Priority organic pollutants in soil of arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University: Report 3. Specific features of vertical distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticide in profile of urbanozem

The vertical distribution pattern of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) in the urbanozem of the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University at Vorob’evy Gory is studied. The highest contents of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and HCH isomers in the soil profile are found in the Au humus horizon and/or in the top part of the U technogenic 10–20-cm-thick layer. The greatest HCB content is typical of the U technogenic 20–30-cm-thick layer. The total content of DDT and its metabolites (156.2 mg/kg) in the surface layer is within the range typical of soils of old parks and recreational zones. The residual DDT content in the soil profile is 0.336–1.47 of the maximum permissible content. The ratio between metabolites and isomers of DDT points to its slight transformation (5.67–37.6%) and application as an industrial chemical. The contents of HCB (2.479–5.868 μg/kg) and the total content of HCH isomers (α + β + γ) in the profile of the urbanozem are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the maximum permissible contents or approximate permissible contents (0.3824–0.9863 μu/kg) and correspond to their background levels. The ratio between the HCH isomers shows that the transformation rate of the pesticide is rather high and that in the preceding period it was mainly used in the form of lindane.     

Organochlorinated compounds (PCBs and insecticides) in irrigated agrolandscapes of Russia and Uzbekistan

The spatial and temporal distribution of persistent chlororganic compounds in the form of insecticide residues—DDT, DDE, DDD, HCH and industrial pollutants—polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) has been monitored in various components of irrigated agrolandscapes (soil, water, bottom sediments) in the Moscow region, the Kuban lowplain of the Krasnodar region (Russia) and in the Samarkand oasis (Uzbekistan) for the period 1989–1990. The widespread occurence of PCB compounds requires action for their hygienic control and monitoring. The main chlororganic pollutant found were DDT residues and their content in soils and bottom sediments in all regions under study exceeded in many cases the existing baselines (100 µg/kg). Special attention has been given to the ratios between various metabolites and isomers of chlororganic insecticides as well as between various homologs of PCBs among which tetrachlorobiphenyls were predominant in soils, bottom sediments and surface waters.     

Transformation and form of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) applied to Moscow soils

The transformation rate and direction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its forms entering the surface layers of Moscow soils have been analyzed. The DDT transformation rate into metabolites—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlor diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)—is small. In 75% of soils, less than half the initial pesticide is transformed. In 67.5% of soils, formation of DDD predominates in the DDE formation. In soils of the entire area of Moscow, 16% of DDT was transformed into DDE and 23% into DDD. The о,n′-DDT to n,n′-DDT ratio is <0.3 for 95% of soils, and the mean ratio is 0.1, which is typical for application of DDT as a technical product.     

DDT Resistance and Transformation by Different Microbial Strains Isolated from DDT-Contaminated Soils and Compost Materials

Bioremediation is a potential option to treat 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) contaminated sites. In areas where suitable microbes are not present, the use of DDT resistant microbial inoculants may be necessary. It is vital that such inoculants do not produce recalcitrant breakdown products e.g. 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE). Therefore, this work aimed to screen DDT-contaminated soil and compost materials for the presence of DDT-resistant microbes for use as potential inoculants. Four compost amended soils, contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, were used to isolate DDT-resistant microbes in media containing 150 mg l^?1 DDT at three temperatures (25, 37 and 55°C). In all soils, bacteria were more sensitive to DDT than actinomycetes and fungi. Bacteria isolated at 55°C from any source were the most DDT sensitive. However DDT-resistant bacterial strains showed more promise in degrading DDT than isolated fungal strains, as 1, 1-dichloro 2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) was a major bacterial transformation product, while fungi tended to produce more DDE. Further studies on selected bacterial isolates found that the most promising bacterial strain (Bacillus sp. BHD-4) could remove 51% of DDT from liquid culture after 7 days growth. Of the amount transformed, 6% was found as DDD and 3% as DDE suggesting that further transformation of DDT and its metabolites occurred.     

