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1.
Carbon (C) and Nitrogen dynamics and sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) production were investigated in a loamy soil amended with pig slurry. Pig slurry (40000kgha–1) or distilled H2O was applied to intact soil cores of the upper 5cm of a loamy soil which were incubated under aerobic conditions for 28 days
at 25°C. Treatments were with or without acetylene (C2H2), which is assumed to inhibit the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2), and with or without dicyandiamide (DCD), which is thought to inhibit nitrification. Volatilization of ammonia (NH3), pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O production, and ammonium (NH4
+) and nitrate NO3
–) concentrations were monitored. The pH of the pig slurry amended soil increased from an initial value of 7.1 to pH 8.3 within
3 days; it then decreased slowly but was still at a value of 7.4 after 28 days. Twenty percent of the NH4
+ applied volatilized within 28 days. Sixty percent of the C applied in the pig slurry evolved as CO2, if no priming effect was assumed, but only 38% evolved when the soil was amended with DCD. Pig slurry significantly increased
denitrification and the ratio between its gaseous products, N2O and N2, was 0.21. No significant increases in NO3
– concentration occurred, and N2O produced through nitrification was 0.07mg N2O-N kg–1 day–1 or 33% of the total N2O produced. C2H2 was used as a C substrate by microorganisms and increased the production of N2O.
Received: 12 May 1997 相似文献
2.
Species‐specific uptake and allocation mechanisms for N are scarce, in particular when trees are cultivated in potted soil under more natural conditions than in hydroponic culture. The objective of this study was to compare specific N‐uptake rates for economically and ecologically important tree species in Central European forests: pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies), oak (Quercus petraea), beech (Fagus sylvatica), lime (Tilia cordata), and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) when they grow in mineral soil from an old fallow site with a pH of 6. We used an 15N‐labeling method to measure tree seedling 15N uptake in potted soils (Humic Cambisol) when both N forms NH$ _4^+ $ and NO$ _3^- $ were simultaneously present in the soil solution for interspecies comparison and assessment of relationships between specific 15N‐uptake rates and amino acid–accumulation rates or relative growth rates (RGR). The results demonstrate that tree species varied significantly in their capacity to take up NH$ _4^+ $ or NO$ _3^- $ into roots, stems, or leaves, but indicate only marginal differences in their preference for NH$ _4^+ $ or NO$ _3^- $ when they grow in mineral soil. The ranking of specific 15N‐uptake rates for NH$ _4^+ $ and NO$ _3^- $ was oak < beech < spruce < pine < lime < ash. Fine roots of all species had the highest specific 15N‐uptake rates for both N forms, followed by total roots, leaves/needles, and stems. As regards tree seedling species, we found negative relationships between glutamine (Gln)‐accumulation rates in leaves/needles and total 15N‐uptake rates in fine roots. Noteworthy was the fact that, at high Gln‐accumulation rates, the N‐uptake system in fine roots of ash was probably lower under feedback inhibition by the amino acid. 相似文献
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4.
The application of animal manure as a source of plant nutrients requires the determination of the amount and pattern of nutrient mineralization from manure.A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the influence of lignite amendment and lignite type on carbon(C) and nitrogen(N)mineralization in raw(feedstock) and composted cattle manure following application to soil at 30 and 60 t ha-1.The mineralization of C and N was determined by measuring changes in CO2 evolution ... 相似文献
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Effects of cover crop growth and decomposition on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and soil microbial carbon dynamics 下载免费PDF全文
D. Linsler M. Kaiser R. Andruschkewitsch C. Piegholdt B. Ludwig 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(2):192-199
Although the effects of cover crops (CC) on various soil parameters have been fully investigated, less is known about the impacts at different stages in CC cultivation. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of CC cultivation stages and residue placement on aggregates and microbial carbon (Cmic). Additionally, the influence of residue location and crop species on CO2 emissions and leached mineralized nitrogen (Nmin) during the plant degradation period was also investigated. Within an incubation experiment, four CC species were sown in soil columns, with additional columns being kept plant‐free. After plant growth, the columns were frozen (as occurs in winter under field conditions) and then incubated with the plant material either incorporated or surface‐applied. With CC, concentrations of large and medium macroaggregates were twice that of the fallow, confirming positive effects of root growth. Freezing led to a decrease in these aggregate size classes. In the subsequent incubation, the large macroaggregates decreased far more in the samples with CC than in the fallow, leading to similar aggregate size distributions. No difference in Cmic concentration was found among the CC cultivation stages. CO2 emissions were roughly equivalent to the carbon amounts added as plant residues. Comparison of columns with incorporated or surface‐applied residues indicated no consistent pattern of aggregate distribution, CO2 emission or Cmic and Nmin concentrations. Our results suggest that positive effects of CC cultivation are only short term and that a large amount of organic material in the soil could have a greater influence than CC cultivation. 相似文献
7.
