雏鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫后脂质过氧化物的变化

为了探讨柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E.tenella)对感染雏鸡的损伤机制 ,本试验给 10日龄海兰白公雏鸡口服柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊 8× 10 4个 /只 ,在感染后 2、4、6、7、9、12、16和 2 1d分别各取 5只雏鸡剖检 ,取盲肠并采血 ,观察盲肠病理组织学变化 ,测定盲肠组织及血清中的丙二醛 (MDA )、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)的水平。结果表明 ,雏鸡在感染 E.tenella后 2～ 4d,盲肠开始出现损伤 ,同时 SOD和 GSH- Px活性也开始下降 ;感染后 4～ 7d,盲肠粘膜上皮和肠腺上皮细胞大量变性、坏死崩解 ,发生严重损伤时 ,盲肠及血清中 MDA含量显著增加 ,并持续到 9d,同时 SOD和 GSH- Px活性也显著下降 ;感染 9d后 ,损伤的盲肠组织及 MDA、SOD和 GSH- Px水平逐渐恢复 ,至 2 1d基本达到正常     

雏鸡感染马立克氏病病毒后免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

以马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）感染１日龄肉用雏鸡，在感染后５、２５、４５ｄ采取法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺，用彩色免疫金银染色法检查免疫器官组织中ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化。结果：ＭＤＶ感染雏鸡的法氏囊、脾脏和哈德尔腺中以ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞居多，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞均较正常对照鸡显著减少；盲肠扁桃体中以ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞居多，ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体生成细胞数量显著低于正常对照鸡。由此表明，ＭＤＶ感染鸡全身免疫器官和消化道、呼吸道局部粘膜体液免疫机能明显抑制。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）感染鸡IgG生成细胞及血清IgG变化

利用免疫组化技术和Dot-ELISA，分别检测了雏鸡初次感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella)后，盲肠局部和免疫器官中IgG生成细胞数的动态变化、循环血液中特异性IgG水平的动态变化、雏鸡母源抗体的动态变化以及不同抗体水平雏鸡的抗球虫能力。结果表明，（1）感染后2-3d，盲肠粘膜、脾脏、法氏囊、肓肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞即开始增殖，9-12d达峰值，随后开始下降，盲肠扁桃体中IgG生成细胞数在22d时仍高于对照组；（2）感染后6d即可在循环血液中检测到特异性IgG，18d达峰值，30d降至感染后7d时的水平；（3）特异性母源抗体IgG水平高的雏鸡，抗球虫能力高，二者呈明显的正相关。     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫（E．tenella）感染鸡IsG生成细胞及血清IgG变化

为了探明鸡球虫保护性免疫机制，通过人工复制的鸡球虫病鸡，利用免疫组化技术和斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Dot-ELISA），分别检测了柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E．tenella）初次感染雏鸡后，盲肠局部和免疫器官中IgG生成细胞数的动态变化，循环血液中特异性IgG水平的动态变化；雏鸡母源抗体的动态变化和不同抗体水平雏鸡的抗球虫能力。结果表明：（1）攻毒后雏鸡盲肠粘膜、脾脏、法氏囊、盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞早于第2～3d（d）开始增殖，在第9～12d达到峰值，随后即开始下降，盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞数在第22d仍高于对照组。（2）雏鸡感染E．tenella后第6d即可在循环血液中检测到特异性IgG，于第18d达到峰值，第30d降至感染后第7d时的水平。（3）特异性母源抗体IgG水平高的雏鸡，抗球虫水平高。雏鸡母源抗体IgG水平随日龄增长逐渐下降，同时雏鸡的抗球虫水平也随之降低，母源抗体IgG水平与抗球虫能力有明显的正相关性。     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫(E.tenella)感染鸡IgG生成细胞及血清IgG变化

为了探明鸡球虫保护性免疫机制,通过人工复制的鸡球虫病鸡,利用免疫组化技术和斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(Dot-ELISA),分别检测了柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)初次感染雏鸡后,盲肠局部和免疫器官中IgG生成细胞数的动态变化,循环血液中特异性IgG水平的动态变化;雏鸡母源抗体的动态变化和不同抗体水平雏鸡的抗球虫能力.结果表明:(1)攻毒后雏鸡盲肠粘膜、脾脏、法氏囊、盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞早于第2～3d(d)开始增殖,在第9～12d达到峰值,随后即开始下降,盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞数在第22d仍高于对照组.(2)雏鸡感染E.tenella后第6d即可在循环血液中检测到特异性IgG,于第18d达到峰值,第30d降至感染后第7d时的水平.(3)特异性母源抗体IgG水平高的雏鸡,抗球虫水平高.雏鸡母源抗体IgG水平随日龄增长逐渐下降,同时雏鸡的抗球虫水平也随之降低,母源抗体IgG水平与抗球虫能力有明显的正相关性.     

