The oxidation of soil organic matter by KBrO for particle size determination

Abstract

The oxidation of soil humus by alkaline KBrO solution at boiling temperature has been shown to be successful even with samples as carbonaceous underwater soils. With these soils treatment with H₂O₂ produces a cohesive foam which prevents further oxidation.     

Straw incorporation and soil organic matter in macro-aggregates and particle size separates

Two field experiments in which straw has been removed or incorporated for 17 yr (loamy sand) and 10 yr (sandy clay loam) were sampled to examine the effect of straw on the C and N contents in whole soil samples, macro-aggregate fractions and primary particle-size separates. The particle size composition of the aggregate fractions was determined. Aggregates were isolated by dry sieving. Straw incorporation increased the number of 1–20 mm aggregates in the loamy sand but no effect was noted in the sandy clay loam. Straw had no effect on the particle size composition of the various aggregate fractions. After correction for loose sand that accumulated in the aggregate fractions during dry sieving, macro-aggregates appeared to be enriched in clay and silt compared with whole soil samples. Because of the possible detachment of sand particles from the exterior surface of aggregates during sieving operations, it was inferred that the particle size composition of macro-aggregates is similar to that of the bulk soil. The organic matter contents of the aggregate fractions were closely correlated with their clay + silt contents. Differences in the organic matter content of clay isolated from whole soil samples and aggregate fractions were generally small. This was also true for the silt-size separates. In both soils, straw incorporation increased the organic matter content of nearly all clay and silt separates; for silt this was generally twice that observed for clay. The amounts of soil C, derived from straw, left in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam at the time of sampling were 4.4 and 4.5 t ha^?1, corresponding to 12 and 21% of the straw C added. The C/N ratios of the straw-derived soil organic matter were 11 and 12 for the loamy sand and sandy clay loam, respectively.     

Input related microbial carbon dynamic of soil organic matter in particle size fractions

This paper investigated the flow of carbon into different groups of soil microorganisms isolated from different particle size fractions. Two agricultural sites of contrasting organic matter input were compared. Both soils had been submitted to vegetation change from C3 (Rye/Wheat) to C4 (Maize) plants, 25 and 45 years ago. Soil carbon was separated into one fast-degrading particulate organic matter fraction (POM) and one slow-degrading organo-mineral fraction (OMF). The structure of the soil microbial community were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and turnover of single PLFAs was calculated from the changes in their ¹³C content. Soil enzyme activities involved in the degradation of carbohydrates was determined using fluorogenic MUF (methyl-umbelliferryl phosphate) substrates.We found that fresh organic matter input drives soil organic matter dynamic. Higher annual input of fresh organic matter resulted in a higher amount of fungal biomass in the POM-fraction and shorter mean residence times. Fungal activity therefore seems essential for the decomposition and incorporation of organic matter input into the soil. As a consequence, limited litter input changed especially the fungal community favoring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Altogether, supply and availability of fresh plant carbon changed the distribution of microbial biomass, the microbial community structure and enzyme activities and resulted in different priming of soil organic matter.Most interestingly we found that only at low input the OMF fraction had significantly higher calculated MRT for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria suggesting high recycling of soil carbon or the use of other carbon sources. But on average all microbial groups had nearly similar carbon uptake rates in all fractions and both soils, which contrasted the turnover times of bulk carbon. Hereby the microbial carbon turnover was always faster than the soil organic carbon turnover and higher carbon input reduced the carbon storage efficiency from 51% in the low input to 20%. These findings suggest that microbial community preferentially assimilated fresh carbon sources but also used recycled existing soil carbon. However, the priming rate was drastically reduced under carbon limitation. In consequence at high carbon availability more carbon was respired to activate the existing soil carbon (priming) whereas at low carbon availability new soil carbon was formed at higher efficiencies.     

