硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响

选择1日龄固始鸡300只，随机分成4组，分别在饮水中添加硼(以硼酸作为硼源)0、100、200、400mg／L，研究了硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响。观察鸡的临床表现，并于7、14、21、28、35、42日龄时，每组随机抽取10只鸡屠宰，采集其肌肉、骨、脑、心、肝、脾和肾组织，用姜黄素比色法测定其硼含量。结果显示，各组鸡的组织器官硼含量随饮水中硼含量的增加而增加。饮水硼含量越高，组织器官硼的沉积速度越快。饮水硼100mg／L，对雏鸡的生长和健康无害；饮水硼200mg／L，使雏鸡食欲受到抑制，采食量减少；饮水硼400mg／L，雏鸡出现精神不振、食欲降低、营养不良、气囊臌气和健康状况恶化等。由此说明，高硼对鸡的健康不利。     

微量元素硼对固始鸡肝组织结构的影响

240羽1日龄固始鸡随机分为对照组与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组,对照组饮用自来水,各试验组饮水中硼含量分别为100、200和400 mg/L,试验期6周,研究微量元素硼对固始鸡肝组织结构的影响.每周末每组取固始鸡10羽,颈动脉和静脉放血致死,立即解剖取肝,Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察与摄影.结果表明:试验Ⅰ组,鸡临床症状和剖检变化不明显；肝的组织结构在1～2周呈现轻微损伤,3～6周则表现出明显的促进作用.试验Ⅱ组,鸡可见轻微临床症状和剖检变化:1～2周,肝的病理组织学变化较明显,其后随周龄增加,肝的组织结构逐渐恢复.试验Ⅲ组,鸡的临床症状和剖检变化最为明显；1～2周肝的病理组织学变化最为明显,肝细胞肿胀或空泡样变,肝血窦狭小.结果表明:饮水中添加硼100 mg/L对固始鸡肝的组织结构发育有轻微抑制和损伤作用；对后期(3～6周)则有明显改善和促进作用；高剂量硼(饮水中硼含量≥200mg/L)对固始鸡(尤其是早期)肝的组织结构发育有明显的不良影响,甚至表现出明显的毒性作用.     

硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中富集的研究

选择1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡210只 ,随机分为7组 ,每组3个重复 ,每个重复10只 ,分0～3周和4～6周两阶段饲养 ,在各组鸡饲粮中分别添加0、20、40、60、80、100、120mg/kg 含硼量的硼酸 (H3BO3),研究硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中的富集情况。试验结果显示 :(1)饲粮中添加硼可提高肉仔鸡的增重 ,降低料肉比 (P<0.05) ,以60mg/kg硼效果最好 ,并且在0～3周龄使用效果更佳。(2)添加硼可显著提高血液、胸肌、肝脏和胫骨中的硼含量 (P<0.05) ,且骨硼含量显著高于胸肌和肝脏硼含量 (P<0.05) ,肝脏硼含量高于胸肌硼含量 ;硼添加水平分别与血硼、肝硼、胸肌硼、胫骨硼之间呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01) ,血硼与肝硼、胸肌硼、胫骨硼含量之间亦呈极显著的正相关 (P<0.01)。     

硼、钼、锌与大量元素配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响

在氮磷钾肥料基础上,研究硼、钼、锌配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施氮磷钾肥可以提高苜蓿干草产量,降低叶茎比,但对其粗蛋白质含量的影响不大;在氮磷钾肥适量的基础上,硼、钼、锌合理配施可以增加苜蓿干草产量,其中单施硼(2.0 kg/hm2)或锌(1.5 kg/hm2)增产显著(P＜0.05),分别较对照增产29.0%和25.9%;硼、钼、锌配施对各茬次粗蛋白质含量的影响不同;单施锌苜蓿粗蛋白质含量呈降低趋势,单施钼粗蛋白质含量呈增加的趋势.     

鸡与哺乳动物补体活性与C3含量的比较

本文研究了不同动物血清补体水平及其补体C3含量的差异.采取成年鸡、猪、羊、牛、豚鼠五种动物的新鲜血清,测定其补体总活性;生化合成C3α链N端21肽,免疫家兔,制备抗鸡C3抗体,用来测定不同动物血清中C3含量.结果表明,抗鸡C3抗体能够与各种哺乳动物血清中的补体C3发生特异性反应,可以用来测定各种动物血清中的C3含量,测定结果为鸡血清中的C3含量为0.34士0.005 mg/mL、猪1.47±0.008 mg/mL、山羊1.70±0.005mg/mL、牛1.78±0.007 mg/mL、豚鼠4.18±0.008 mg/mL,其中鸡血清中补体总活性和C3含量都远远低于哺乳动物,差异极显著(P＜0.01).     

