猪圆环病毒2型感染后猪外周血淋巴细胞IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12p40、IFN-γ和TNF-α mRNA转录的变化

采用竞争定量RTPCR技术（qcRT—PCR）对PCV2感染组和健康对照组外周血淋巴细胞中IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12p40、IFN-γ和TNF-α mRNA转录水平进行分析。结果表明,在14和21 DPI（Dayspost inoculation）感染组Th1类细胞因子IL-2 mRNA转录水平分别为对照组的5．1（P〈0．01）和24．0（P〈0．01）倍;IL-12p40 mRNA转录水平在14和21 DPI分别为对照组的1．7（P〈0．05）和1．2（P〈0．05）倍;感染组IFN-γ mRNA转录水平除在7 DPI低于对照组外（P〈0．05）,在28和42 DPI均明显高于对照组,分别为对照组的38．2（P〈0．01）和4．0（P〈0．05）倍。Th2类细胞因子波动较为明显,28 DPI IL-4 mRNA转录水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;感染组IL-10 mRNA在7（P〈0．01）和14 DPI（P〈0．05）的转录水平均显著高于对照组,而在35 DPI明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。在整个试验过程中TNF—α mRNA转录水平没有发生明显变化。上述6种细胞因子mRNA变化结果显示,PCV2感染猪Th1细胞的细胞因子表达水平升高,而Th2细胞的细胞因子在28 DPI前后出现明显波动,尤其是在35 DPI IL-10 mRNA显著下降（P〈0．05）,提示PCV2感染可造成猪体内Th1／Th2免疫应答的失衡,导致细胞免疫应答功能增强而体液免疫应答下降。     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪圆环病毒2型共感染对猪外周血天然免疫细胞含量的影响

将猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）和猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）单感染和共感染的6周龄仔猪，于感染前和感染后第3、7和10d，采用血常规法、SWC3a单色流式细胞术以及CD3／CD4／CD8三色流式细胞术分析了感染猪外周血中白细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞、NK细胞、弦T细胞的含量。结果，感染后第3d和第7d，PRRSV感染组、PCV2感染组以及PRRSV＋PCV2共感染组猪的白细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞、NK细胞、弦T细胞总数显著下降，并且共感染组比单感染组下降更加严重。结果表明，PRRSV＋PCV2共感染对仔猪外周血天然免疫细胞的影响具有协同效应，意味著在感染旱期可导致更加严重的先天免疫抑制。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对伪狂犬疫苗免疫应答的影响

为明确PCV2感染对伪狂犬(PR)疫苗免疫应答的影响,本研究采用阻断ELISA方法对单独接种猪PR疫苗组(A组)及PCV2人工感染3周后接种猪PR疫苗组(PA组)不同时相血清中的猪PR病毒gB抗体进行检测;同时对不同时相前腔静脉血进行CD4+/CD8+流式细胞术及血常规分析。结果表明,在PCV2感染后2周至5周间,A组白细胞含量均高于PA组,随后PA组白细胞恢复至与A组略高的正常水平;在整个实验中,除接种猪PR疫苗后1周(WPI)和9周(WPI)外的所有时相PA组的淋巴细胞含量均略高于A组;PCV2感染后可使记忆/激活Th细胞数量略有升高,幼稚型Th细胞含量的下降;PCV2感染后2周～7周PA组Tc细胞均高于A组,在9WPIPA组Tc细胞数量显著下降(p0.05);除9WPI外,A组的S/N值均低于PA组。结果表明,PCV2感染看降低机体产生针对PRVgB特异性抗体水平,而且在一定程度上降低了幼稚型Th细胞及Tc细胞含量。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗免疫应答的影响