Impact of cattle slurry acidification on carbon and nitrogen dynamics during storage and after soil incorporation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Acidification of animal slurry is recommended in order to reduce NH3 emissions, but relatively little is known about the effect of such treatment on C and N dynamics during acidification, storage, and after soil application. A laboratory study was performed, and the CO2 emissions from a high–dry matter slurry (HDM), a low–dry matter slurry (LDM), and the same respective acidified slurries (AHDM and ALDM) were followed during a storage period and after soil incorporation. The N‐mineralization and nitrification processes, as well as microbial‐biomass activity were also estimated in soil receiving both the acidified and nonacidified materials. We observed a strong CO2 emission during the acidification process, and acidification led to a small increase in CO2 emissions (≈ 11%) during storage of AHDM relative to HDM. No effect of LDM acidification on CO2 emissions during storage was observed. About 30% of C released during storage of AHDM was inorganic C, and for ALDM the C release was exclusively inorganic. Soil application of AHDM and ALDM led to a decrease in soil respiration, nitrification, and microbial‐biomass‐C values, relative to soil application of HDM and LDM, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that this effect was more pronounced in ALDM‐ than AHDM‐treated soil. Considering both steps (storage and soil application), acidification led to a significant decrease of C losses and lower C losses were observed from LDM slurries than from HDM slurries. 相似文献
8.
联合施用不同植物物质和鸡粪对土壤碳氮含量和蔬菜产量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. A. OMARI H. P. AUNG M. HOU T. YOKOYAMA S. ONWONA-AGYEMAN Y. OIKAWA Y. FUJII S. D. BELLINGRATH-KIMURA 《土壤圈》2016,26(4):510-521
The use of plant materials as soil amendments is an uncommon practice amongst major farming communities in Ghana, although it is necessary for soil fertility improvement. An examination of the effects of soil amendments is necessary to encourage the use of under-utilized organic resources in Ghana. Thus, a field experiment was conducted using 8 different tropical plant materials mixed with chicken manure as soil amendments for growth of tomato as a test crop. The plant materials included Leucaena leucocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Sesbania sesban, Gliricidia sepium, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica, and Theobroma cacao. There were two other treatments: one with equivalent amounts of chemical fertilizers and the other with no-fertilizer input (control). Plant materials were mixed with chicken manure to obtain a uniform carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 5:1. Except the no-fertilizer control, all treatments received the same amount of nitrogen (N). To clarify the decomposition pattern of the plant materials in soil, an incubation experiment was conducted using only the plant materials before the field experiment. The Gliricidia treatment released significantly more mineral N than the other plant materials in the incubation experiment. However, the tomato fruit yield was not enhanced in the Gliricidia treatment in the field experiment. The known quality parameters of the tested plant materials, such as total N, total carbon (C), C:N ratio, and total polyphenols, had minimal effects on their mineralization dynamics. Azadirachta showed the best synergistic effect with chicken manure through significantly increasing soil microbial biomass and fruit yield of tomato. This result provides insights into the possible adoption of Azadirachta in combination with chicken manure as a soil amendment in small-scale agricultural holdings. 相似文献
9.