IBDV感染雏鸡不同组织Mx基因的分布研究

为了探究传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染雏鸡后抗病毒基因Mx在其体内不同组织的表达变化,试验以IBDV感染3天(22日龄)的SPF蛋鸡为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测了IBDV感染组雏鸡与对照组雏鸡法氏囊、盲肠扁桃体、脾脏、胸腺、肝脏、腺胃、十二指肠、卵巢等组织中Mx mRNA和IBDV VP2 mRNA表达水平。结果表明:IBDV感染雏鸡3 d后,Mx mRNA在盲肠扁桃体中表达水平最高,显著高于其他组织(P0.05);其次为法氏囊和肝脏;卵巢表达量最低(P0.05)。IBDV感染组雏鸡各组织Mx mRNA表达水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。IBDV感染雏鸡3 d后,IBDV VP2 mRNA在法氏囊中的表达量最高(P0.05),脾脏次之,其他被检组织无统计学差异(P0.05)。说明雏鸡感染IBDV 3 d后,IBDV载量在免疫器官较非免疫器官高;抗病毒基因Mx转录表达水平相对都比较高,其转录表达水平与器官的病毒载量没有明显的相关性。     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫实验感染雏鸡体液免疫机制研究

本文通过人工复制的鸡球虫病鸡,利用免疫组化技术等方法,检测了柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)初次感染雏鸡后,盲肠局部和免疫器官中IgG生成细胞数的动态变化。结果表明:攻毒后雏鸡盲肠粘膜、脾脏、法氏囊、盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞分别于第3、3、3、2d开始增殖,在第12、12、16、9d达到峰值,随后即开始下降,盲肠扁桃体中的IgG生成细胞数在第22d仍高于对照组,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染雏鸡LPO含量和抗自由基酶活性的动力学

通过测定柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (Eimeria tenella)感染鸡的盲肠、肝脏、脾脏和法氏囊组织中脂质过氧化物 (L PO)含量和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GXH- Px)及过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性 ,研究雏鸡感染球虫后机体内自由基生成和抗自由基反应。结果表明 ,雏鸡感染 E.tenella后 ,盲肠、肝脏和脾脏组织中的 L PO含量在感染后显著 (P<0 .0 5 )或极显著 (P<0 .0 1)升高 ,T- SOD、Mn- SOD、Cu、Zn- SOD、GSH- Px和 CAT活性水平不同程度下降。试验结果说明在 E.tenella感染后 ,鸡体内的氧自由基生成反应加剧 ,氧自由基参与了球虫的致病过程。     

雏鸡人工感染传染性腔上囊病毒时淋巴器官的组织病理学观察

本研究观察了人工感染传染性腔上囊病毒(IBDV)的雏鸡的腔上囊、胸腺,脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、Harder′s腺等淋巴器官的组织病理学变化。结果显示全部感染鸡腔上囊都有特异性病理变化:表现淋巴小结髓质坏死,髓质、皮质同时坏死,淋巴细胞数量明显减少;未分化上皮细胞立方化;间质充血、水肿增宽或成纤维细胞增生;粘膜水肿、上皮细胞变性;脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、胸腺和Harder′s腺亦有不同程度的组织学改变。     

传染性法氏囊病毒感染SPF雏鸡哈德尔腺和盲肠扁桃体TGF-β1 mRNA表达变化

为探索鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染对SPF雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部黏膜免疫组织转化生长因子-β1 (TGF-β1)mRNA表达的影响,以21日龄SPF雏鸡为研究对象,应用荧光定量PCR方法,对SPF雏鸡感染IBDV后,其哈德尔腺和盲肠扁桃体中TGF-β1 mRNA表达的动态变化进行检测.结果发现,21日龄SPF雏鸡感染IBDV强毒后1～28 d,其上述局部黏膜免疫组织中TGF-β1 mRNA表达均不同程度的高于对照雏鸡,其中哈德尔腺TGF-β1 mRNA表达于病毒感染后3～28 d极显著高于对照雏鸡(P＜0.01);而盲肠扁桃体的上述被检指标于病毒感染后3～14 d极显著高于对照雏鸡(P＜0.01).表明IBDV感染所致的雏鸡免疫抑制与雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部黏膜免疫组织TGF-β1 mRNA表达增加密切相关.本研究为进一步阐明IBDV的免疫致病机制提供了重要的参考依据.     