年龄和添加硼对雄性雏鸵鸟血清性激素水平的影响

本研究以不同发育阶段的雄性雏鸵鸟(Struthio camelus)为试验动物,在其饮水中添加不同剂量的硼,采用放射免疫分析法(radioimmunoassay,RIA)检测不同硼水平和不同发育阶段雏鸵鸟血清中卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、睾酮(testosterone,T)、雌二醇(estradiol,E₂)的含量,旨在探明硼对雏鸵鸟血清性激素水平的影响。研究结果表明,雄性雏鸵鸟血清FSH和E₂含量均随硼添加量的增加而增加;LH和T的含量随硼添加量的变化表现出一定的相关性,且均表现为低硼水平其含量升高,中硼和高硼水平其含量降低;LH和T的含量随年龄增大而增加,E₂逐渐减小,而FSH则先升高后下降。该结果提示,硼对鸵鸟内分泌与生殖具有一定的调节作用,且年龄对雏鸵鸟血清性激素水平有一定影响。     

硼对铜中毒肉用乌骨鸡血常铜含量及血常规指标的影响

选用560只1日龄内用鸟骨鸡,采用二因子多水平随机化试验设计来研究日粮硼对铜中毒肉鸡血液学的影响.分别在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮(Cu 50.9 mg/kg,B 10.1 mg/kg)中添加549.1、749.1 mg/kg的铜和49.1、109.1 mg/kg的硼.结果表明,日粮添加硼具有缓解雏鸡铜中毒所致的高血清铜以及血红蛋白含量和红细胞数降低的作用.     

补硒对海门山羊生长及血液和组织含硒量的影响

选择海门山羊阉割母羊60只进行含硒颗粒饲料补饲试验.结果表明,每日每羊补喂100 g颗粒料中含硒量1.1 mg促生长效果较好,日增重增加211.4% (P<0.01);肝硒含量增加107.7%,肉硒含量增加200.0%;血硒含量增加13.7%;屠宰率基本未增加.试验证明,适当补硒对促进海门山羊生长、提高羊肉含硒量具有显著效果.     

硼对鸡肉中铜铁锌锰含量及其品质的影响

选择1日龄固始鸡300羽,随机分成4个组,分别在饮水中添加硼0、100、200和400mg/L。测定21、28、35和42日龄时鸡肉中的铜、铁、锌、锰含量与42日龄时的水分、总灰分、粗脂肪、蛋白质及pH值。结果表明,各组鸡肉中铜、锰、水分、总灰分和粗脂肪含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);第2组比第1组鸡肉中铁、锌含量均于第35和42日龄时显著提高(P<0.05)。第3组、第4组比第1组,鸡肉蛋白质含量极显著地降低(P<0.01);第4组比第1组,鸡肉pH值极显著地升高(P<0.01)。说明硼对鸡肉中铜、锰含量没有影响,适量的硼(100mg/L)能显著提高鸡肉中铁和锌的含量。初步认为,在生产高硼鸡肉时,饮水中硼含量应控制在100mg/L左右。     

蛋鸡的秋季管理

1.增加饲料营养:鸡经过长期的产蛋和炎热的夏天,鸡体已经很疲劳,入秋后应多喂些动物性蛋白质饲料,补饲尚未换羽的鸡继续产蛋,促进已换羽的鸡迅速长好羽毛,尽早恢复生产.由于这时鸡的神经非常敏感,在增加较高营养的饲料时,必须逐渐添加,以免鸡的神经受到刺激而换羽停产.     

Effect of dietary boron on immune function in growing beef steers*

Thirty‐six Angus and Angus × Simmental cross steers (initial BW 269.5 ± 22.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary boron (B) on performance and immune function. Steers were fed on one of the three dietary treatments: (i) control (no supplemental B; 7.2 mg B/kg DM), (ii) 5 mg supplemental B/kg DM and (iii) 50 mg supplemental B/kg DM, from sodium borate for 78 days. Supplementation of dietary B had no effect on body weight (BW) gain, feed intake or gain:feed during the study. Jugular blood samples were collected prior to feeding on days 28, 63 and 77 for plasma‐B analysis. Supplementation of dietary B increased (p < 0.001) plasma B‐concentration in a dose‐responsive manner. Furthermore, plasma B‐concentration was correlated (p < 0.001; R² = 0. 95) to daily B‐intake (mg B/day). Jugular blood was also collected, from an equal number of steers from each treatment, on day 42 or 44 for determination of in vitro production of interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α from isolated monocytes and assessment of lymphocyte proliferation. Dietary B did not affect T‐ or B‐lymphocyte proliferation or in vitro cytokine production from monocytes. On day 49 of the study, the humoral immune response was assessed by i.m. injection of a 25% pig red blood cell (PRBC) solution for determination of anti‐PRBC IgG and IgM titre responses. Boron‐supplemented steers had greater (p = 0.035) anti‐PRBC IgG titres than controls on day 7 but not on day 14 or 21 post‐injection. Anti‐PRBC IgM titres did not differ throughout the sampling period. Results from this study indicate that supplemental B had minimal effects on immune function and did not affect performance of growing steers.     