水稻对土壤中DDT及其系列降解物的吸收

在温室条件下,盆栽种植水稻(Oryza sativa,淹水土壤),设老化态DDT残留和新施入DDT两种处理,生长期126 d。研究结果显示:老化残留DDT在土壤中降解十分缓慢,而新施入DDT在土壤中降解相当迅速,GC/MS鉴定结果表明,降解物除DDD外,还有DDMS和DDMU。尽管土壤中老化残留的降解受到明显抑制,但水稻根系仍可吸收利用并向地上组织传输,因此不可低估老化残留的生物有效性。在新施入DDT的处理中,水稻根系对DDD的吸收量高达900 ng g-1,不过,根系向地上部组织传输DDX的能力极为有限。值得注意的是:水稻根系对土壤中DDMS和DDMU吸收的生物富集因子为DDD或DDE的3倍,表明DDMU和DDMS具有较母体化合物更为突出的作物可吸收利用性。DDX各组分从水稻根系向地上组织传输时,其分布状况发生了明显的变化,引起这种变化的主要原因是作物在吸收和传输DDX时具有一定的选择性,或者DDX在这种吸收和传输过程中发生了进一步的降解。     

Selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rhizosphere of sewage sludge-treated soil: implications for the biodegradability of POPs

The impact of regular application of sewage sludge or farmyard manure on the organic contaminant loads in soil was assessed in a model rhizobox experiment. Two soils originating from a long-term field crop rotation and fertilizer experiment running since 1996 were used. The total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contents were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. The results showed low but still detectable contents of PCBs and OCPs in the soil, substances which were banned a few decades ago. Among the OCPs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites reaching up to 18.2 µg kg^?1 of the soil even exceeded the preventive levels for these compounds in agricultural soils, i.e. 7.5 µg kg^?1 of soil. For PBDEs, PFOA, and PFOS, their contents in the soil significantly increased with sewage sludge application. The enhancement of the potential biodegradability of the POPs in the rhizosphere was confirmed only for hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), where, the level of γ-HCH increased significantly in the rhizosphere soil compared to bulk soil. Thus, natural attenuation of POPs in the soil-plant system seems to be insufficient for most of the investigated compounds.     

DDT in Biota of Paranagu�� Bay, Southern Brazil: Recent Input and Rapid Degradation

The presence of recent dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) inputs is established for Paranaguá Bay biota, i.e. bivalves, fish and one sponge. Values ranged from 6.9 to 156.2 ng ??DDT/g dry weight. Three fish species analysed showed ??DDT values from 36.8 to 92.1 ng/g dry weight. The highest contents (up to 156.2 ng ??DDT/g dry weight) were found for mangrove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) at locations affected by sewage discharge from Paranaguá City. Turtles as herbivores were not affected by this input with values of 0.7 and 2.2 ng ??DDT/g dry weight. The areal distribution of samples suggests that usage of DDT is widespread around the bay. Fresh DDT input is degraded to DDE and DDD within approximately 5 months.     

Improved GC‐MS/MS Method for Determination of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Forage Plants—Laboratory and Field Experiments

Abstract

Analytical procedures using gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) were developed to analyze atrazine (ATR) and its dealkylated metabolites in four forage species (switchgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass). Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were extracted with methanol (CH₃OH) followed by liquid–liquid extraction and partitioning into chloroform, with additional cleanup by C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Through the optimization of ionization conditions and ion storage voltages, the background noise of product ion spectra (MS/MS) was reduced dramatically, providing sub‐µg/kg detection limits. Mean recoveries of ATR, DEA, and DIA were 94.3, 105.6, and 113.1%, respectively. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 µg/kg for ATR, 1.3 µg/kg for DEA, and 0.3 µg/kg for DIA. These LODs were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those reported for other GC‐MS, GC‐MS/MS, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐UV, or HPLC‐MS/MS procedures designed for food‐safety monitoring purposes. To validate the developed method, a field experiment was carried out utilizing three replications of four forage treatments (orchardgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and switchgrass). Forage plants were sampled for analyses 25 days after atrazine application. DEA concentrations in C3 grasses ranged from 47 to 96 µg/kg, about 10‐fold higher than in switchgrass, a C4 species. The ATR and DIA concentrations were similar, ranging from 1.5 to 13.2 µg/kg. The developed method provided sufficient sensitivity to determine the fate of ATR and its chlorinated metabolites via plant uptake from soil or dealkylation within living forage grasses. It also represented significant improvements in sensitivity compared to previous GC methods.     

重庆市烟区土壤-烤烟氯素含量及其变化研究

采用调查研究、田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,对重庆市烟区土壤、烟叶含氯量进行了研究;根据调查结果,于2002～2003年进行了不同施氯量的田间试验,研究了氯在土壤中的残留及动态变化。结果表明:重庆植烟土壤含氯量低,平均为13.4mg/kg,变幅大(为痕量～99.7mg/kg),有90%的土壤含氯量在烟草种植区划规定的最适宜植烟的土壤含氯量(≤30mg/kg)范围内,土壤含氯量>45mg/kg不适宜烟草种植的土壤样本仅占3.7%,土壤含氯量≤2mg/kg的缺氯土壤样本占19.2%。重庆植烟土壤类型主要是黄壤,占植烟土壤的75.6%。重庆市烟叶含氯量很低,平均为0.70g/kg,变幅0.11～9.19g/kg,有99%的烟叶含氯量低于优质烟叶要求的含氯下限(3.0g/kg),烟叶含氯量低已成为影响烟叶质量的限制因素。2003年的调查结果与1988年相比,15年后烟区土壤含氯量降低了5mg/kg,烟叶含氯量下降60.0%。在一定的施氯量范围内,氯在土壤中的残留量及其动态变化主要受降雨量和降雨强度的影响。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅴ.废旧电子产品拆解场周边农田土壤含氯有机污染物残留特征

