In situ measurement of wood moisture content in high-temperature steam

Changes in moisture content of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood during high-temperature saturated and superheated steam treatments were investigated. A system for in situ weighing of specimens was used, and the reduction of wood substance by heating was taken into consideration. At 160°C the loss of wood substance due to heating was significant and influenced the moisture content values, but it was almost negligible at 120°C. Treatment time and temperature affected the moisture content in saturated steam but not in superheated steam. Excess water in a saturated closed system appears to promote the decomposition of wood and condensation in or on specimens.Parts of this work was presented at the 49th, 50th, and 52nd Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society in Tokyo, April 1999; Kyoto, April 2000; and Gifu, April 2002     

Influence of moisture content on the vibrational properties of hematoxylin-impregnated wood

The vibrational property of hematoxylinimpregnated wood was investigated from the aspect of moisture content dependence. The specific dynamic Young's modulus (E/) and loss tangent (tan) of hematoxylin-impregnated wood were determined in the relative humidity (RH) range of 0%–97%, and were compared with those of the untreated and some conventional chemically treated woods. The changes in theE/ and tan of wood with increasing RH were suppressed by acetylation and formaldehyde treatment because of a marked reduction in the hygroscopicity of the wood. Although the hematoxylin impregnation did not significantly affect the hygroscopicity of the wood, its influence onE/ and tan were similar to that of formaldehyde treatment at low RH and of acetylation at medium RH. It was supposed that at low to medium RH hematoxylin restrains the molecular motion of amorphous substances in the cell wall because of its bulkiness and rigidity. On the other hand, at high RH it seems to work as a plasticizer with adsorbed water molecules.     

WOOD PERMEABILITY

In this paper,the permeable measurement equipment was made by authors.Thepermeability of four species of common wood was measured.These species grow in northeasternarea of China.The results indicated that 1)The experiment proved this equipment was reasonble instructure,good measurement precision and convenient use,and the wood permeability measurementwas satisfied.2)Wood permeability was the physical property of anisotropy in different grain direc-tions.The permeability of four kinds of wood in axialis are greater than that in crosswise,thepermeability of Pinus koraiensis and Larix dahurica in radial is greater than in tangential,andthe permeability of Populus davidiana Dude and Betula playphylla Suk in tangential is greater thanthat in radial 3) According to the data of four kinds of wood permeability in different grains direc-tion,the effect mechanism on wood permeability and different properties was discussed and ana-lysed.     

桉材热处理及其渗透性能的改善

本文以高温软化和瞬时降压之方法对三种桉材（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ）进行了汽蒸热处理试验。结果表明：除赤桉（Ｅ·Ｃａｍａｌｄｕｌｅｎｓｉｓ）外，热处理后的桉材导管壁上纹孔膜出现了不同程度的破裂，甚至脱落为空洞。其渗透性能得到了较明显的改善。其中以１４０℃、５ｈ的热处理效果为佳。     

The effect of girdling on the moisture content of small-sized trees

In this study, the effect of girdling on the moisture content of small-sized trees for heat energy production was clarified. The moisture content was measured for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Downy birch (Betula pubescens) during two growing seasons after girdling. The trees were girdled at breast height for around 30 cm by removing the bark, phloem, and cambium from around the stem. At the beginning of the growing season the mean moisture content of the living Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and Norway spruce (P. abies) was 60%, and for Downy birch (B. pubescens) it was 50%. During the first growing season the effect of girdling on the moisture content was low, but during the second growing season the moisture content decreased significantly. The moisture content of the Norway spruce (P. abies) (23%) and Downy birch (B. pubescens) (33%) was at its lowest point at 14 months after girdling. There were no significant changes in the moisture content of the Scots pine (P. sylvestris) in this study. The results of this study can be used in basic research and in the development of energy wood production.     

New monitoring concept of moisture content distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying

A new method for monitoring moisture content during radio-frequency (RF)/vacuum drying was developed by measurement of temperature and pressure in wood. Temperature and pressure inside the wood were measured simultaneously during RF/vacuum drying at the same point. The relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) below the fiber saturation point (FSP) were calculated based on temperature and pressure, and the relationship between the temperature, RH, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at the measurement point. When the moisture content was below the FSP, the calculated MC was slightly greater than the value given by oven drying. The absolute error was within 0.8% near the open cross side, and was within 1.8% at another measurement point. Thus, we concluded that it was practicable to monitor the moisture content below the FSP according to the temperature and pressure inside the wood. Part of this study was presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003     