内源性NO在雏鸡球虫感染中的作用

以腹腔注射途径给予感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E.tenella)雏鸡细菌脂多糖 (L PS)和地塞米松 (Dex) ,用铜离子活化镉还原法检测血清 NO- 2 水平 ,并通过测定 NBT阳性细胞百分率、雏鸡增重、免疫器官的脏器系数、OPG值以及盲肠病变记分等指标 ,探讨了 NO在雏鸡感染球虫过程中的作用。试验结果表明 ,与空白对照组相比 ,给予 L PS可使 NBT阳性细胞百分率明显升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使盲肠病变及球虫感染引起的增重下降有所减轻 ,这提示 L PS对雏鸡具一定的保护作用 ;而给予 Dex不仅降低了感染雏鸡血清 NO- 2 的水平、NBT阳性细胞百分率、增重和胸腺的脏器系数 ,还增加了 OPG值和盲肠病变记分 ,说明在雏鸡感染球虫过程中 ,Dex会减少 NO的生成 ,并使雏鸡抗球虫免疫力下降。     

Protective effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella infection in chickens

The effects of oral administration of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella oocysts infection in chickens were studied with 2 different experiments. In Experiment 1, 3-week-old inbred chickens (MHC; H.B15) were inoculated into the crop with SCE (500 mg/kg/day) for 1 day or 3 consecutive days, and then challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(4) cells/chicken). In Experiment 2, 1-week-old chickens were orally administered SCE at the same dose for 3 consecutive days, and then initially infected with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(3) cells/chicken). At 2 and 3 weeks of age, these chickens were immunized intravenously with the mixed antigens of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus (BA). At 4 weeks of age, chickens were challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (1 x 10(5)/chicken). Challenged chickens with E. tenella oocysts showed markedly decreased body weight gain/day, severe hemorrhage and great number of shedding oocysts in feces and high lesion scores. Oral administration of SCE and initial infection with oocysts (2 x 10 (3)/chicken) resulted in a remarkable improvement in body weight gain/day, hemorrhage, the number of shedding oocysts and lesion score, compare to other infected groups. In addition, SCE-inoculated chickens with the initial infection showed a significant increase in antibody responses against SRBC and BA and also improvement in decreased relative proportions of Bu-1a(+) and CD4( )cells in cecal tonsil lymphocytes of E. tenella-challenged chickens. Cecal tissues of chickens administered SCE and initially infected with E. tenella oocysts showed lower numbers of schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts than those of infected control chickens. These results suggest that SCE have immunostimulating and protective effects against E. tenella infection in chickens.     

藏鸡和隐性白羽鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫后免疫相关基因的表达变化分析

试验旨在从免疫遗传学的角度初步探讨藏鸡（TC）和隐性白羽鸡（RWC）对柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）易感性差异的分子机制,分别用1×10⁵个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊感染对球虫具有抗性的藏鸡和易感的隐性白羽鸡。应用实时荧光定量PCR检测藏鸡和隐性白羽鸡感染前0 d和感染后第2、4、6和8天脾脏、盲肠、胸腺、法氏囊中γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、IL-16、Toll样受体（TLR3）和TLR15免疫相关基因的转录水平变化。结果显示,藏鸡脾脏IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-16及TLR3、TLR15免疫相关基因转录水平于感染后第4和8天明显上调,隐性白羽鸡则无明显变化。藏鸡盲肠IFN-γ转录水平在感染后第2天显著上调（P<0.05）,TLR3在感染后第4天起显著上调（P<0.05）,其余免疫相关基因变化幅度不大;隐性白羽鸡盲肠IFN-γ转录水平在感染后第8天显著上调（P<0.05）,IL-2在感染后第2天起显著上调（P<0.05）,IL-16在感染后第6天起显著上调（P<0.05）,TLR3在感染后第2和8天显著上调（P<0.05）,TLR15变化幅度不大。各免疫相关基因在2个品种鸡胸腺和法氏囊中均出现上调或下调,但除藏鸡法氏囊TLR3和TLR15转录水平变化幅度相对较大外,其余免疫相关基因与感染前相比变化幅度不大。以上结果显示,球虫感染主要导致藏鸡和隐性白羽鸡脾脏和盲肠中的各免疫相关基因出现显著变化,表明宿主的遗传背景在一定程度上可影响球虫感染的免疫应答。     

