城镇化进程中农户土地退出意愿影响因素分析

随着城镇化进程的不断加快,鼓励农户退出土地承包经营权以提高土地资源的利用效率成为解决土地资源短缺的关键途径。为了分析农户土地承包经营权退出意愿的影响因素,利用陕西省关中地区579户农户调研数据,运用结构方程模型,对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素及影响方向进行了研究。研究结果表明:农户家庭特征中的人均收入、离最近县城的距离、家庭总收入、户主文化程度,农户生产特征中的农业收入、耕地经营面积、劳动力数量,农户意识特征中的农户产权意识、农户行为意识、农户福利意识、农户技能意识,对农户的退地意愿产生显著影响。研究结果表明农户土地承包经营权退出意愿是受到多因素综合影响的,并且各影响因素之间也存在一定的共变关系。对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素进行分析可以为制定合理的土地退出政策和机制提供意见参考。     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

我国农牧交错带资源环境现状与可持续发展对策

阐述了我国东部农区与西部牧区之间生态过渡带———农牧交错带独特资源与环境特征 ,指出该区应打破系统的封闭性 ,引进负熵促进系统从无序向有序、从低级向高级演化 ,调整农业产业结构 ,使农牧业系统良性耦合 ,实现资源优化配置 ,积极扩大对内对外开放 ,获取外源能量流、物质流、价值流和信息流 ,开拓新的经济增长点和就业渠道     

云南省东川银合欢林区重塑土三轴抗剪强度实验研究

为研究固氮植物的固土机制,在中国科学院东川蒋家沟泥石流观测研究站银合欢林区选取5棵树龄相当的银合欢树,于植株附近1m处分别挖取深2m,宽1m的土壤剖面取土并采取银合欢树根,对含有银合欢树根的重塑土进行三轴实验。分析了抗剪强度、黏聚力及内摩擦角与含根量及根径的关系。实验结果表明,抗剪强度与含根量及根径均呈正相关,黏聚力与含根量及根径均呈正相关,内摩擦角受含根量及根径的影响较小,在一定程度上呈负相关。准黏聚力准则与该实验结果一致,同时也存在不同之处,即随着含根量的增多及根径的增大,土体的黏聚力提高,但在一定程度上土体内摩擦角有所降低。定量评价银合欢根系在提高土体抗剪强度方面所起的作用,对利用生物工程措施在该区域进行生态修复有着重要的应用价值。     

2002年荔枝大丰收的气象成因分析

通过对2001／2002年度玉林市荔枝生育期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析，得出2002年获得大丰收的主要原因是关键发育期气侯条件好：秋梢抽生期雨水正常；冬季在寒冷和干旱的双重作用下花芽发育比较完全；春季气侯温暖雨量适中雨日偏少有利于荔枝的孕蕾和开花授粉；幼果期和膨大期气象条件也很正常。气侯条件比历史上最高产的1999年更优。     

墙体材料及其组合对日光温室墙体保温性能的影响

堆肥是由群落结构演替非常迅速的多个微生物群体共同作用而实现固体废物资源化、无害化的动态过程。本文在综合国内外文献资料的基础上,结合本实验室的研究工作,从堆肥过程中微生物群落的演替、有机物降解菌的选育应用、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)在堆肥微生物研究中的应用等方面介绍了现代堆肥过程中微生物研究的进展及存在问题,并且指出堆肥过程中微生物菌系组成变化复杂和实验手段有限是限制本研究的主要因素,今后应重视利用分子生物学方法进行微生物的研究工作,并根据微生物之间的协同关系有目的地构建降解多种有机废弃物的高效稳定复合菌系,以适应复杂的堆肥环境。     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