Effects of dietary boron supplementation on some biochemical parameters, peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic plasma cells and bone characteristics of broiler chicks given diets with adequate or inadequate cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) content

(1) The effects of 5 and 25 mg/kg boron supplementation of diets with inadequate (6.25 microg/kg) or adequate (50 microg/kg) cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) content on some biochemical parameters, tibia characteristics, peripheral blood lymphocyte and splenic plasma cell counts of broilers were investigated. (2) Supplementation of the diet with boron affected plasma concentrations of boron, iron, copper and zinc and also tibia boron, zinc and calcium concentrations but did not have any effect on tibia iron or copper concentrations or tibia ash and tibia weight values. (3) Boron supplementation caused significant increases in splenic plasma cell count but decreased the proximal and distal tibia growth plate widths. There was no effect of boron supplementation on peripheral blood alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) content. Whole blood haematocrit and haemoglobin counts were significantly increased by boron supplementation but there were no effects on leucocyte ratios such as eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte. (4) In general, the findings of the present study support the hypothesis that boron has an important biological role that affects the mineral metabolism of animals by influencing both biochemical and haematological mechanisms.     

杨梅凋萎病树的硼元素分配以及施硼对发病率的影响

凋萎病是杨梅产业的重大病害,为研究凋萎病树硼元素分配的变化和施硼对发病率的影响,本文测定病树与健康树(CK)的根、枝和叶等部位的硼含量、根际土壤速效硼含量,并且设计兑水浇施1.5、3.0、6.0、9.0 g/m2硼砂至杨梅苗圃地,0.75、1.5、3.0和4.5 g/m2成年树滴水线沟施硼砂,不施硼砂的作对照,调查施硼对凋萎病发生率。结果表明,凋萎病的发生严重影响了硼在杨梅树体内的吸收和分布。病树上有病症嫩梢的干枯叶片、没有病症的嫩梢叶片和老龄叶片的硼含量分别比CK显著低8.11%、6.04%和7.56%,病树表现症状的嫩梢枝皮、不表现症状的嫩梢枝皮和根部皮硼含量分别比CK显著高7.94%、9.76%和11.77%,病树根际土壤的速效硼含量比CK显著高29.03%,差异显著;病树无病症嫩梢枝干和根部干硼含量低于CK。9 g/m2硼砂处理杨梅苗木发病率比对照高7.4%,1.5 g/m2硼砂处理成年杨梅树发病率比对照降低7.6%,其他苗圃地和成年树处理发病率均无显著变化。本文研究结果将为开发杨梅凋萎病的综合防控技术提供理论支持。     

产蛋种鸡日粮中不同水平维生素E与有机和无机硒的效果研究

在３×５的两因子试验中,研究了不同添加水平维生素Ｅ（４、１４和２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）与有机和无机硒（亚硒酸钠０．２０、０．３５和０．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,酵母硒０．３５和０．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对褐壳蛋种母鸡在２０～４０周龄阶段生产繁殖性能和有关血液指标的影响。结果表明,产蛋母鸡的采食量、产蛋率、蛋重、产蛋量、饲料转化率和死淘率在３个维生素Ｅ添加水平间无差异;除了添加酵母硒０．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组蛋鸡的蛋重和产蛋量显著低于酵母硒０．３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ组以外,其它各项生产性能指标在各硒处理组间差异不明显。维生素Ｅ和硒可增加彼此在血液中的存留;当日粮中只补加维生素Ｅ４ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,将日粮亚硒酸钠硒添加水平由０．２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到０．３５～０．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ可使血浆α－生育酚含量由０．５０μｇ／ｍｌ上升到接近１．０μｇ／ｍｌ左右。     