去除水分影响提高土壤有机质含量高光谱估测精度

土壤水分的影响是当前采用光谱分析法预测土壤养分含量的关键问题,该文旨在探索去除土壤水分影响、提高有机质高光谱定量估测精度的方法。首先采用地物光谱仪进行湿土和过筛干土的高光谱测试,并进行一阶导数变换;然后,采用奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)结合相关分析筛选土壤水分特征光谱,构建去除水分因素的修正系数,形成湿土光谱的校正光谱;最后基于校正前后湿土光谱,应用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)回归构建土壤有机质含量的估测模型,并对模型进行验证和比较,分析评价校正前后光谱的预测精度。结果显示:按土壤水分含量梯度划分的2组和全部棕壤及褐土土样共4组样本校正后建模决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.85、0.82、0.74、0.76和0.19%、0.20%、0.23%、0.19%,决定系数提高了0.02~0.09,均方根误差降低了0.01~0.03百分点,验证决定系数、均方根误差和相对分析误差分别为0.78、0.77、0.72、0.76,0.21%、0.15%、0.21%、0.15%和2.03、2.02、1.86、1.98,决定系数提高了0.06~0.15,均方根误差除褐土土样提高0.02百分点外,其他样本组降低了0.01~0.08百分点,相对分析误差提高了0.17~0.43,模型决定系数和相对分析误差得到显著提升;尤其对于土壤水分含量变异系数较小的3组土样,模型从待改进级别提高到性能良好级别,对土壤有机质含量具有较好的预测准确性。说明该方法用于去除土壤水分因素影响和提高有机质含量高光谱估测精度的有效性。     

The effect of organic matter content on soil erosion in simulated rainfall experiments in W. Sussex, UK

Abstract. The effect of organic matter content and other soil properties on soil erosion in the Rogate area, West Sussex, UK, was assessed using a rainfall simulator. Thirty soil samples (Podzols, Brown sands, Brown earths, Alluvial gley and Podzolized brown sands) collected from eroded and uneroded fields were exposed to 50 mm/h and 70 mm/h simulated rainfall. The results show that organic matter content influences soil erosion, through its effect on the stability of aggregates.     

Adsorption of Pseudomonas putida on soil particle size fractions: effects of solution chemistry and organic matter

Purpose  

Attachment of bacteria on soil particles is ubiquitous and governs the transformation of nutrients and degradation of pollutants in soil and associated environments. The nature on the binding of bacteria by soil particles has remained unclear. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the adsorption of Pseudomonas putida on particle size fractions from an Ultisol as influenced by solution chemistry and organic matter.     

The PAH and organic content of sediment particle size fractions

A comparison of declining forests in Alaska, British columbia, and the Pacific Northwest United States to forest declines in eastern North America indicated that strong similarities existed and justified the use of the western forest region as an ‘acid rain’ control. The current level of wet acidic deposition over the western region was one-quarter that of eastern Canada and the United States. The onset of crown dieback on Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (1900) and Pinus monticola (1936) did not relate to the incidence of regional air pollution but to extreme climatic variation. The injury mechanism differentiating persistent decline on Pinus monticola from sporadic but transient dieback, which was observed on a larger number of conifer and deciduous tree species, was believed to be cavitation. This dysfunction of the xylem was induced by anomalous winter thaw-freeze conditions in 1936 followed by high summer temperatures and evapotranspiration stress in that and subsequent years. Similar extreme climatic conditions were present at the onset of forest declines in eastern North America and central Europe which suggests that the climate-cavitation-forest decline mechanism may be universal.     

A critical review of microbially induced carbonate precipitation for soil stabilization: The global experiences and future prospective

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP) is a new technology having the potential to induce soil stabilization and provide a green and sustainable comprehensive solution to some geotechnical engineering problems in the environment. The present article is dedicated to present a critical review of this technology and discuss its mechanisms of action and the key factors influencing its performance. The global experiences and national participation from Egypt are demonstrated, in addition t...     

中红外光谱土壤有机质含量估测研究进展

中红外光谱波段(2.5～25μm)对土壤有机质内部分子振动高度敏感,基于中红外光谱技术的土壤有机质含量估测是土壤学科新兴的研究方向和热点.文章采用文献综述的方法,全面总结了土壤有机质含量中红外光谱估测方法的发展和应用,简述了中红外光谱响应与土壤有机质分子结构的相关性研究,对比分析了室内台式、手持式和机载中红外光谱设备估...     

Determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in particulate organic matter and particle size fractions of Brookston clay loam soil using infrared spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to determine whether models developed from infrared spectroscopy could be used to estimate organic carbon (C) content, total nitrogen (N) content and the C:N ratio in the particulate organic matter (POM) and particle size fraction samples of Brookston clay loam. The POM model was developed with 165 samples, and the particle size fraction models were developed using 221 samples. Soil organic C and total N contents in the POM and particle size fractions (sand, 2000–53 µm; silt, 53–2 µm; clay, <2 µm) were determined by using dry combustion techniques. The bulk soil samples were scanned from 4000 to 400 cm^?1 for mid‐infrared (MIR) spectra and from 8000 to 4000 cm^?1 for near‐infrared (NIR) spectra. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis and the ‘leave‐one‐out' cross‐validation procedure were used for the model calibration and validation. Organic C and N content and C:N ratio in the POM were well predicted with both MIR‐ and NIR‐PLSR models ( = 0.84–0.92; = 0.78–0.87). The predictions of organic C content in soil particle size fractions were also very good for the model calibration ( = 0.84–0.94 for MIR and = 0.86–0.92 for NIR) and model validation ( = 0.79–0.94 for MIR and = 0.84–0.91 for NIR). The prediction of MIR‐ and NIR‐PLSR models for the N content and the C:N ratio in the sand and clay fractions was also satisfactory ( = 0.73–0.88; = 0.67–0.85). However, the predictions for the N content and C:N ratio in the silt fraction were poor ( = 0.23–0.55; = 0.20–0.40). The results indicate that both MIR and NIR methods can be used as alternative methods for estimating organic C and total N in the POM and particle size fractions of soil samples. However, the NIR model is better for estimating organic C and N in POM and sand fractions than the MIR model, whereas the MIR model is superior to the NIR model for estimating organic C in silt and clay fractions and N in clay fractions.     

Contribution of organic amendments to soil organic matter detected by thermogravimetry

Sustainable soil management requires reliable and accurate monitoring of changes in soil organic matter (SOM). However, despite the development of improved analytical techniques during the last decades, there are still limits in the detection of small changes in soil organic carbon content and SOM composition. This study focused on the detection of such changes under laboratory conditions by adding different organic amendments to soils. The model experiments consisted of artificially mixing soil samples from non‐fertilized plots of three German long‐term agricultural experiments in Bad Lauchstädt (silty loam), Grossbeeren (silty sand), and Müncheberg (loamy sand) with straw, farmyard manure, sheep faeces, and charcoal in quantities from 3 to 180 t ha^?1 each. In these mixtures we determined the organic carbon contents by elemental analysis and by thermal mass losses (TML) determined by thermogravimetry. The results confirmed the higher reliability of elemental analysis compared to TML for organic carbon content determination. The sensitivity of both methods was not sufficient to detect the changes in organic carbon content caused by small quantities of organic amendments (3 t ha^?1 or 0.1–0.4 g C kg^?1 soil). In the case of elemental analysis, the detectability of changes in carbon content increased with quantities of added amendments, but the method could not distinguish different types of organic amendments. On the contrary, the based on analysis of degradation temperatures, the TML allowed this discrimination together with their quantitative analysis. For example, added charcoal was not visible in TML from 320 to 330°C, which is used for carbon content determination. However, increasing quantities of charcoal were reflected in a higher TML around 520°C. Furthermore, differences between measured (with TML_110–550) and predicted mass loss on ignition using both organic carbon (with TML₃₃₀) and clay contents (with TML₁₄₀) were confirmed as a suitable indicator for detection of organic amendments in different types of soils. We conclude that thermogravimetry enables the sensitive detection of organic fertilizers and organic amendments in soils under arable land use.     

