土壤的总有机碳 (TOC) 及其组分的积累差异,以深入理解红壤有机碳的固持及稳定机制。  【方法】  稻田和旱地长期施肥试验分别始于1981和1986年,包含CK (不施肥对照)、NPK (施氮磷钾化肥) 和NPKM (有机无机肥配施) 3个处理,在2017年晚稻和晚玉米收获后,采集两个试验上述处理的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土样,通过硫酸水解法分离土壤活性与惰性有机碳,测定并计算土壤中TOC及其组分的含量及储量,并利用Jenny模型拟合试验期间耕层土壤TOC含量的变化动态,估算土壤固碳潜力。  【结果】  与CK相比,长期施肥可提高稻田和旱地土壤各有机碳组分的含量,且NPKM处理的效果优于NPK处理。相比于稻田土壤,施肥对旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的提升更加明显。NPK和NPKM处理下,旱地土壤活性有机碳组分Ⅰ、活性有机碳组分Ⅱ、惰性有机碳含量的增幅分别是稻田土壤的2.7、2.7、5.8倍和2.0、1.4和2.5倍。不论施肥与否,稻田土壤TOC的固存量和固存潜力均显著高于旱地土壤。施肥促进土壤固碳,在稻田和旱地土壤上,NPKM处理的TOC固存量分别是NPK处理的1.7和25.5倍,TOC固存潜力则分别是NPK处理的1.4和5.8倍。长期不同施肥均显著提高稻田和旱地土壤年均碳投入量,线性拟合方程表明,随碳投入量增加,土壤活性有机碳储量的累积对稻田、旱地土壤TOC储量累积的贡献率分别达64.7%、44.6%。不同处理间稻田与旱地土壤活性有机碳 (包括活性有机碳组分Ⅰ与活性有机碳组分Ⅱ) 含量的差异可解释其TOC含量差异的52.9%～60.0%。  【结论】  与施氮磷钾化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可更好的促进土壤固碳,且在旱地土壤上的促进作用比在稻田土壤上更为明显。与稻田土壤相比,旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的变化对长期施肥的响应更敏感,且在施氮磷钾化肥条件下表现更为明显。红壤性稻田和旱地土壤TOC积累的主要贡献组分分别为活性有机碳和惰性有机碳。红壤植稻虽有利于有机碳固持,但红壤性稻田土壤的活性碳占比较高,可能易因不当管理而发生损失。     

Performance of some under‐explored crops under saline irrigation in a semiarid climate in Northwest India

Growing salt‐tolerant under‐explored crops utilizing saline ground water can provide for an economic use of abandoned semiarid lands. Field trials were conducted between 1999 and 2003 on a calcareous soil in a semiarid region of northwest India. Woody perennials were planted at the sill of furrows and irrigated with water of high salinity (EC 10–28 dS m⁻¹), low salinity (EC 5–9 dS m⁻¹) and alternately with these two waters. Woody species included Azadirachta indica, Cordia rothii, Salvadora persica, Jatropha curcas, J. gossipifolia, Ricinus communis, Catharanthus roseus, Adhatoda vasica and Aloe barbadensis. Most of these could be grown successfully but S. persica—a highly salt‐tolerant halophyte—though it produced huge biomass, could not yield mature fruit due to frost injury. The salinity build up in the soil was greater during low‐rainfall years, but a good rainfall year, e.g. 714 mm in 2001, helped to leach out the accumulated salts. The uptake of Na⁺ in plants was greater when irrigated with water of high salinity, while K⁺ accumulation was greater with water of low salinity. Na⁺ accumulation was higher in roots as compared to other parts except in Jatropha and Salvadora, while K⁺ accumulation was greater in leaves. There was a negative correlation between Na⁺ and K⁺ accumulation and a positive correlation between Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Thus, saline water (ECiw 12 dS m⁻¹) can successfully be used for growing several under‐explored crops of high economic value. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic carbon in soil physical fractions under different-aged plantations of Mongolian pine in semi-arid region of Northeast China

In order to understand the changes of surface soil carbon (C) storage following the afforestation of sandy grasslands, we used physical fractionation procedures to quantify C concentrations and sucrase enzyme activity in bulk soil and different particle fractions along two replicate chronosequences of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) plantations in the southeastern Keerqin Sand Lands, Northeast China. Carbon concentration in bulk topsoil (0–15 cm) initially decreased following afforestation of grassland and subsequently increased as the forest matured. In general, this pattern of C concentration changes was associated with all particle-size fractions (except clays) and both macro- and microaggregates. The patterns of topsoil C were also influenced by wind erosion and deposition, with marked increases in the relative mass of silt and fine sand fractions occurring during forest development. The loss of aggregates immediately following afforestation was counteracted by formation of aggregates as the forests developed, contributing to the stabilization of carbon. To enhance soil C storage during afforestation of sandy soils in such semi-arid regions it is recommended to minimize disruption of grassland vegetation during the planting stage.     

The effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on emissions of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from a wheat field in a semi-arid environment in northern China

There are no reports on the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO₂] on the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ from semi-arid wheat cropping systems. These three soil gas fluxes were measured using closed chambers under ambient (420 ± 18 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (565 ± 37 μmol mol⁻¹) at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experimental facility in northern China. Measurements were made over five weeks on a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zhongmai 175). Elevated [CO₂] increased N₂O and CO₂ emission from soil by 60% and 15%, respectively, but had no significant effect on CH₄ flux. There was no significant interaction between [CO₂] and N application rate on these gas fluxes, probably because soil N was not limiting. At least 22% increase in C storage is required to offset the observed increase in greenhouse gas emissions under elevated [CO₂].     

Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestration potential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems

Long-term soil carbon (C) dynamics in agro-ecosystems is controlled by interactions of climate, soil and agronomic management. A modeling approach is a useful tool to understand the interactions, especially over long climatic sequences. In this paper, we examine the performance of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to predict the long-term soil C dynamics under various agricultural practices at four semi-arid sites across the wheat-belt of eastern Australia. We further assessed the underlying factors that regulate soil C dynamics in the top 30 cm of soil through scenario analysis using the validated model. The results show that APSIM is able to predict aboveground biomass production and soil C dynamics at the study sites. Scenario analyses indicate that nitrogen (N) fertilization combined with residue retention (SR) has the potential to significantly slow or reverse the loss of C from agricultural soils. Optimal N fertilization (N_opt) and 100% SR, increased soil C by 13%, 46% and 45% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarelee, respectively. Continuous lucerne pasture was the most efficient strategy to accumulate soil C, resulting in increases of 49%, 57% and 50% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarlee, respectively. In contrast, soil C decreases regardless of agricultural practices as a result of cultivation of natural soils at the Brigalow site. Soil C input, proportional to the amount of retained residue, is a significant predictor of soil C change. At each site, water and nitrogen availability and their interaction, explain more than 59% of the variation in soil C. Across the four sites, mean air temperature has significant (P < 0.05) effects on soil C change. There was greater soil C loss at sites with higher temperature. Our simulations suggest that detailed information on agricultural practices, land use history and local environmental conditions must be explicitly specified to be able to make plausible predictions of the soil C balance in agro-ecosystems at different agro-ecological scales.     

秸秆全量还田条件下玉米磷素吸收特征与磷肥适宜用量研究

  【目的】  探究长期秸秆全量深翻还田后玉米磷素累积特征及产量变化,以期为确定秸秆全量还田条件下的磷肥适宜用量提供理论依据。  【方法】  本试验于2017—2019年在吉林省公主岭市和朝阳坡镇进行,双因素设计,主因素为磷肥水平,P₂O₅用量分别为0 kg/hm2 (P0)、45 kg/hm2 (P45)、90 kg/hm2 (P90)、135 kg/hm2 (P135)和180 kg/hm2 (P180),副因素为玉米品种,分别为富民985 (Fumin 985)和翔玉211 (Xiangyu 211)。测定开花期及成熟期各部位磷素吸收量、产量及其构成。  【结果】  地点、年份和磷处理3个因素及其交互作用对玉米产量、收获穗数、穗粒数和百粒重均有极显著影响 (P<0.01);P90处理的产量、收获穗数和百粒重均最高,较P0处理分别增加了14.4%、6.15%和5.78% (P<0.05)。与P0处理相比,2017—2019年两地的花前磷累积比例均有一定程度的增加,以P90处理的增幅最大,其中朝阳坡2018和2019年P90处理的花前磷累积比例较P0处理分别显著增加24.5%和15.5% (P<0.05)。玉米的磷吸收量特别是秸秆中的磷累积量较为稳定,受施磷水平的影响较小,但籽粒的磷累积量呈先升后降的趋势;与P0处理相比,2017年公主岭P90和P135两处理籽粒磷素吸收量增幅显著,分别为22.3%和14.6% (P<0.05);2017—2019年朝阳坡P90处理的籽粒磷素吸收量显著提高,增幅为7.03%～12.5% (P<0.05)。当施磷水平为90 kg/hm2时,磷转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率达到较高水平。通过一元二次方程将3年两点数据进行拟合,得出公主岭和朝阳坡最高产量分别为12161和12435 kg/hm2,对应的最佳经济施磷量分别为77.2和71.9 kg/hm2;两地拟合后的最佳经济施磷量为74.6 kg/hm2。  【结论】  当施磷水平小于90 kg/hm2时,增施磷肥对提高花前的磷累积比例、籽粒磷素吸收量、转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率有积极作用。在多年秸秆全量深翻还田背景下,玉米施磷(P₂O₅)量在71.9～77.2 kg/hm2,可达到12 t/hm2的产量水平。     

Soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon under typical natural halophyte communities in arid saline areas of Northwest China

Information on the effects of halophyte communities on soil organic carbon(SOC)is useful for sequestrating C in arid regions.In this study,we identified four typical natural halophyte communities in the Manasi River Basin in Xinjiang Province,Northeast China,namely,Karelinia caspia(Pall.)Less.,Bassia dasyphylla(Fisch.et C.A.Mey.)Kuntze,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge,and Tamarix ramosissima Lour.We compared soil aggregation and aggregated-associated SOC under these communities.The aggregate fraction of 0.053–0.25 mm accounted for 47%–75%of the total soil mass,significantly more than the>0.25 and<0.053 mm fractions,under all the halophyte communities.Significant differences in soil aggregate size distribution were observed among the plant communities,with the H.ammodendron and B.dasyphylla communities showing the highest proportions of>0.25 mm aggregates(13.3%–43.8%)and T.ramosissima community having more<0.053 mm aggregates(14.1%–27.2%).Aggregate-associated SOC concentrations were generally the highest in the>0.25 mm fraction,followed by the<0.053 mm fraction,and were the lowest in the 0.053–0.25 mm fraction;however,because of their large mass,0.25–0.053 mm aggregates contributed significantly more to the total SOC.Total SOC concentrations(0–60 cm depth)decreased in the order of H.ammodendron(5.7 g kg^-1)>T.ramosissima(4.9 g kg^-1)>K.caspia(4.2 g kg^-1)>B.dasyphylla(3.4 g kg^-1).The H.ammodendron community had the highest total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC,which was primarily because aggregate-associated SOC content at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths under this community were higher than those under other plant communities.The H.ammodendron community could be beneficial for increasing SOC in saline soils in the arid region.