玉米秸秆及其黑炭添加对黄绵土氮素转化的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用室内培养试验,研究在相同的土壤水分和施氮量条件下,不同碳源(玉米秸秆及其黑炭)添加对土壤无机氮转化和N2O排放的影响机制。结果表明,不同碳源(玉米秸秆和黑炭)的施加对氮素净矿化量的影响差异极显著(p0.01)。与直接施加玉米秸秆相比,施加黑炭增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,显著降低了土壤N2O排放量;施加黑炭后土壤无机氮浓度变化在整个培养期间较平缓,而施加秸秆后土壤氮转化在前两周较为剧烈。相较于添加秸秆,施加黑炭有利于减少温室气体N2O的排放。 相似文献
10.
Dynamics of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) were investigated in a loamy soil amended or injected with pig slurry. Treatments
were with or without acetylene C2H2 (which is assumed to inhibit reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to dinitrogen (N2), and soil cores were conditioned for 15 days at 25°C while pH, production of CO2 and N2O, ammonia (NH3) emission and (nitrate) (NO3
–) and (ammonium) (NH4
+) concentrations were monitored. There was no significant difference in CO2 production between the injected and surface applied pig slurry treatments, and within 15 days ca. 5% of the C applied had
been mineralized, if no priming effect was assumed. Neither the production of N2O nor the total gaseous production of the denitrification process (N2O plus N2) were affected by the way the pig slurry was added to the soil. NH3 volatilization, however, decreased by 90% when pig slurry was injected. The addition of C2H2 significantly increased the CO2 production and the concentration of NH4
+, but significantly decreased the concentration of NO3
–. It was concluded that the injection of pig slurry to a dry soil was an acceptable alternative to its application to the
soil surface, as not only was NH3 volatilization reduced, but the production of N2O and N2 through denitrification was not stimulated. It is also suggested that the composition of the organic C fraction in the pig
slurry, most likely the concentration of fatty acids, had an important effect on the dynamics of N and C in the soil.
Received: 12 May 1997 相似文献
11.
不同施肥方式对农田土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究不同施肥方式以及环境因子对农田土壤CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,结果表明,不同施肥方式对农田土壤CO2排放的季节模式无明显影响,但是影响了N2O排放的季节模式。不同施肥方式对土壤CO2排放通量影响不明显,主要影响土壤N2O排放,整个小麦、玉米生长季,分两次施肥的F2与分四次施肥的F1相比,土壤N2O排放量增加,化肥配合有机肥施用(MF)的土壤N2O通量大于单纯的化肥处理,秸秆还田降低了土壤N2O的排放。相关分析结果表明,土壤CO2排放与大气温度、地表温度、土壤温度和土壤水分均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。由于肥料施用的影响,土壤N2O排放和土壤温度、水分的相关分析并不显著。土壤N2O排放受土壤硝态氮和铵态氮变化的影响。 相似文献
12.
Christoph Müller Ronald J. Laughlin Catherine J. Watson 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(6):1362-1371
The effects of repeated synthetic fertilizer or cattle slurry applications at annual rates of 50, 100 or 200 m3 ha−1 yr−1 over a 38 year period were investigated with respect to herbage yield, N uptake and gross soil N dynamics at a permanent grassland site. While synthetic fertilizer had a sustained and constant effect on herbage yield and N uptake, increasing cattle slurry application rates increased the herbage yield and N uptake linearly over the entire observation period. Cattle slurry applications, two and four times the recommended rate (50 m3 ha−1 yr−1, 170 kg N ha−1), increased N uptake by 46 and 78%, respectively after 38 years. To explain the long-term effect, a 15N tracing study was carried out to identify the potential change in N dynamics under the various treatments. The analysis model evaluated process-specific rates, such as mineralization, from two organic-N pools, as well as nitrification from NH4+ and organic-N oxidation. Total mineralization was similar in all treatments. However, while in an unfertilized control treatment more than 90% of NH4+ production was related to mineralization of recalcitrant organic-N, a shift occurred toward a predominance of mineralization from labile organic-N in the cattle slurry treatments and this proportion increased with the increase in slurry application rate. Furthermore, the oxidation of recalcitrant organic-N shifted from a predominant NH4+ production in the control treatment, toward a predominant NO3− production (heterotrophic nitrification) in the cattle slurry treatments. The concomitant increase in heterotrophic nitrification and NH4+ oxidation with increasing cattle slurry application rate was mainly responsible for the increase in net NO3− production rate. Thus the increase in N uptake and herbage yield on the cattle slurry treatments could be related to NO3− rather than NH4+ production. The 15N tracing study was successful in revealing process-specific changes in the N cycle in relationship to long-term repeated amendments. 相似文献
13.
