Features of the moisture regime of a model sod-podzolic soil when mulching with spruce litter

During the dry growing seasons of 2011 and 2012, mulching of a sod-podzolic soil with coniferous litter maintained the moisture of the upper soil layer at high and fairly stable levels. By varying the spruce litter thickness, it is possible to maintain optimum conditions for acidophilic plants characterized by varying responses to the soil moisture content. In dry years (PER 0.5–0.8), the degree of influence of the mulch layer on the soil moisture content is closely related to the magnitude of the moisture deficit calculated for a warm season.     

免耕条件下秸秆覆盖保墒灌溉的土壤水、热及作物效应研究

该文从目前中国干旱半干旱地区发展起来的较为成熟的保墒技术得到启迪，提出了“保墒灌溉”这一新理念。重点通过小区试验研究了免耕条件下秸秆覆盖保墒灌溉的农田效应。结果表明，覆盖处理0～50 cm土壤含水率明显高于对照，地表温度日变化趋势缓和，日最高最低温度差为12.43℃，而对照则高达50.03℃。覆盖处理耕层土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌分别是对照的1.63倍、1.68倍和1.07倍，玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积均明显大于对照，相对于覆盖处理和对照本身而言，各指标均有随灌水量的增加呈上升的趋势。覆盖处理后，玉米的光合作用速率、蒸腾速率等均大于对照，但是单叶水分利用效率却相差不大。玉米产量随灌溉水量的增加较对照平均增加22.16%、20.28%和12.75%，且基本随灌溉量的增加呈上升趋势。     

The power-function model for the soil moisture characteristic

The minimum number of parameters required to model the unsaturated soil moisture characteristic, relating volumetric water content (θ) and matric suction (χ), is shown to be two. A third parameter, θ=θ_s at saturation, is required to define its saturation limit. The popular power-function χ/χ_e, = (θ/θ_s)^b is the most general three-parameter model, with χ normalized by a notional air-entry potential, χ_e. When log-transformed, e.g. as In χ= a + bln(θ/θ_s), it gives a good fit to observations over varying ranges of χ. We show, using US, Australian, UK and NZ data, that a,b and θ_s, in this formulation are uncorrelated across a wide range of textures, thus providing a ‘basis set’ of independent parameters. Gregson et al. (1987) used the alternative formulation In χ= a″+ bln(100θ), with χ rescaled to a percentage. Their reported correlation between a″ and b, which led to their ‘one-parameter model’ of the characteristic, is shown to be a mathematical artefact, arising from absorption of the term – b[ln(100)+ ln θ_s] into a″.     

The soil moisture regime under native grassland

Detailed measurements of the soil moisture regime under untreated native grassland are reported over a 4-year period and compared with similar data for fertilized grassland, burned grassland, patches of buckbrush and wheat on fallow. Water use of the untreated native grassland ranged from 21.5 to 35.5 cm; fertilization with nitrogen increased water use by about 1 cm during the year of application but had little or no residual effect. The major effects of burning were a reduction in soil moisture recharge during the winter period and lower water use in the year following the burn. Average water use of the buckbrush patches was about 4 cm higher than that of the surrounding native grassland. Water use of wheat grown on fallow was similar to that of native grassland in one out of three years, but in the other two years was several centimeters lower.Over the 4-year period, average water use (29.4 cm) of the native grassland accounted for about 90% of the annual precipitation (32.6 cm). The remaining 10% is probably lost by evaporation during late fall, winter and early spring, and perhaps some runoff during snowmelt. The water use data for the untreated native grassland were related to aboveground dry matter production (r = 0.99). The production of untreated native grassland is compared with long-term data for wheat on stubble.The Versatile Soil Moisture Budget was used successfully to simulate the moisture regime of the untreated grassland as it is affected by soil, climatic, and vegetation properties. The relationship between soil temperature and root activity is discussed in some detail.     