葡萄球菌性关节炎肉鸡免疫器官的病理学变化

利用鸡源致病性金黄色葡萄球菌复制鸡葡萄球菌性关节炎的病理模型,研究免疫器官的主要病理学变化及其内CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞的动态变化。结果表明:鸡接种细菌后呈典型的关节炎症状。脾脏肿大,表面呈网格状,法氏囊黏膜增厚,盲肠扁桃体和胸腺上散在出血点。光镜下脾脏淋巴小结早期数目增多,后期呈灶状坏死,法氏囊水肿,淋巴小结坏死液化。CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞的变化为:脾脏在接种后7 d淋巴小结内的CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞已明显多于对照组,与对照组比差异极显著(P<0.01);接种后7 d,法氏囊的淋巴滤泡周围的间隙中检出较多的阳性细胞,在接种后14 d CD4 T淋巴细胞达到高峰,随后下降,与对照组相比在接种后7 d差异显著(P<0.05),在接种后14 d差异极显著(P<0.01);而CD8 T淋巴细胞在接种后7 d就达到高峰,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);盲肠扁桃体的CD8 T淋巴细胞在接种后7 d上升,21 d达到最高值;胸腺组织中阳性细胞数对照组和试验组都很少,试验组的阳性细胞数的变化没有明显的规律。鸡接种金黄色葡萄球菌后免疫器官内CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞数目增多,表明T淋巴细胞参与了金黄色葡萄球菌引起鸡的关节炎的发生发展过程。     

Adhesion of bacteria to the cecal mucosal surface of conventional and germ-free chickens infected with Eimeria tenella.

When Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens were tested in conventional chickens, larger numbers of S typhimurium and C perfringens adhered to Eimeria tenella-infected ceca than to uninfected ceca. In germ-free chickens, S typhimurium and C perfringens adhered to the E tenella-infected cecal mucosa more than to the uninfected cecal mucosa, but fewer Bacteroides vulgatus and Bifidobacterium thermophilum adhered to the E tenella-infected ceca than to the uninfected ceca. Many bacteria adhered to the lesions caused by E tenella as observed by scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that infection with E tenella upsets the balance of competitive adherence of bacteria, allowing more colonization of S typhimurium and C perfringens.     

Activation of macrophages by culture fluid of antigen-stimulated spleen cells collected from chickens immunized with Eimeria tenella

The effect of spleen cell factors on the activation of macrophages was investigated in chickens immunized with Eimeria tenella. The abilities of peritoneal macrophages obtained from normal chickens to kill sporozoites of E. tenella and to inhibit intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii were enhanced by exposing them to 33 and 50% culture fluid of antigen-stimulated spleen cells of chickens immunized with E. tenella. The parasiticidal activity of normal macrophages was also distinctly enhanced by the treatment with culture fluid of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal spleen cells. On the other hand, the parasiticidal activity of normal macrophages could not be enhanced by the treatment with culture fluid of antigen-stimulated normal spleen cells under conditions similar to those of culture fluid of antigen-stimulated immune spleen cells. It thus appears that the macrophage activator was induced from immune spleen cells in response to the stimulation by the antigen.     

Identification and quantification of granulocytes in caecal mucosa and submucosa of chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and Salmonella enteritidis

1. Poultry granulocytes are not clearly distinguished from each other with haematoxylineosin (HE) stain; thus, histochemical techniques must be used. Three experiments were carried out using 4-week-old Leghorn chickens. 2. Three, 80-chicken groups were orally infected with (1) 10 8 colony forming units (CFUs) Salmonella enteritidis , or (2) 10 4 Eimeria tenella oocysts, or (3) 10 8 CFUs S. enteritidis + 10 4 E. tenella oocysts. Ten chickens from each group were euthanased and caecum samples obtained. Caecum samples were fixed in 10% formalin (buffered, pH 7.4) at 4, 8, 12 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 d post-inoculation (PI). 3. Samples were stained using three different staining techniques: HE for the identification of heterophils and eosinophils, Ziehl-Neelsen for mast cells, and p -phenilenediamine dihydrochloride plus pyrocatechol (PPD + PC) for eosinophils. 4. Birds from Experiment 1 showed no changes in the numbers of granulocytes. Birds from Experiments 2 and 3 showed higher numbers of heterophils in caecal mucosa and submucosa separately, on d 5 and 7. In Experiment 3, a decrease was observed in submucosal mast cells on d 3. Chickens from Experiments 2 and 3 showed increased numbers of mucosal mast cells between d 7 and 14. 5. PPD + PC positively stained eosinophils, but not heterophils. 6. Numbers of heterophils and mast cells were increased during the acute inflammatory process caused by E. tenella . Therefore, mast cells could play a role as primary inflammatory cells. Eosinophils seem not to be part of the inflammatory process caused by E. tenella .     