微生物对杉木木材渗透性的影响

分别在杉木产区古杉的创伤处采集被微生物感染木材样品和活体杉木上采集感染病的叶进行分离培养，培养后得到交链胞(Paeudomonas cunuinghamiae Nanjing F.)和多毛胞(Pestalotia zhirdiana P.Henn.)将两种微生物接种到杉木木材上，处理90d后，木材液体渗透性提高达55．3％-60．5％，经方差分析，对照与处理差异显著；微生物处理对心材没有作用；微生物处理改善杉木木材渗透性主要作用在边材，前6h的单位体积吸水量占总吸水量为55．3％-60．5％，达到24h后吸水量差异甚微。     

Nonisothermal moisture movement in wood

In order to analyze the effect of temperature gradient on moisture movement during highly intensive drying, such as microwave-vacuum drying, the profile of the temperature and moisture content in sealed wood whose opposite faces were subjected to temperature gradient for a short time was measured. The ratio of the moisture content (MC) gradient to the temperature gradient (dM/dT) was calculated and the factors influencing moisture movement under nonisothermal conditions were discussed. The results indicate that moisture moved in wood from the warm surface to the cold one even if opposite faces of the sealed wood assembly were exposed continuously to different but constant temperatures for a short period. The moisture content on the cold surface was higher than that on the warm surface. The moisture content gradient opposite to the temperature gradient was established, and the dM/dT was below 0.9%/°C. The temperature in the sample and the distance from the hot surface of the sample was strongly linearly correlated. With an increase in temperature, initial moisture content and experimental time, the dM/dT was significantly increased. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(2): 96–100 [译自: 北京林业大学学报, 2005, 27(2): 96–100]     

Nondestructive testing method of wood moisture content based on a planar capacitance sensor model

For our research, a new hybrid experimental-computational method is presented. We applied a least squares fitting     

吸湿范围内毛白杨木材径向透气性的研究

文章利用自行研制的木材透气性实验装置,探讨了木材含水率、厚度和压力对毛白杨透气性的影响。实验证明：实验装置结构合理,气密性较高,操作方便,满足测量要求;在吸湿范围内：木材透气性与含水率呈负二次曲线关系,含水率为10％左右透气性最大;透气性随着压力差的增加而增加,并呈直线上升趋势;透气性随着厚度的增加而减少,并呈指数下降趋势;在本实验探讨的影响因素中,含水率和厚度对透气性的影响显著。     

Effect of moisture content on the ultrasonic acoustic properties of wood

We determined the ultrasonic velocity and en-ergy attenuation value of three tree species (basswood, elm, and fir) 1 per tree in different moisture content levels, using RSM-SY5 ultrasonic testing inst...     

Hygroexpansion of wood during moisture adsorption and desorption processes

In order to investigate the shrinking and swelling behavior of wood at a non-equilibrium state, the moisture sorptlon processes of wood under constant and changing conditions were studied. For the static sorption experiment, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） specimens were subjected to the adsorption processes at 25℃, 10 different relative humidity environments and the moisture contents were measured at distinct time intervals of adsorption processes. For the dynamic sorption experiment, the specimens were exposed to periodically and linearly varying relative humidity between 45% and 75% at 25℃. Moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes in response to the changing relative humidity were measured. The main results from the experiments indicated that： the moisture sorption isotherms of Chinese fir at equilibrium state and different stages of adsorption processes could be characterized by S-shape curves. From the non-equilibrium state to the equilibrium state, the sigmoid moisture sorption isotherms changed from smooth, gradually increasing values to a steep rise at 100% humidity. Furthermore, under dynamic conditions with a constant temperature and a linearly and periodically varying relative humidity, the moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes of the specimens generally waved but lagged behind the relative humidity change.     

Corrosion of metal fasteners embedded in acetylated and untreated wood at different moisture contents

ABSTRACT

Acetylated wood is now commercially available and designed to be used in certain outdoor applications as an alternative to preservative-treated wood. Fastener corrosion can be a concern in preservative treated wood when the wood remains wet for long periods. However, little data on the corrosiveness of acetylated wood exists beyond the product literature. Here we examine the corrosiveness of commercially obtained acetylated wood and compare it against unmodified (untreated) southern pine (Pinus spp.). Corrosion rates of plain carbon steel, hot dip galvanized steel, and stainless steel were calculated gravimetrically after a one year exposed in the wood. Four different moisture conditions were examined: 90% relative humidity (RH), 95% RH, 100% RH, and a fully water saturated condition. When compared to literature data on the corrosion of fasteners in preservative treated wood at 100% RH, the acetylated wood had much lower steel corrosion rates than all preservatives examined; the measured corrosion rates for galvanized steel were lower than all preservatives except chromated copper arsenate. These measured corrosion rates across a range of moisture conditions can be used to inform the selection of appropriate corrosion resistant fasteners when building with acetylated wood.     