对长江三角洲地区某废旧电容器拆解场地周边农田基本保护区表层水稻土中含氯有机化合物的组成及含量进行初步研究。结果表明,供试土壤中20种PCBs总含量在84.19~377.4μg kg-1之间,平均含量为204.8μg kg-1,其中二氯、三氯、四氯代同系物总和占总PCBs的73.7%~96.2%,存在着PCBs的外源输入。HCH的总含量为10.61~33.11μg kg-1,DDT总含量为11.36~33.28μg kg-1,残留水平较低,但β-HCH、γ-HCH、∑HCH和∑DDT的平均含量均高于荷兰土壤标准的目标值。此外,DDT与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关,而其他含氯有机化合物的含量并未呈现出与土壤有机碳的相关性。     

肯尼亚水稻土和甘蔗地土壤中~(14)C-六氯苯和~(14)C-滴滴涕的自然消解

氯代持久性有机污染物的农田土壤污染呈现污染浓度低、面积大、新源污染不断输入的特点。农田土壤本身微生物种类丰富,对氯代有机污染物具有较大的降解潜力和未知性。本试验以典型高氯代和低氯代持久性有机污染物——六氯苯(HCB)和滴滴涕(DDT)为研究对象,结合~(14)C同位素示踪技术,研究HCB和DDT在热带水稻土和甘蔗地土壤的矿化现象,同时监测HCB和DDT在两种土壤中的挥发、降解产物以及结合残留。结果表明,经84 d好氧培养,HCB和DDT在两种土壤中的矿化量分别仅为0.14%和3%,低氯代有机污染物DDT的矿化速率显著高于高氯代有机污染物HCB。然而,两种土壤对HCB或DDT的矿化没有显著性差异。HCB或DDT在水稻土中的挥发量略微高于甘蔗地土壤,两种土壤中HCB和DDT的挥发量在0.1%~0.6%之间,表明挥发不是其主要的环境过程。在DDT污染水稻土和甘蔗地土壤中添加1.25%的堆肥增加了DDT在土壤中的矿化与结合残留,减少了DDT的挥发。本研究结果表明土壤在好氧条件下对氯代持久性有机污染物的自然消解能力非常弱,而有机肥的使用有助于土壤中持久性氯代有机污染物的矿化消除。     

Organochlorine Contamination in Selected Estuarine and Coastal Marine Finfish and Shellfish of New Jersey

Analysis of PCB, DDT, and chlordane contamination in selected finfish and shellfish species from estuarine and coastal marine waters of New Jersey (U.S.A.) indicates consistently highest organochlorine contaminant levels in samples from the north and northeast regions of the state in proximity to industrialized sites. Gas chromatographic analysis of tissue samples from three finfish species (bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix; striped bass, Morone saxatilis; weakfish, Cynoscion regalis) and one shellfish species (blue crab, Callinectes sapidus) collected throughout the state during the 1986–1987 and 1988–1991 sampling periods revealed mean PCB, DDT, and chlordane concentrations ranging from 200–5, 380 µg g^-1 wet weight, 25.14–492.52 µg kg^-1 wet weight, and 5–106.44 µg kg^-1 wet weight, respectively. A major conclusion of this study is that some commercially and recreationally important finfish and shellfish species in New Jersey waters, especially those which are lipid-rich, have continued to accumulate PCBs, DDTs and chlordane from the environment long after restrictive regulations were first placed on their use in the United States during the 1970s. The greatest impact of organochlorine contamination is nearby urban centers, most notably Newark and New York City.     