Modulation of innate immunity in chickens induced by in vivo administration of baculovirus

Baculoviruses stimulate cytokine production in mammalian cells. They induce a strong innate immune response in animals and have adjuvant properties. The purpose of this work was to study the in vivo effect of baculovirus on chicken innate immune response. SPF chickens were inoculated intravenously with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BV). Three hours later, chickens were bled, euthanized and their spleen, duodenum and cecal tonsils were excised in order to take samples for RNA extraction and real time PCR, and to isolate lymphocytes, which were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. The results obtained showed that baculovirus inoculation up-regulates the expression of IFN-γ, IL-6 and LITAF in spleen cells. This result (IFN-γ) correlated with that obtained by ELISA which showed a very strong increase of IFN-γ in chicken plasma. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that BV inoculation induced in spleen an increase in the percentage of monocyte/macrophage population together with an increase in CD3(+)CD4(+) T lymphocytes. On the other hand, BV inoculation decreased the percentage of CD3(+)CD4(+) T lymphocytes and increased the percentage of NK cells in cecal tonsils. However, intraepithelial lymphocytes of the gut did not show differences between BV and control treated animals. Even though further studies in order to understand the mechanisms by which BVs affect the avian immune response are needed, results obtained in the present work demonstrate the ability of BVs to stimulate the innate immunity in chickens, modifying the expression pattern of related genes and the profile of the immune cells involved.     

Early immune dynamics following infection with Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, Pullorum and Gallinarum: cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile and cellular changes of chicken cecal tonsils

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica infection remains a serious problem in a wide range of animals and in man. Poultry-derived food is the main source of human infection with the non-host-adapted serovars while fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are important diseases of poultry. We have assessed cecal colonization and immune responses of newly hatched and older chickens to Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis, Infantis, Gallinarum and Pullorum. S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis colonized the ceca more efficiently than S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Salmonella infection was also associated with increased staining for B-lymphocytes and macrophages in the cecal tonsils of infected birds. S. Enteritidis infection in newly hatched birds stimulated the expression of CXCLi1 and CXCLi2 chemokines in the cecal tonsils, while S. Gallinarum up-regulated the expression of LITAF. In older chickens, S. Enteritidis infection resulted in a significantly higher expression of CXCLi2, iNOS, LITAF and IL-10 while S. Pullorum appeared to down-regulate CXCLi1 expression in the cecal tonsils. Data from spleens showed either no expression or down-regulation of the tested genes.     

The effect of selenium and vitamin E on the lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells in the lymphoid organ and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues of broiler chickens

The present research has been designed to understand the effect of selenium and vitamin E on the lymphocyte and changes in the frequency of Ig-containing plasma cells in the lymphatic organ and ileum (representative organ for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues) of different postnatal stages of Kasilla broiler chickens. A routine haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain were used to study the histology of the lymphocytic changes, and indirect immunoperoxidase staining method was performed for the study of the distributional and dynamical changes of the Ig-containing plasma cells within the lymphatic tissues and in the ileum of control broilers and in the broilers supplemented with different concentration of selenium and vitamin E in the diet. Histologically, the population of lymphocytes decreased in the lobules of the thymus, medulla of bursal follicles, splenic masses, lymphatic nodules of the cecal tonsil, and villi of the ilium in 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg selenium supplemented broilers in comparison with the control. The population of these cells was found to increase in 150 mg and 300 mg vitamin E supplemented chickens in the present study. In the spleen IgG- and the IgM-containing plasma cells were more than IgA-containing plasma cells. In contrast, in the cecal tonsil and ileum IgA-containing plasma cells were more than IgG- and IgM-containing plasma cells. The frequency of these immunopositive cells were decreased in 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg selenium supplementated chickens, and increased their frequency in the chickens supplemented with 150 mg and 300 mg vitamin E. In the spleen the frequency of IgM-containing plasma cells and both in the cecal tonsil and ileum, the IgG-containing plasma cells were more decreased by selenium supplementation which restored in their population by vitamin E supplementation.