采用阻断ELISA方法对单独接种口蹄疫O型(FMD)组(C组,n=3)及PCV2人工感染4周后接种FMDO型疫苗组(PC组,n=4)后不同时相血清中的FMDO型抗体进行检测;同时对不同时相前腔静脉血进行CD4/CD8流式细胞术及血常规分析。结果显示,除接种后4周C组白细胞及淋巴细胞含量与略低于PC组外,接种疫苗后2～8周C组白细胞及淋巴细胞含量均略高于CP组,且在接种疫苗后2周,C组淋巴细胞含量显著高于PC组(P0.05);在整个试验过程中PC组的幼稚型Th细胞含量均高于C组,且在接种疫苗后0周和8周2组间幼稚型Th细胞含量差异显著(P0.05);在接种疫苗后2～6周期间,除在接种疫苗后4周2组间Tc细胞含量较为接近外,C组的Tc细胞含量均高于PC组;除在8WPIPC组CD4+CD8+记忆/激活Th细胞含量略高于C组外,在接种疫苗后0～6周过程中,C组记忆/激活Th细胞含量均略高于PC组,且在接种疫苗后6周,2组间记忆/激活Th细胞含量差异显著(P0.05);在接种前疫苗4周和前2周(-4-2WPI)期间,C组的抗体阻断率均高于PC组,在接种疫苗后4～8周2组间抗体阻断率差异逐渐变小,且PC组抗体阻断率略高于C组。结果表明,PCV2感染对机体产生针对FMDO型特异性抗体早期有一定的抑制作用,但在后期这种抑制作用逐步减弱,甚至消失;PCV2感染确实可以在一定程度上抑制机体对猪FMDO型合成肽疫苗体液免疫应答,导致机体的淋巴细胞及白细胞含量降低,进而导致Tc细胞及记忆/激活Th细胞含量下降。     

生物素对肉仔鸡免疫器官的发育、机体免疫功能和神经内分泌激素的影响

将400只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成4个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复20只鸡（公母各半）；基础日粮为小麦-酪蛋白型日粮，在基础日粮中分别添加0．30、0．90和2．7mg／kg3个水平的生物素，包括对照组共4种日粮处理。试验结果表明：（1）添加生物素可促进免疫器官的发育，提高其质量指数；提高了血清中新城疫抗体滴度和IgG水平，0．9mg／kg和2．7mg／kg处理组的新城疫抗体滴度显著高于对照组和0．3mg／kg处理组（P＜0．05），2．7mg／kg处理组的IgG水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）；（2）添加生物素显著提高了血液中B淋巴细胞的转化效率（P＜0．05）和脾脏中T淋巴细胞（P＜0．05）和B淋巴细胞的转化效率（P＜0．05）；显著降低了血液中表达CD3^＋的细胞含量（P＜0．05），其中2．7mg／kg处理组极显著低于对照组和0．3mg／kg处理组（P＜0．05）；显著降低了脾脏中表达CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋的细胞含量（P＜0．05），其中2．7mg／kg处理组显著低于对照组和0．3mg／kg处理组（P＜0．05）；（3）添加生物素后，血清甲状腺素T4、三碘甲状原氨酸T3、生长激素和皮质醇水平呈上升趋势（P＞0．05）。     

静脉注射L-氨基胍对肉鸡肺动脉压及其相关指标的影响

按常规饲养条件饲养AA雄性肉鸡120羽，30日龄时随机分为试验组（T组）和对照组（C组）。T组肉鸡静脉注射L-AG（40mg／kg），C组肉鸡静脉注射生理盐水。分别在注射L-AG和生理盐水1、2、4h后测定平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性、原生型一氧化氮舍酶（cNOS）活性、一氧化氮（NO）含量、红细胞压积（PCV）、电解质浓度、pH、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果显示：（1）试验组mPAP、NO含量和iNOS活性均显著或极显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；（2）PCV和Ca^2＋在给药后2h和4h与对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）；（3）K^＋浓度在给药1h和2h后显著或极显著低于时照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结果表明，L-AG通过抑制iNOS活性，引起肉鸡肺动脉压的升高，从而推测iNOS具有调节肉鸡体内mPAP的作用并与肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征发生有着密切的联系。     

狂蝇蛆病对驯鹿体内抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨驯鹿狂蝇蛆病与机体氧自由基代谢的关系，分别对感染驯鹿和健康驯鹿血清中的微量元素硒（Se）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZnSOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和脂质过氧化终末产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量进行了测定。结果表明，感染组驯鹿血清Se含量极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），而血清Zn、Cu含量差异不显著；感染组驯鹿血清GSH-Px活性极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；SOD活性显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），CuZn-SOD显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；CAT活性差异不显著；MDA含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。表明机体患病后产生大量氧自由基，导致抗氧化能力降低，引发脂质过氧化损伤。     