地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响

在河北省沧州市海兴县选取耕层土壤初始含水量有较大差异的两个地块,于春季利用当地高矿化度咸水(10~15 g·L~(-1))进行灌溉和地膜覆盖,以探究地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响。设不灌咸水不覆膜(对照,CK)、不灌咸水覆膜(PM)及3月29日和4月13日灌咸水不覆膜(SE、SL)、灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM、SL+PM)6个处理探讨不同咸水灌溉和覆膜对土壤水盐动态的影响;另在耕层土壤含水量≥20%(海兴县小山乡)和20%(海兴县农场)两个地点分别设灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM)和不灌咸水不覆膜(CK)处理,探讨初始土壤含水量对咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态的影响。灌水量均为180 mm,灌溉咸水来自排水渠,矿化度分别为12.12 g·L~(-1)和11.53 g·L~(-1),咸水入渗后,播种油葵。结果表明:春季咸水灌溉后覆膜能有效降低耕层土壤盐分,并且该项措施实施的时间越早越好,脱盐深度和脱盐率均较深和较高,本研究中,脱盐效果最优的为SE+PM处理,该处理在油葵收获后0~5 cm脱盐率为58.93%,土壤含盐量由1.15%降至0.51%。此外,脱盐效果也受到土壤初始含水量的影响,耕层土壤含水量20%时,春季咸水灌溉覆膜处理对土壤盐分的淋洗效果较好,平均脱盐深度大于40 cm,保证了油葵正常生长,油葵出苗率和产量分别为73.9%和920 kg·hm~(-2),至油葵收获时,0~20 cm土层土壤含盐量由灌溉前的1.93%降低至0.32%,脱盐率达84.07%;而当耕层土壤含水量≥20%时,脱盐速度慢、深度浅,至油葵播种时,土壤盐分依然较高,导致油葵出苗率低,最终绝收。本研究通过利用春季高矿化度咸水灌溉和地膜覆盖措施,在春季干旱和土壤严重积盐条件下有效降低了耕层土壤盐分,为作物播种出苗提供适宜的土壤水分条件和低盐环境。     

土壤带状湿润均匀性对膜下滴灌棉花生长及水分利用效率的影响

为探明膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性在膜下滴灌技术应用中的重要性,该文设置滴头流量1.69(W169)、3.46(W346)和6.33 L/h(W633)3种土壤湿润区处理,研究不同膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性对棉花行间土壤基质势、株高、叶面积、根系生长、籽棉产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:随着土壤湿润区由窄深型(W169)向宽浅型(W633)过渡,膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性越好,行间棉花根系分布和植株生长也愈加均匀、产量及水分利用效率也越高。窄深型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为386.3 m/m3、976和509.3 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为7.2和14.8 kg/(mm·hm2)。宽浅型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为142.01 m/m3、171和190.6 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为9.2和11.0 kg/(mm·hm2)。初步证明了宽浅型土壤湿润区能在保持水分利用效率不降低的情况下,显著提高了棉花产量。表明在膜下滴灌技术设计中应关注膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性指标。该指标还是确定滴灌带间距依据。     

无压灌溉土壤湿润体含水率分布规律与模拟模型研究

该文通过室内试验,分析研究了无压灌溉土壤入渗率变化过程和土壤湿润体内含水率分布规律。试验结果表明：无压灌溉的累计入渗量与时间呈幂指数关系,土壤入渗率趋于零是无压灌溉过程结束的标志。同时,引进场的概念,结合土壤含水率试验数据,建立了无压灌溉土壤湿润体内含水率分布的理论模拟模型,并用实测值进行了验证。该模型简单、实用、精度高,实测值与预测值之间具有较高的相关性,相关系数达0.899以上。该研究结果对大田土壤水分调节和管理具有指导作用。     

经典BRUTSAERT模型应用于土壤水分检测的适用性探讨

BRUTSAERT理论模型是非饱和土壤介质中弹性波传播的理论模型,主要用于描述声波纵波声速与农业土壤饱和度之间的关系。为探究BRUTSAERT理论模型应用在土壤水分检测中的可行性,本文系统介绍了BRUTSAERT理论模型,分析了其在土壤含水量检测中的适用条件,并在经典BRUTSAERT模型中引入了适当的简化和假设,推导出在不同物理条件下各农业土壤的纵波声速值与土壤水分关系曲线,以及进行土壤声速测量的合适声频。结果表明,当声波发射器和拾音器之间的距离为0.2 m时,且声波频率范围固定在380～708 Hz之间,在任何土壤类型中BRUTSAERT理论模型都是有效的。然而,经典BRUTSAERT模型在推导过程中还存在的一些问题：1）对BRUTSAERT理论模型中关于复合流体体积模量模型的书写错误分析;2）经典BRUTSAERT模型中使用土壤固定泊松比对预测结果带来的影响探讨。该研究可为BRUTSAERT理论模型在土壤水分检测领域的应用研究提供参考。     