Effects of salts and moisture content on N2O emission and nitrogen dynamics in Yellow soil and Andosol in model experiments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N2O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture
under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures
were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH4Cl) or sulphates [Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to
non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their
effects on the changes in mineral N (NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N) concentration as well as N2O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect
of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO3)2 solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol
taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine
their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations.
These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification
was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level
of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m–1. The emission rate of N2O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no
significant difference in N2O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N2O emission remarkably.
Received: 29 July 1998 相似文献
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P. Gioacchini L. M. Manici N. A. Ramieri C. Marzadori C. Ciavatta 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,43(6):621-630
Olive pulp (OP), the residual material of a two-phase olive oil extraction system, and effluents from hydrogen (EH2) and methane (ECH4) production, have been evaluated as soil amendments particularly for their impact on soil mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics,
gross N mineralization, and soil microbial biomass N (Nmic). Both N transformation and microbial growth were mainly influenced by the amount and quality of added organic carbon (C).
Both OP and EH2, which contain more carbohydrates and lipids than polyphenolic compounds, stimulated NO3
− immobilization during the early incubation period and increased Nmic, saprophytic fungi, and N mineralization. On the contrary, soil amended with ECH4, which is characterized by the lowest C content but the highest content of polyphenolic compounds, behaved as the control;
neither NO3
− immobilization nor microbial growth were observed and gross N mineralization was stimulated only at the beginning of the
incubation period. Bacterial plate count was significantly correlated with direct bacterial count and fungal count was correlated
with Nmic. Therefore, it is suggested that both bacterial and fungal plate counts may be used as indicators of the overall bacterial
and fungal populations inhabiting soil, respectively. The knowledge of the impact of these materials on soil N dynamics is
crucial for their correct use in agriculture because it has been shown that NO3
− availability can be strongly influenced by the addition of different amounts and quality of organic amendment. 相似文献
16.
利用室内培养实验,分析燥红壤和砖红壤中分别施加N0(不添加氮素)、N1(氮添加量为100mg·kg−1)、N2(氮添加量为200mg·kg−1)和N3(氮添加量为300mg.kg−1)4个水平氮后对土壤性质及N2O、CO2排放的影响。结果表明:氮肥添加显著降低了土壤pH和有机碳含量。相较于N0,燥红壤N1、N2和N3处理pH和有机碳降幅分别为8%~18%和4%~12%,砖红壤降幅分别为5%~23%和3%~15%;添加氮肥后各处理土壤全氮含量显著增加,燥红壤和砖红壤分别增加15%~54%和13%~52%。氮施入增加了土壤NH4+−N和NO3−−N含量,各处理土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。氮添加促进土壤N2O和CO2排放,相较于N0,燥红壤N2O和CO2累积排放量分别增加1176%~2425%和124%~281%,砖红壤分别增加1054%~1887%和138%~256%。施氮量和土壤类型是影响农田土壤N2O和CO2排放的重要因素。土壤N2O和CO2排放与施氮量呈线性显著相关,减少施肥是降低土壤N2O排放最直接和最有效的措施。与砖红壤相比,燥红壤N2O和CO2排放对氮素添加的响应更敏感。 相似文献
17.
不同来源氮素配合施用提高东北春玉米氮素利用与改善土壤肥力的可持续性研究 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
18.