Decomposition of wheat straw differing in nitrogen content in soils under conventional and organic farming management

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the interactions of two straw qualities differing in N content and two soils differently accustomed to straw additions. One soil under conventional farming management (CFM) regularly received straw, the other soil under organic farming management (OFM) only farmyard manure. The soils of the two sites were similar in texture, pH, cation‐exchange capacity, and glucosamine content. The soil from the OFM site had higher contents of organic C, total N, muramic acid, microbial biomass C and N (C_mic and N_mic), but a lower ergosterol content and lower ratios ergosterol to C_mic and fungal C to bacterial C. The straw from the CFM had threefold higher contents of total N, twofold higher contents of ergosterol and glucosamine, a 50% higher content of muramic acid, and a 30% higher fungal C–to–bacterial C ratio. The straw amendments led to significant net increases in C_mic, N_mic, and ergosterol. Microbial biomass C showed on average a 50% higher net increase in the organic than in the CFM soil. In contrast, the net increases in N_mic and ergosterol differed only slightly between the two soils after straw amendment. The CO₂ evolution from the CFM soil always exceeded that from the OFM, by 50% or 200 µg (g soil)^–1 in the nonamended control soil and by 55% or additional 600 µg (g soil)^–1 in the two straw treatments. In both soils, 180 µg g^–1 less was evolved as CO₂‐C from the OFM straw. The metabolic quotient qCO₂ was nearly twice as high in the control and in the straw treatments of the CFM soil compared with that of the OFM. In contrast, the difference in qCO₂ was insignificant between the two straw qualities. Differences in the fungal‐community structure may explain to a large extent the difference in the microbial use of straw in the two soils under different managements.     

蔬菜不同部位对DDTs的富集与分配作用

在可控条件下研究了人为污染土壤中DDT类污染物在蔬菜（菠菜和胡萝卜）不同部位的富集与分配规律。结果表明,DDT类污染物在菠菜和胡萝卜叶部和根部均有一定富集,其中菠菜叶面富集量占富集总量的68.6%～92.2%之间;而胡萝卜叶部富集占富集总量的34.9%～41.6%之间。不同DDTs在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的生物富集量呈：p,p＇-DDE〉p,p＇-DDT〉p,p＇-DDD〉o,p＇-DDE〉o,p＇-DDT的规律。DDTs通过不同途径在菠菜和胡萝卜内的生物富集系数表现如下规律：BCF大气－菠菜〉BCF大气－胡萝卜〉BCF土壤－胡萝卜〉BCF土壤－菠菜。不同DDTs在蔬菜体内的生物富集系数表现为：BCFp,p＇-DDE〉BCFo,p＇-DDE〉BCFp,p＇-DDD〉BCFp,p＇-DDT〉BCFo,p＇-DDT。由于DDTs在蔬菜体内富集后,可沿食物链传递和放大,对农产品质量和人体健康构成直接威胁。     

Selenium Distribution for Soils Derived from Mancos Shale in Gunnison and Uncompahgre River Basins,West-Central Colorado

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and can be toxic when present in high concentrations in soil and water. Many soils in Gunnison and Uncompahgre River Basins in West-Central Colorado are formed from deposits derived mainly from weathered Mancos shale that have high concentration of Se and salts. Elevated concentrations of Se and salts were detected in streams and rivers in this area. The objectives were to determine the amount and distribution of different forms of Se and relationships with physical and chemical properties for soils derived from Se-rich Mancos shale. The information may help to improve land management practices and minimize the environmental impact on natural water resources. A total of 48 topsoil samples and soils from horizons in 9 pedons were investigated. The total and water-soluble Se and other elements as well as physical and chemical properties were determined in soils. The total Se ranged from 330 to 5,673 µg/kg with a mean of 2,224 µg/kg. The water-soluble Se ranged from a minimum of 4.95 µg/kg to a maximum of 2,415 µg/kg and a mean of 338 µg/kg. A highly significant correlation was detected between the total and water-soluble Se in soils. Both the total organic carbon (TOC) and CaCO₃% had significant positive correlations with the total Se. A highly significant correlation was also found between the water-soluble Se and electric conductivity (EC), as well as with the water-soluble chloride, sulfate, nitrate, molybdenum, and sodium in soils. For the pedons tested, in general, both the total and water-soluble Se increased with depth. However, the water-soluble Se concentrations were greater in shallow than deep pedons where most Se was removed from soils with drainage water. It could be concluded that Se leaching from topsoils and that dissolving from Se-rich parent materials would be a major source of elevated Se concentrations in streams/rivers for the West-Central Colorado area. To minimize the impact on water quality, an appropriate land/water management practices should be followed to minimize Se leaching from soils derived from Mancos shale.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环