膜下滴灌玉米番茄间作农田土壤水分分布特征模拟

间作种植和覆膜滴灌是实现高产和节水的重要技术,已被广泛应用,而掌握覆膜滴灌条件下间作种植农田土壤水分分布特征对于提高水分利用效率以及增产增收都具有重要意义。该文通过2a田间试验设置高(T1)、中(T2)、低(T3)3个灌水定额处理,并通过HYDRUS2D模型模拟了间作滴灌农田不同位置土壤水分的差异性、水平水量交换以及土壤水分二维分布特征。结果表明:基于HYDRUS2D构建的间作种植滴灌农田土壤水分模型精度较高,平均相对误差为5.72%～8.14%,决定系数在0.85～0.90,均方根误差在0.017～0.023 cm~3/cm~3。对于3个灌水处理皆表现为0～40 cm土层含水率出现差异,且在0～20 cm土层含水率差异显著,2014年番茄侧和玉米侧土壤含水率在3个灌水处理下的平均土壤含水率分别较裸地高20.17%和17.83%,2015年为16.02%和12.99%。间作滴灌农田土壤水平水量交换强烈,生育期水流主要由作物侧流入裸地侧,其中对于3个灌水处理在番茄侧0～40 cm土层净流入裸地的平均水量是玉米侧的1.3倍,约为60mm/a,并且0～40cm土层由作物侧流入裸地的水量是40～100cm土层的2.5倍。二维土壤水分分布显示,滴灌湿润体与作物根系分布匹配性较好,灌水后1d湿润饱和区主要集中在0～30cm土层,其中T1、T2、T3处理的饱和区面积分别为559.14,288.61和109.78 cm~2。灌水2 d后,低灌水处理(T3)存在较明显的水分亏缺,缺水区面积是充分灌溉(T1)的30倍。研究结果可为间作滴灌农田制定灌溉制度提供参考。     

翻耕和覆盖对我国黄土区麦田土壤水分的影响

Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy and rain-deficient years.Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in an experiment with five treatments:deep-loosening tillage(DLT),traditional tillage(TT),plastic mulch(PM),straw mulch(SM) and plastic plus straw mulch(PSM),All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300cm was determined before sowing,Results showed that the new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year,PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation.while in a rain-deficient year,the role was not significant,Due to evaporation.DLT did not promote the storage of soil moisture,SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture,In SM treatment the wheat yields increased by more than 20%.     

秸秆覆盖对夏玉米农田土壤水分与热量影响的模拟研究

利用试验实测资料确定作物根系吸水模型和水热运移模型的参数,分别利用有限差分法对水热运移模型进行离散和迭代法对模型进行求解,通过模拟研究秸秆覆盖对夏玉米农田土壤水分和热量的影响。研究表明该模型能描述不同覆盖率条件下夏玉米生育期农田土壤水分和热量的变化规律,土壤含水率在0～40 cm逐渐减少,在40～100 cm逐渐增大;土壤温度在0～20 cm逐渐减少。不同覆盖率下土壤含水率和土壤温度的变化规律均为覆盖率150%＞覆盖率100%＞覆盖率50%＞不覆盖。可见秸秆覆盖节水和控温效果明显,为节水条件下的作物高产提     

Winter mulch increases soil CO2 efflux under Phyllostachys praecox stands

Purpose

The bamboo species Phyllostachys praecox has been planted in large areas of southern China for the production of edible bamboo shoots. In recent years, high rates of fertilizer application and heavy winter mulch have been employed to achieve an earlier harvest of the shoots and a better economic return. Little is known about the potential impact of these intensive management practices on the receiving environment. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of winter mulch on soil CO₂ efflux, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Materials and methods

The field study was established in 6-year-old P. praecox stands for the period between December 2006 and February 2007 in Lin’an County, Zhejiang Province, China. The treatments included a 200-mm mulch with rice straw and rice husks, and a control without mulch. Soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil temperature changes were measured monthly and comparisons were made between the treatments.