微生物固化砂质黏性紫色土的三轴抗剪强度与浸水抗压强度

实现复杂农区作物种植信息的精准、动态监测是中国农业精细化管理面临的迫切需求,而作物种植碎片化和异质性给作物遥感精细分类带来了诸多挑战,该文旨在探索基于高分辨率影像的地块尺度多种作物同步识别方法,以满足实时获取复杂农区作物详细分布信息需要。研究选取武汉市新洲北部为典型区,以WorldView-2影像为数据源,利用ReliefF-Pearson方法优选作物遥感特征,采用人工神经网络、K最近邻和随机森林算法进行作物分类,并对比分析其精度。研究发现：1）RVI、NDVI、相关性和边界长度等12个特征构成了地块尺度作物分类的相对较优特征,可在充分表征影像信息同时降低数据冗余;2）相比于人工神经网络和K最近邻算法,随机森林算法分类精度最高,其总体精度达79.07%;3）以光谱特征差异为作物区分基础,形状和纹理特征的使用能有效改善地块尺度作物分类精度,总体精度可提高4%左右;4）研究所采用的方法体系能有效提升复杂种植区地物分类精度,水稻、棉花、荷等主要作物以及裸旱地、裸水田等地物分类精度均达到了80%以上。研究成果可为复杂种植区作物遥感精细分类提供新的思路和方法借鉴,亦可为作物种植信息精准普查、土地利用精细化管理以及农业产业结构调整动态监测等提供参考。     

Land use effects on the composition of organic matter in soil particle size separates. III. Analytical pyrolysis

Soil samples from the A horizon of an Eutrochrept under spruce forest and permanent grass were fractionated into clay-, silt- and sand-size separates. Humic acids extracted from each fraction were analysed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Protection of functional groups by simultaneous pyrolysis and methylation yielded pyrolysates in which methyl esters of fatty acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, abietic acids, phenolic acids and benzenecarboxylic acids were represented. However, methylation was not complete, and unmethylated compounds were also present. Spectra showed differences in humic acid composition between size separates as well as across land use regimes. The abundance of lignin-derived pyrolysis products increased with decreasing particle size, and was greater in soil under spruce than in soil under grass. Also, the lipid components differed, with hexadecanoic and docosanoic acid methyl esters being the dominant compounds in humic acids from soil under spruce and hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acid methyl esters in the humic acids from grassland. A good correlation was found between previous ¹³CNMR and wet chemical data and pyrolysis data, indicating that pyrolysis-methylation can be used for fast detailed chemical characterization of humic acids extracted from size separates.     

Nitrogen mineralization in marsh meadows in relation to soil organic matter content and watertable level

The objective of the present study was to asses the effect of watertable level on N mineralization in a Histosol and a Humic Gleysol profile under natural meadows in Ljubljana marsh, Slovenia. The two soils differ significantly in organic matter content (27—40 % in Histosol and 14—20 % in Humic Gleysol) but not in C : N ratio (13—20) and pH (6.5—7.0). For each soil, the watertable was maintained at two levels (above or below 50 cm from the soil surface) for approximately one year. The four main plots, according to soil carbon content and watertable level were divided into 4 subplots, according to 4 fertilization treatments (unfertilized control, PK, PK + 50 kg N ha^—1, PK + 3 × 50 kg N ha^—1). Net N mineralization in unfertilized subplots was estimated from indices of N mineralization obtained by incubation of soil samples in the laboratory and by seasonal dynamics of mineral N content in the field. Annual uptake of N in herbage under the 4 fertilization treatments was also measured. Total mineral N content in topsoil was 20—80 % higher in Histosol than in Humic Gleysol. Similarly, aerobic N mineralization potentials along the entire soil profile (0—90 cm) were 20—130 % higher in Histosol than in Humic Gleysol. By contrast, anaerobic N mineralization potentials in subsoil were 10—60 % lower in Histosol than in Humic Gleysol. Both, aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization potentials strongly depended on watertable levels at sampling time. Seasonal dynamics of soil mineral N content as well as N mineralization potentials indicated that the N mineralization in the Histosol could be 10—40 % higher at low than at high watertable level. In the Humic Gleysol the N mineralization could be 10—100 % higher at high watertable level. Higher N availability in Histosol at low watertable and in Humic Gleysol at high watertable was also reflected in higher N uptake in herbage. These results indicate that N mineralization in Histosol and Humic Gleysol, was proportional to soil organic matter content, whereas in both soils, higher N mineralization rates can be expected at watertable levels between 40 and 60 cm below the soil surface, than at higher/lower watertable levels.     