通过对洞庭湖典型地区的密集采样分析和农户调查,研究了4种利用方式耕作土壤全N、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)含量、两者关系和N素循环特征。结果表明:耕作土壤全N、MB-N含量平均值为3.00±0.48g/kg和101.4±49.2mg/kg。双季稻、一季稻、水田旱作和旱地全N平均含量依次为3.12±0.40g/kg、3.03±0.39g/kg、2.79±0.43g/kg2、.10±0.46g/kg。4种利用方式的MB-N含量分别为124.0±56.6mg/kg、96.4±39.2mg/kg、108.0±48.6mg/kg、75.2±30.5mg/kg。除水田旱作外,MB-N与全N之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。土壤N素盈余量依次为双季稻(105.0kg/hm2.a)>一季稻(75.1kg/hm2.a)>水田旱作油菜(64.5kg/hm2.a)>旱地苎麻(51.9kg/hm2.a)。     

Spatial distribution of mineral components in microcombinations of agrogrey soils with the second humus horizon in the Vladimir opolie area

Mineralogical composition of silt and clay fractions (<1.1–5 and 5–10 µm) in heavy loamy agrogrey soils (Luvic Retic Phaeozems) considerably changes both in the vertical (along the soil profile) and horizontal (along soil microcatenas) directions. The eluvial–illuvial distribution pattern of the clay fraction in the podzolized agrogrey soils with the second humus horizon is replaced by the homogeneous distribution in the agrogrey soils with residual carbonates. The distribution of silt fractions in the soil profiles is relatively homogeneous. The clay (<1 µm) fraction of the parent material is represented by the poorly ordered micasmectite interstratifications minerals, the proportion between which changes in the soil profiles in dependence on the particular pedogenetic processes. Hydromicas represent the second important component of the clay fraction. They consist of di- and trioctahedral varieties, the proportion between which changes in the soil profiles. Kaolinite and iron–magnesium chlorite are present in smaller amounts. The second humus horizon is characterized by the lowest content of mica-smectite interstratifications minerals with the high content of smectitic layers and by the lowest content of the clay fraction. Silt fractions are composed of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, and plagioclases.     

Accumulation and metabolism of DDT and its metabolites byTetrahymena

Tetrahymena pyriformis readily accumulated DDT and its metabolites from the medium initially containing 1 ppm of each compound. These compounds were accumulated in a decreasing order of DDD, DDE, o,p′-DDT, DDMU, and p,p′-DDT. DDT was metabolized to DDE, o,p′-DDT, and DDMU. DDD was metabolized to DDMU whereas o,p′-DDT, DDE and DDMU were not metabolized. When the organisms were transferred to toxicant free medium excretion of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite occurred in two phases: (a) rapid phase of elimination which was completed during the first 3 h and (b) slow phase of elimination which continued for another 21 h. The implications of these results are discussed.     

Effects of DDT and its metabolites on soil algae and enzymatic activity

 The persistence of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] and its metabolites in soil, their toxicity to soil algae, and effects on microbial activities were studied in laboratory microcosms for 45 days. In non-sterile soils, removal of DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] and DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] was less than 3%, while 4–8% of applied DDMU [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], DDA [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid] and DDT were lost. Added DDOH [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol] was more labile, as 60% was degraded during the same period. Soil microalgae were not measurably affected by the compounds tested at 10–50 mg kg^–1, but at 100 mg kg^–1 soil, DDD, DBP (p,p′-dichlorobenzophenone) and DDA significantly reduced their growth. Phosphatase activity was not affected by DDT and its metabolites at the concentrations tested (≤50 mg kg^–1), but all compounds inhibited dehydrogenase activity at concentrations of 50 mg kg^–1 soil. The toxic effects of DDT and its metabolites were dose-related. Received: 9 January 1998     

Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Tundra Soils on the Rybachii Peninsula

The Rybachii Peninsula is composed of Proterozoic sedimentary rocks and differs sharply from the rest of the Kola Peninsula in its geological structure, topographic forms, and parent rocks. It is dominated by Al–Fe-humus soils formed on moraines with an admixture of local rock fragments, including slates. Organic horizons of tundra soils in the peninsula are less acid than those on granitoids of adjacent mainland of the Kola Peninsula. The content of exchangeable calcium in the organic horizons varies from 17.4 to 68.0 cmolc/kg, and the content of water-soluble carbon reaches 400 mg/100 g amounting to 1–2% of the total soil organic matter content. The total number of bacteria in the organic horizons of tundra soils varies from 3.5 × 10⁹ to 4.8 × 10⁹ cells/g; and bacterial biomass varies from 0.14 to 0.19 mg/g. The length of fungal mycelium and its biomass in the organic horizons are significant (>1000 m/g soil). The biomass of fungal mycelium in the organic horizons exceeds the bacterial biomass by seven times in podzols (Albic Podzols) and by ten times in podbur (Entic Podzol), dry-peat soil (Folic Histosol), and low-moor peat soil (Sapric Histosol).