长自鱼鳞云杉木材渗透性及苯-乙醇浸提对其影响的研究

本研究采用水上升置换气流法测定了长白鱼鳞云杉木材渗透性,并利用苯-乙醇对其进行浸提处理,探明浸提物对渗透性的影响及改善其渗透性的可能性。试验结果表明,长白鱼鳞云杉气干心材的气体渗透性为0.02872达西(darcy),属渗透性低、浸注难树种;苯-乙醇浸提对其心材气体渗透性的影响高度显著,浸提后渗透性得到明显改善,渗透性平均增加75%,而且可以增加渗透的均匀性。     

温度及水分状态对美国红松弯曲弹性模量的影响

应用温度控制系统,对美国红松小试样规格材进行测试,检验木材温度及水分状态对木材弯曲弹性模量的影响.结果表明:温度对木材的抗弯性能具有显著影响,随着温度的升高,木材的抗弯性能逐渐减弱;相同承载条件下,含水率越高,冻结木材的抗弯曲性能越强.对于纤维饱和材,冰点以下其弹性模量随着温度的降低而迅速增加,在冰点以上则增加缓慢;对于非纤维饱和材,其弹性模量受温度影响变化幅度在冰点两侧区别不明显.冻结木材弹性模量相对于常温(20℃)情况下(相对弹性模量)受温度和含水率变化的影响十分显著,而非冻结木材的相对弹性模量对温度变化均表现不敏感.通过建立的相对弹性模量-温度试验模型,能较好地预测不同温度及含水率下的木材弯曲弹性模量相对于常温的变化幅度.该研究为不同温度条件下尤其是低温时的木材弹性模量测量结果修正提供了试验依据.     

Effect of moisture content on the longitudinal tensile creep behavior of wood

In our previous report, we investigated the effect of the microfibril angle (MFA) in the middle layer of the secondary wall (S₂) on the longitudinal creep behavior of a thin homogeneous earlywood specimen sugi. In the present study, we investigated the role of moisture on the tensile creep behavior of wood. We discuss the creep behavior of the wood cell wall from the viewpoint of the composite structure of the cell wall and the properties of the constituent materials. A microtomed thin specimen of earlywood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) was used for the longitudinal tensile creep test. Creep tests were conducted at three moisture stages (oven-dry, air-dry, fiber saturation point) over a broad range of MFA. Results showed that the longitudinal tensile creep behavior was highly dependent on both the moisture content and the MFA. With a small MFA, the variation in the creep function among the three moisture states was very small. For a large MFA, the variation in the creep function was larger. At low moisture contents, the magnitude of the creep function was very small, while at high moisture content, it was very large except for the case of specimens with very small MFA. Those results show that the longitudinal tensile creep behavior was directly affected by the fine composite structure and the internal properties of the cell wall constituents.     

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.     

纹孔塞位置回弹对改善长白鱼鳞云杉木材渗透性作用初探

本文通过对难浸注的长白鱼鳞云杉气干5年心材进行水浸泡处理,探讨了纹孔塞位置可否回弹以提高木材渗透性的可能性。试验结果表明,气干5年长白鱼鳞云杉心材经水浸泡11周并用有机溶剂置换干燥后,平均气体渗透性增加了110%,但经成对比较试验t检验,以可靠性95%计差异不显著。表明气干5年后心材通过水浸泡处理,平均气体渗透性虽有增加,但偏移的纹孔塞可能并未重新回弹到中央位置使其渗透性获得真正的提高。     

Varying moisture content and eigen-stresses in timber elements

Abstract

The load-bearing capacity of timber elements and systems is affected by moisture exposure. Varying moisture content in the ambient air and resulting non-uniform moisture profiles on cross-sections generate stresses perpendicular to grain because of restraint of hygroexpansion. This paper presents effects of indoor moisture diffusion in timber elements; moisture profiles within member and corresponding stresses are determined using finite element analysis and a relevant constitutive model. The stress variability is larger near the surface compared with the middle of a cross-section. No major differences are noticed between different climatic locations, but the induced stresses reach high levels above the characteristic strength in tension perpendicular to grain. It appears that indoor moisture effects differ insignificantly between the different climatic locations investigated in this study.     

木材含水率测定方法的比较研究

为修订国家标准“CB1931—80木材含水率测定方法”提供依据,本文对含树脂和挥发性物质较多的马尾松等5种木材,采用烘干法、真空干燥法和蒸馏法进行含水率测定的比较。结果表明,烘干法简便实用,但所测得的含水率结果比真空干燥法和蒸馏法为高,如果试样含有较多的挥发性物质,应用烘干法测定含水率误差偏大时,可采用真空干燥法。