生物肥料多功能芽孢杆菌的筛选及其作用机理研究

本研究旨在筛选出多功能芽孢菌株及其组合,并对其促生机理进行研究。通过平板对峙法、 发酵液拮抗活性的测定、 盆栽试验、 土壤养分测定和植株根域土壤区系分析从9株供试芽孢杆菌中进行多功能菌株的筛选,并通过室内相容性试验,得到功能菌株最佳复配组合。除菌株B02和B08外,其余菌株都具有抑制多种病原真菌和促进植株生长的作用。菌株B04的促生作用较强,在生长30 d和60 d时总干重比对照分别增加了28.4% 和44.6%; 菌株B06的抑病作用较强, 对8种植物病原真菌的R2/R1为0.4~1.8,无菌滤液对8种植物病原真菌的抑制率为66.7%~87.5%; 此外,菌株B01具有活化氮和磷的作用,B03、 B04、 B05和B06具有活化氮和钾的作用,B07具有活化钾的作用,B09具有活化氮、 磷和钾的作用,氮的活化率为8.4%~23.2%,磷的活化率为3.5%~8.4%,钾的活化率为4.2%~26.8%。菌株室内相容性试验结果表明, 最佳复配组合为B04-B06-B07和B01-B04-B07。供试9株芽孢杆菌都具有抑病、 促生、 活化养分和改善微生物区系作用中的一种或一种以上功能。多功能芽孢杆菌的菌群组合研究的理论依据可靠可行,实践依据还有待进一步研究。     

豆科牧草对黄绵土生态因素影响研究

用定位试验方法研究了豆科和禾本科作物对陇东黄绵土生态因素的影响。结果表明:黄绵土坡地养分、泥沙和水的流失量,多年生豆科牧草地最少,未耕裸露地较大,黄豆地最大;土壤酶活性,豆科作物地高于禾本科作物地,苜蓿地>红豆草>裸地>黄豆地;暴雨期拦蓄降水的作用,苜蓿和红豆草大于冬小麦,利用自然资源、同化环境中养分的功能,苜蓿>红豆草>冬小麦,而三者的土壤养分变化没有质的差异。研究证明,多年生豆科牧草对土壤生态和形成良性生态体系具有良好作用。     

Comparative study of the capacity of germination and of adhesion of various hydrocolloids used for revegetalization by hydroseeding

In order to optimize the revegetalization of damaged natural sites, it is sometimes necessary to employ hydroseeding techniques which use colloidal compounds in order to favour the creation of a vegetative cover. To facilitate the choice of the colloids to be used, we have tested the capacity of adhesion and germination of herbaceous seeds mixed with colloidal compounds belonging to diverse chemical families in both the laboratory and outdoor conditions. Three commonly used species of herbaceous seeds usually found in the revegetalization mixture were used for the tests. Most of the compounds tested showed positive action. With the laboratory experiments, the alginates were most effective in improving germination and adhesion. With the outdoor experiments, the cellulosis compounds proved to be the most effective for seeds adhesion, germination and to prevent erosion. An empirical mathematical relationship was proposed between the viscosity of the solution and the capacity of adhesion. The suggested tests are simple and may help in the choice of the most suitable colloids for the revegetalization process. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于典型叶片模板自动匹配的虫损叶面积测量

为了定量化评估农作物的虫害程度,提出了一种基于典型叶片模板自动匹配的叶片虫损面积测量新方法。先将叶片图像二值化并提取其外轮廓;再对提取的轮廓进行多边形近似,以多边形的顶点为端点将叶片外轮廓划分成若干子轮廓;然后采用形状上下文对完整叶片与虫损叶片之间的子轮廓进行自动配准,找出其间的相互映射关系;最后根据映射关系对虫损叶片进行重建,计算出虫损面积。对10类不同叶片的测量分析表明：该方法平均每叶片耗时0.962 s,最大相对误差为8.22%,平均相对误差为4.78%。其中,形状复杂度高的叶片平均相对误差为7.48%,复杂度中等的叶片为5.99%,复杂度低的叶片为1.84%。结果表明,该方法能准确而快速地测量虫损叶面积。     