We determined N2O fluxes from an unfertilized control (CON), from a treatment with mineral N‐fertilizer (MIN), from cattle slurry with banded surface application and subsequent incorporation (INC), and from slurry injection (INJ) to silage maize (Zea mays, L.) on a Haplic Luvisol in southwest Germany. In both years, amount of available N (total N fertilized + Nmin content before N application) was 210 kg N ha?1. In the slurry treatment of the 1st year, 140 kg N ha?1 were either injected or incorporated, whereas 30 kg N ha?1 were surface applied to avoid destruction of the maize plants. In the 2nd year, all fertilizers were applied with one single application. We calculated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) on field level including direct N2O emissions (calculated from the measured flux rates), indirect N2O emissions (NH3 and induced N2O emission), net CH4 fluxes, fuel consumption and pre‐chain emissions from mineral fertilizer. NH3 losses were measured in the 2nd year using the Dräger‐Tube Method and estimated for both years. NH3 emission was highest in the treatment without incorporation. It generally contributed less than 5% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from silage maize cultivation. The mean area‐related N2O emission, determined with the closed chamber method was 2.8, 4.7, 4.4 and 13.8 kg N2O‐N ha?1 y?1 for CON, MIN, INC, and INJ, respectively. Yield‐related N2O emission showed the same trend. Across all treatments, direct N2O emission was the major contributor to GHG with an average of 79%. Trail hose application with immediate incorporation was found to be the optimum management practice for livestock farmers in our study region. 相似文献
19.
Effects of storage time and straw content of cattle slurry on the mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P. Sørensen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1998,27(1):85-91
Animal slurries are stored for a variable period of time before application in the field. The effect of cattle slurry storage
time and temperature on the subsequent mineralization of C and N in soil was studied under laboratory conditions. Urine and
faeces from a dairy cow were sampled separately and mixed to a slurry. After 4 weeks of storage under anaerobic conditions
at 15 °C, the NH4
+ N content exceeded the original urinary N content of the slurry; the NH4
+ content increased only slightly during the following 16 weeks of storage. After 4 weeks of storage, the proportion of slurry
C in volatile fatty acids (VFA) amounted to 10% and increased to 15% after 20 weeks. Straw addition to the slurry caused an
increase of VFA-C in stored slurry, but had a negligible influence on the proportion of slurry N in the form of NH4
+. Slurries subjected to different storage conditions were added to a sandy and a sandy loam soil. After 1 week, the preceding
storage period (0–20 weeks) and temperature (5 °C or 15 °C) had no significant effect on the net release of inorganic N
from the slurry in soil. Thus, the increased NH4
+ content in the slurry after storage was followed by increased net N immobilization in soil. Additional straw in the slurry
caused increased net N immobilization only in the sandy loam soil. Following anaerobic storage, 8–14% of slurry C was released
in gaseous form, and the net mineralization of slurry C after 12 weeks in soil amounted to 54–63%. The extra net mineralization
of C in soil due to straw in slurry was equivalent to 76% of straw C, suggesting that the straw accelerated the mineralization
of C derived from faeces, urine and/or soil.
Received: 25 August 1997 相似文献
20.
Newly synthesized amino acids are the principle compounds created after inorganic nitrogen (N) is rapidly immobilized into microbial tissues. However, little is known about the mineralization kinetics of these newly synthesized amino acids compared to the amino acids originally present in the soil, and how substrate availability controls their mineralization. With 15N isotope tracing, the newly synthesized (15N-labeled) amino acids can be differentiated from the amino acids originally present (unlabeled) in soil, making it possible to evaluate the mineralization of the newly synthesized amino acids in tandem with the original amino acids. As amino acids can serve as both N and carbon (C) sources for microorganisms, the mineralization dynamics of amino acids may be manipulated by the availability of extraneous C and N. In this study, an aerobic 30-week intermittent leaching experiment was conducted, using glucose as C source and (14NH4)2SO4 as N source, following separate additions to soil. The newly synthesized amino acids were determined by an isotope-based high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The newly synthesized soil amino acids mineralized faster than the original ones, which indicated more rapid cycling of N in the newly synthesized soil amino acids pool. Glucose addition significantly decreased the mineralization of both the newly synthesized and the original amino acids. However, when inorganic N was abundant, the newly synthesized amino acids decomposed rapidly, and preferentially as a C source and energy, while N addition inhibited the mineralization of the original amino acids in the soil. We conclude that the presence of readily degradable C (e.g. glucose) and inorganic N controls the mineralization of newly synthesized and original amino acid pools in soil differently, which is a crucial mechanism in adjusting the N supply and sequestration processes in soil ecosystems. 相似文献