应用红外光声光谱技术及支持向量机模型测定土壤有机质含量

快速测定土壤有机质含量对作物生产和土壤肥力评价具有重要意义,红外光声光谱技术的应用为土壤有机质快速测定提供了可能。本研究以江苏省南京市溧水区水稻土土样为材料,探究了红外光声光谱技术在有机质测定中的应用。采用主成分分析、偏最小二乘和独立成分分析,分别提取了土壤光谱的主成分、偏最小二乘潜变量和独立成分,并以提取的信息输入支持向量机,从而构建了三种支持向量机校正模型。同时,偏最小二乘也被用于建立校正模型,作为支持向量机模型的对照。预测结果表明,基于独立成分的支持向量机模型效果最好,预测相关系数R2、均方根误差RMSEP和实际测量值的标准差与光谱模型预测值标准差的比值即RPD值分别为0.808、0.575和2.28。F检验表明,该模型显著优于基于主成分的支持向量机模型,但与基于偏最小二乘潜变量的支持向量机模型,以及经典偏最小二乘模型没有显著差异。t检验表明,各校正模型对有机质的预测结果与化学测定结果没有显著差异。因此,红外光声光谱技术为土壤有机质的快速测定提供了新的技术手段。     

Mulching effect of plant residues of chemically contrasting compositions on soil organic matter content and cation exchange capacity

Abstract

Effects of five types of plant residues [Acioa, presently Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena lecocephala prunings, maize (Zea mays) stover and rice (Oryza sativa) straw] applied as mulch on soil organic matter (SOM) content and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) were studied on an Alfisol in the humid tropics. Plant residue mulch resulted in a decline in SOM and ECEC during two years of cropping following six years of grass fallow. Rice straw mulch resulted in less and maize stover mulch in a greater decrease of SOM and ECEC than the other mulches. Decrease in SOM and ECEC is attributed to the mulching effect on the soil micro‐climate which enhanced the decomposition of SOM accumulated during the grass fallow prior to the initiation of the experiment. In order to maintain SOM for a tropical soil, plant residues with high lignin, polyphenols, and silica will have to be among residue species when applied in continuous cropping systems.     

粘土土壤孔隙大小分布及其与土壤有机质的相关性

Soil pore size distribution(PSD) directly influences soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,and further knowledge of soil PSD is very helpful for understanding soil functions and processes.In this study,PSD of three clayey soils collected from the topsoil(0-20 cm) of Vertisols in Northern China was analyzed using the N_2 adsorption(NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) methods.The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) on the PSD of clayey soils was also evaluated.The differential curves of pore volume of clayey soils by the NA method exhibited that the pores with diameter 0.01 μm accounted for more than 50%in the pore size range of 0.001 to 0.1 μm.The differential pore curves of clayey soils by the MIP method exhibited three distinct peaks in pore size range of 60 to 100,0.3 to 0.4 and 0.009 to 0.012 μm,respectively.In the three clayey soils,the ultramicropores(5-0.1μm) were determined to be the main pore class(on average 35.5%),followed by macropores( 75 μm,31.4%),cryptopores(0.1-0.007μm,16.0%),micropores(30-5 μm,9.7%) and mesopores(75-30 μm,7.3%).The SOM greatly affected the pore structure and PSD of aggregates in clayey soils.In particular,SOM removal reduced the volume and porosity of 5-100 μm pores while increased those of 5 μm pores in the 5-2 and 2-0.25 mm aggregates of clayey soils.The increase in the volume and porosity of 5 μm pores may be attributed to the disaggregation and partial emptying of small pores caused by the destruction of SOM.