浑水渗流对粗粒土渗透特性的影响

粗粒土常常作为农业水土工程、水利工程和土壤特性改良工程的重要材料和载体,在浑水渗流作用下,其特性的变化对工程应用有重要影响。该研究推导了浑水渗流作用下,圆管中粗粒土渗流计算式,并采用自制装置系统分析了浑水渗流作用下粗粒土的渗透特性,探讨了粗粒土的水力梯度、渗透系数、渗流量以及孔隙填充率的变化规律,并将推导的理论式与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：在水力、几何条件均满足的前提下,浑水在粗粒土中的渗流可分为3个阶段,分别是细颗粒运移畅通阶段（阶段1）,孔隙堵塞和运移并存阶段（阶段2）和粗粒土顶部淤积分层阶段（阶段3）,粗粒土在各阶段表现出不同的渗透和物理特性;粗粒土渗透特性主要受到浑水浓度和水头的影响,随着浓度和水头的增大,浑水中细颗粒在粗粒土中的运移、堵塞和淤积会加剧,粗粒土整体的水力梯度会增大,而渗透系数会逐渐减小;粗粒土的不均匀系数是影响浑水渗流过程的重要因素,不均匀系数越大粗粒土内部孔隙率就越小,细颗粒运移的通道越不畅通,更容易发生堵塞和淤积;随着水头的增大,在较大渗透力的作用下细颗粒的运移会更容易,但也加快了内部堵塞和顶部淤积的速度,细颗粒持续向下运移的距离也会减小;随着浑水浓度的增大,粗粒土顶部的孔隙会快速沉积、封堵,细颗粒运移速度和距离都会被削弱;试验完成后,粗粒土柱沿着渗流路径方向自上而下孔隙率逐渐较小,在0～5 cm范围内下降梯度最大,5～20 cm范围下降趋缓。研究结果揭示了浑水渗流作用下粗粒土抗渗透特性的变化规律,为浑水渗流和工程应用提供理论支持。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.     

Approaches to the Assessment of the Efficiency of Remediation of Oil-Polluted Soils

Indices characterizing the enzymatic activity of soils and the contents of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been applied for estimating the efficiency of remediation of oil-polluted soils in the north of European Russia. Oil-polluted test plots treated with the Universal and Roder biopreparations and subjected to the agrochemical reclamation have been examined. The suggested indices can be used to diagnose and monitor the oil-polluted soils and to assess the efficiency of their remediation.     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

河溪生态系统自然性评价指标体系

 从河溪生态系统自然性评价的意义出发,以北京市南沙河为案例,确定河溪自然性评价的3大类指标,即河溪生态特征指标、地貌学指标、水文学指标。在3大类指标中,分别给出各自具有可操作性的亚指标,详细介绍亚指标的计算方法和分级标准。采用指标数量化的评价方法—多目标线性加权函数法,计算河溪自然性综合指数—自然度。应用这种方法对南沙河自然状况进行综合评价的结果是,南沙河整体受到了较为严重的人为干扰,自然状况较差。通过河溪自然性评价图直观反映了南沙河的受扰程度。     