Results and discussion

Soil CO₂ efflux rates in the mulch treatment were 10.98 and 4.27 µmol m^?2?s^?1 in December 2006 and January 2007, respectively, which was eight times greater than soil CO₂ efflux rates measured in the non-mulch control treatment in the corresponding months. The significantly higher temperature and increased dissolved organic carbon in the mulch treatment were considered to have contributed to the enhanced soil CO₂ emission.

Conclusions

Heavy winter mulch in a P. praecox plantation can greatly enhance soil respiration rates due to increases in both soil temperature and readily mineralizable labile organic matter. The increased CO₂ emissions from soil respiration under winter mulch treatments can potentially reduce the greenhouse gas emission mitigation function of the bamboo forest plantations. It is recommended that new management practices be developed to alleviate the impacts of winter mulch on the environment.     

基于RIME-CNN-SVR模型的麦田土壤水分反演

土壤水分监测对于农业生产和作物产量预估具有重要意义。近年来深度学习技术在土壤水分反演领域得到广泛应用,但大多侧重于模型结构增强和优化,对模型超参数优化研究探索不足。该研究提出了一种基于霜冰优化算法（rime optimization algorithm,RIME）的卷积神经网络（convolutional neural network,CNN）超参数优化模型,结合极化分解技术来校正植被对土壤水分反演精度的影响,以提高冬小麦农田土壤水分反演性能。首先利用RIME优化CNN超参数以构建RIME-CNN模型,然后使用RIME-CNN模型对特征参数进行自适应提取和挖掘,之后对这些特征参数进行正则化处理并输入到支持向量回归（support vector regression,SVR）模型,构建RIME-CNN-SVR模型进行土壤水分估算。为验证所建RIME-CNN-SVR模型的有效性,利用合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）数据结合光学遥感数据,在河南省开封市冬小麦农田区进行试验验证和精度分析。结果表明,该方法在不增加模型结构复杂性和可学习参数的前提下,显著提升了模型的预测性能,决定系数可达0.72,均方根误差为2.78%,平均绝对误差为2.20%。该研究可为农业生产提供一个更为准确、可靠的土壤水分监测手段。     

Quality of different mulch materials and their decomposition and N release under low moisture regimes

During the dry season in the tropics, agriculture which is solely dependent upon rainfall as its source of water is frequently affected by soil moisture stress, resulting in crop failures. Farmers therefore depend mainly on other sources of limited water supply during this period, such as ground water. Soil moisture conservation measures, especially surface mulching with loppings and, occasionally, leaf litter and crop residues, are practised. Our objective was to study the decomposition and nitrogen (N) release from these plant materials under continuously wet, low moisture regimes, i.e. comparable to those which prevail in the mulches used in the agriculture. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with fresh, chopped leaves of six leguminous trees, wild sunflower and rice, which were spread as a mulch on a layer of soil. They were maintained at eight moisture levels (a total of between zero and 43l water m^–2 applied over 8 weeks) by spraying water. Different optimal moisture requirements for the rapid decomposition of these species were observed. These were presumably determined by different physical and chemical properties of the leaves. The amount of water received to the mulches and their soluble polyphenolic and carbon (C) concentrations played an important role in determining the decomposition and the mode of N release under non-limiting conditions of leaf N. Specifically, the C concentration governed N release, while the effect of polyphenolics was important when their concentration was low, as a result of leaching under relatively high moisture regimes. Leaves with a high polyphenolic and C content, which were subjected to high leaching losses of these fractions, underwent a change in their N dynamics from net immobilization to mineralization. This study indicates that leaves with a fast rate of decomposition should be mixed with other species, leaves which decompose more slowly in order to increase the conservation of soil moisture and also improve the synchronization between N release from the mulch and its demand by crops. Received: 6 January 1997     

旱地大豆垄沟周年覆膜栽培水肥效应研究

针对陇东旱作农业区降水量少、季节分布不均等问题,从改善旱地大豆生长环境和栽培条件、提高降水利用率入手,筛选出旱地大豆垄沟周年覆膜栽培自然降水高效利用新模式。研究表明,垄沟周年覆膜栽培技术可把冬闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤中,又可最大限度蓄积大豆生育期的降水,从而明显改善旱地大豆的水肥条件,增产效果显著,是陇东旱地大豆自然降水高效利用、实现高产稳产的一项新技术模式。     

冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响

为了揭示季节性冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响,分析对比了裸地和5种不同玉米秸秆覆盖厚度(5、10、15、20和30 cm)地块的土壤剖面含水率和土壤温度等值线变化特征,采用数理统计分析方法对土壤剖面水热变化进行了统计学分析。结果表明:在季节性冻融期,裸地最大冻结深度为52 cm,土壤剖面水热变化较为剧烈,0~40 cm属于水热变化活跃层,覆盖厚度为5和10 cm时的土壤剖面水热变化活跃层分别为0~20和0~10 cm。秸秆覆盖厚度为15 cm时可平抑土壤剖面水热的变化,并能达到良好的保温效果。秸秆覆盖厚度为5 cm时,在土壤冻融作用和秸秆覆盖的双重效应下,耕作层土壤水分较其他地块高,储水保墒效果显著。当秸秆覆盖厚度大于15 cm时,土壤保墒保温效果不随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增强。从预防冻害和蓄水保墒角度出发,最佳秸秆覆盖厚度为10~15 cm。研究成果对于季节性冻土地区冬春季节农田秸秆覆盖的科学实施具有重要的指导意义。     

A simulation model for predicting soil moisture status

A simulation model has been developed to predict daily values of soil moisture content in the top 300 mm of the soil profile from simple meteorological and soil data. Daily precipitation is balanced against runoff, evapotranspiration and drainage. Proven procedures were adapted to calculate both runoff and evapotranspiration, the selection of the methods being influenced by the simplicity of the input data requirement and the essential accuracy of the results in relation to the complete model. Drainage for a given moisture content was calculated by means of exponential functions derived from experimental data of the hydraulic conductivities at field capacity and at saturation assuming a homogeneous soil profile. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted values of the soil moisture content and experimental data over a 4-year period for three typical Scottish soils both fallow and grass covered.     

含水率对土壤有机质含量高光谱估算的影响

土壤含水率对有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)含量高光谱估算精度有很大的影响。为了探讨SOM高光谱估算中土壤含水率的影响,该文对烘干土、风干土和质量含水率为5%~40%(按5%递增)的土壤样本进行了室内高光谱测量,对光谱数据进行了反射率、反射率一阶导数和反射率倒数对数3种光谱数据变换,运用偏最小二乘回归法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立了相应的SOM估算模型。结果表明,风干土的SOM高光谱估算精度较好;当含水率水平小于25%时,SOM估算模型精度受含水率的影响较大,光谱数据进行反射率倒数对数变换后的模型精度最高;当含水率水平大于等于25%时,水分对土壤光谱反射率的影响要大于SOM,不适宜利用土壤光谱数据进行SOM含量高光谱估算。该研究可为大田环境不同含水率情况下光谱估算SOM提供参考。     

农田墒情动态二区模拟模型

为准确模拟土壤计划湿润层内墒情动态变化,基于土壤-植物-大气连续体物质能量运动及土壤水动力学的基本理论,考虑作物根系伸展和吸水特性,把土壤水分变化土层划分为随作物根系伸展而改变深度的包含主要根系的动态根区和无根系的储水区,构建了变根区墒情动态二区模型。模型根区深度随着作物根系伸展改变,以此准确表达土壤计划湿润层内墒情的动态变化;将储水区的土壤水分作为模型变量,计算根区下界面水分通量,由此间接地考虑了深层土壤水分对作物蒸发蒸腾量的影响。将模型拟合误差作为目标函数,采用自由搜索算法率定模型参数。应用建立的模型进行墒情模拟,模拟相对误差小于±5%和±10%所占的比例分别为49.09%和94.55%;经t检验和回归分析表明预测值和实测值相差不大,具有较好的一致性,决定系数为0.779,模型具有较高的模拟精度,能准确反映计划湿润层内墒情的变化。     

西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型

为了定量计算微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐和西葫芦产量的影响,根据微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移特点和西葫芦生长试验,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模型和水盐生产函数,并将二者联立,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型。利用西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌水盐试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明模型计算的西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤含水率和土壤含盐量与实测土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的变化趋势一致,模型计算土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的均方根误差分别为0.049 cm~3/cm~3、0.065 g/kg和3.83 t/hm~2,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均相对误差分别为5.17%、7.42%和5.84%,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均绝对误差分别为0.047 cm~3/cm~3、0.062 g/kg和3.95 t/hm~2。所建的模型具有较高的模拟精度,可用于模拟西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐动态和西葫芦产量。