真武汤对肉鸡腹水综合征的预防效果

选用肉仔鸡256只，随机分成正常对照、腹水征对照、真武汤预防和维生素C＋E预防4个组，研究了真武汤对肉鸡腹水综合征的预防效果。结果显示，真武汤预防组和正常对照组腹水发病率极显著低于腹水征对照组（P〈0．01），真武汤预防组腹水发病率显著低于腹水征对照组（P〈0．05）；腹水征对照组AHI极显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），显著高于真武汤预防组（P〈0．05）；腹水征对照组PCV、RBC和Hb均显著高于真武汤预防组和正常对照组（P〈0．05）；真武汤预防组血浆、心、肝和肺组织中SOD活性显著高于腹水征对照组（P〈0．05），同时真武汤预防组血浆、心、肝和肺组织中的MDA含量显著低于腹水征对照组（P〈0．05）。结果表明，饮水中加真武汤口服液，能提高机体抗氧化能力，改善血液组织中的理化参数，提高机体抗冷应激能力，降低AS的发病率。     

增免散对鸡脾T淋巴细胞CD4^＋和CD8^＋亚群的影响

将300只1日龄雏鸡随机分为中药增免散组、环磷酰胺组、环磷酰胺＋左旋咪唑组、环磷酰胺＋增免散组和正常对照组，6日龄时用鸡新城疫LaSota疫苗点眼滴鼻免疫，14、21、28、35日龄时测定鸡血液NDV抗体效价，脾器官指数，脾组织中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞浓度和脾细胞凋亡率，观察脾的组织结构变化。结果显示，14、21日龄增免散组抗体水平高于其他各组（P〈0．01）；14、21、28日龄增免散组脾指数高于其他各组，增免散组脾CD4^＋细胞浓度、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比例高于其他各组，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；14、21、28日龄增免散组脾细胞凋亡率低于其他各组，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；14、21日龄时，增免散组脾白髓和红髓内网状细胞和中淋巴细胞较多，脾小体比对照组略有增加。表明，中药增免散不仅能促进鸡脾的发育，增高脾组织中CD4^＋／CD8^＋比例，而且对环磷酰胺的免疫抑制有一定拮抗作用。     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2／猪白介素2嵌合表达质粒在猪体内诱导的保护性免疫反应

为探讨猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2／猪白介素-2（PoIL-2）嵌合重组表达质粒（rpcDNA3．1／PCV2-linke PoIL-2）在猪体内的免疫效果和免疫保护效果进而研制高效PCV2核酸疫苗,将35只10日龄健康仔猪平均分成7组分别以rpcDNA3．1／PCV2-linker-PolL2重组表达质粒或PCV2ORF2基因原核表达的rCap蛋白进行免疫及免疫保护试验。共进行4次肌肉注射免疫,每次间隔2周;于第4次免疫后3周通过口腔和鼻腔途径感染PCV2细胞强毒。分别于第4次免疫后和攻毒后不同时间通过检测免疫猪血清抗体水平和外周血T淋巴细胞增殖活性、辅助性T细胞（Th）和细胞毒性T细胞（Tc）亚群的百分含量、排毒率和病毒血症阳性维持时间等指标以评价其免疫和免疫保护效果。结果表明,各免疫组猪均产生了抗PCV2特异性EI。ISA免疫抗体,但rCap蛋白免疫组猪抗体水平较低;rpcDNA3．1／PCV2qinker-PolL-2质粒对猪体的免疫和免疫保护效果显著优于rpcDNA3．1／oRF2质粒;在rpcD—NA3．1／PCV2-linkePolL-2质粒或rpcDNA3．I／ORF2质粒中添加rCap蛋白对重组质粒免疫及免疫保护效果无明显影响。因此,选取rpcDNA3．1／PCV2-linkerPoIL-2质粒为下-步研制PCV2核酸疫苗的主要成分。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.