Development and use of a database of hydraulic properties of European soils

Many environmental studies on the protection of European soil and water resources make use of soil water simulation models. A major obstacle to the wider application of these models is the lack of easily accessible and representative soil hydraulic properties. In order to overcome this apparent lack of data, a project was initiated to bring together the available hydraulic data which resided within different institutions in Europe into one central database. This information was then used to derive a set of pedotransfer functions applicable to studies at a European scale. These pedotransfer functions predict the hydraulic properties from parameters collected during soil surveys and can be a good alternative for costly and time-consuming direct measurement of these properties. A total of 20 institutions from 12 European countries collaborated in establishing the database of draulic operties of uropean oils (HYPRES). This database has a flexible relational structure capable of holding a wide diversity of both soil pedological and hydraulic data. As these data were contributed by 20 different institutions it was necessary to standardise both the particle-size and the hydraulic data. A novel similarity interpolation procedure was successfully used to achieve standardization of particle-sizes according to the FAO clay, silt and sand particle-size ranges. Standardization of hydraulic data was achieved by fitting the Mualem-van Genuchten model parameters to the individual θ(h) and K(h) hydraulic properties stored in HYPRES. The HYPRES database contains information on a total of 5521 soil horizons (including replicates). Of these, 4030 horizons had sufficient data to be used in the derivation of pedotransfer functions. Information on both water retention and hydraulic conductivity was available for 1136 horizons whereas 2894 horizons had only information on water retention. Each soil horizon was allocated to one of 11 possible soil textural/pedological classes derived from the six FAO texture classes (five mineral and one organic) and the two pedological classes (topsoil and subsoil) recognised within the 1:1 000 000 scale Soil Geographical Data Base of Europe. Next, both class and continuous pedotransfer functions were developed. By using the class pedotransfer functions in combination with the 1:1 000 000 scale Soil Map of Europe, the spatial distribution of soil water availability within Europe was derived.     

Confirmation of bioactivities of active ingredients of nemarioc-AL and nemafric-BL phytonematicides

Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides consistently reduced populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. The contribution of juvenile hatch inhibition to the overall reduction of the nematode numbers by the two phytonematicides, with cucurbitacin A and B as active ingredients, respectively, remains undocumented. The objectives of this study were to examine (i) the response of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) hatch to increasing concentration of cucurbitacins A and B, (ii) the potential saturation of J2 hatch when exposed to cucurbitacins for extended incubation periods, (iii) the minimum inhibition concentration for J2 hatch and (iv) the reversibility of J2 hatch inhibition.. Eggs of M. incognita were exposed to a series of purified cucurbitacin A and B concentrations over five incubation periods of 24, 48, 72?h and extended incubation periods of 7 and 10 days. Methanol-dissolved cucurbitacin A and B were each diluted and pipetted into well-plates making 11 concentrations, ranging from 0.0 to 2.5 µg.ml^?1 water solvent. Juvenile counts were made after 24, 48 and 72?h, with those for saturation assessed at 7 and 10 days. Thereafter, treatments were diluted five times, incubated again for 5 days and counted to establish reversibility of J2 hatch inhibition. In all incubation periods, treatment effects were highly significant (P?≤?0.01), with J2 hatch and cucurbitacin concentrations exhibiting quadratic relations. Minimum inhibition concentrations of the two cucurbitacins were between 1.13 and 1.40?µg.ml^?1. Treatment effects for reversibility to J2 hatch inhibition were not significant (P?>?0.05). In conclusion, J2 hatch inhibition could be one of the waysthrough which the two phytonematicides reduced population densities of Meloidogyne species.     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

养殖粪水长期贮存过程理化特性变化规律

目前中国中小规模畜禽养殖场主要采用自然贮存后还田的形式处理养殖粪水,受场地制约,养殖粪水贮存时间通常仅有1～2个月,之后便直接还田利用,贮存后的粪水理化特性变化尚不清楚,是否适宜直接还田尚需研究。该研究以猪粪水和牛粪水为研究对象,重点分析粪水在长期贮存中粪大肠菌群、电导率(Electrical Conductance,EC)以及化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的变化,分析粪水最佳贮存期及还田利用方式,以期为粪水资源化及安全还田提供参考。结果表明,粪水经自然贮存6个月,铵态氮损失达68%以上,不仅引起环境污染,且降低了养分;贮存后粪水基本可达到无害化要求,但pH值、EC值以及COD浓度仍然偏高,还田前应制定合理的粪水资源化利用方案;固液分离可以有效降低粪水中的COD浓度和EC值,促进粪水无害化进程。该研究为中国畜禽养殖粪水资源化用探索了新的技术路径。