常规与缓释硼肥连施及停施对脐橙硼营养的影响动态

为探讨不同硼肥对纽荷尔脐橙叶片硼效应的影响,采用大田试验于2007年与2008年连续两年施用常规硼肥(B)和缓释硼肥(UB),后停施,并于2008-2011连续四年监测脐橙叶片硼含量的动态变化。试验结果为：施用两种硼肥均可显著提高脐橙叶片硼含量;施肥期间B处理叶片硼含量显著高于UB处理;施B连续两年,老叶出现硼过量积累现象,而UB未出现;停施硼肥后两处理叶片硼含量均下降,老叶中硼含量均低于新叶,UB处理下降幅度小于施B处理;两种不同硼肥均有一定的后效,均可维持停施硼肥后第二年春梢叶硼含量处于正常范围,但UB可维持停施硼肥第二年后新抽秋梢叶硼含量处于正常水平,而施B新抽秋梢叶硼含量接近缺硼临界值。因而,施用硼肥能够明显改善纽荷尔脐橙叶片硼营养状况,且不同种类的硼肥其营养效应有较大差异。     

Effects of zinc methionine and zinc oxide on performance, blood characteristics, and antibody titer response to viral vaccination in stressed feeder calves.

Ninety steers with an average weight of 214 kg were purchased at 2 feeder calf sales and transported 70 to 100 km. On arrival at the feedlot, steers were weighed and identified, blood was withdrawn, and the steers were vaccinated against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza3 (PI3), using a modified live vaccine, and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treatments were: control (no supplemental zinc; zinc methionine; and zinc oxide. The control diet contained 26 mg of zinc/kg diet, and zinc was added in treatments 2 and 3 to provide 25 mg of supplemental zinc/kg diet. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined on serum samples taken on days 0 and 14 as a measure of the immune response to BHV-1 and PI3 vaccination. Weight gains for the 28-day study were similar across treatments. Dry matter intake tended to be higher in steers fed supplemental zinc from either source, because steers fed zinc methionine and zinc oxide consumed 5.2 and 4.4% more feed, respectively, than controls. Antibody titers against BHV-1 tended to be higher in steers supplemented with zinc methionine on day 14. Differences between treatments were not found for PI3 titers. Mortalities did not occur and morbidity rate was low.     

Effects of source of supplemental zinc on performance and humoral immunity in beef heifers

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate receiving-period performance, morbidity, and humoral immune response, as well as finishing performance and carcass characteristics of heifers fed different sources of supplemental Zn. In Exp. 1, 97 crossbred beef heifers (initial BW = 223.4 kg) were fed a 65% concentrate diet with no supplemental Zn (control) or 75 mg of supplemental Zn/kg of DM from Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, or Zn propionate. During a 35-d receiving period, heifers were monitored daily for signs of bovine respiratory disease. Serum samples were collected for Zn analysis on d 0, 14, and 28. After the receiving period, heifers were adapted to and fed a high-concentrate diet with no supplemental Zn for 42 d. Heifers were then assigned to finishing diet treatments, with the same concentrations and sources of supplemental Zn as during the receiving period and fed for an average of 168 d. Serum samples also were obtained on d 0 and 56 of the finishing period and at the end of the study. During the receiving period, control heifers had a greater (P < or = 0.05) BW and G:F on d 35 than heifers in the other treatments, but no differences were observed among treatments for morbidity or serum Zn concentrations (P > or = 0.50). For the finishing period, DMI and ADG did not differ among treatments; however, overall G:F tended (P = 0.06) to be less for control heifers than for heifers in the 3 supplemental Zn treatments. On d 56 of the finishing period, control heifers tended (P = 0.06) to have a lower serum Zn concentration than heifers in the 3 supplemental Zn treatments. In Exp. 2, 24 crossbred beef heifers (initial BW = 291.1 kg) were fed the same 4 treatments as in Exp. 1 for a 21-d period. The humoral immune response to treatments was determined by measuring specific antibody titers after s.c. injection of ovalbumin on d 0 and 14. Body weights and blood samples for serum Zn concentration and ovalbumin IgG titers were collected on d 0, 7, 14, and 21. Serum Zn concentration and specific ovalbumin IgG titers did not differ (P > 0.10) among the 4 treatments on any sampling day. Results from these 2 studies showed no major differences among the sources of supplemental Zn for receiving period morbidity, ADG, DMI, and humoral immune response of beef heifers; however, a lack of supplemental Zn during an extended finishing period tended to negatively affect G:F.     

Ruminally undegraded intake protein in sheep fed low-quality forage: effect on weight, growth, cell proliferation, and morphology of visceral organs

To determine the influence of increasing levels of supplemental ruminally undegraded intake protein (UIP) on visceral organ weights, growth, cell proliferation, and morphology, 20 mature ewes of mixed breeding were fed a 6.55% CP grass hay:straw mixture (40:60) and assigned to one of four supplemental treatments. Supplements were control (no supplement) and low, medium, and high levels of UIP. After 42 to 46 d on treatment, ewes were infused i.v. with 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU, a thymidine analog used to provide an index of the rate of intestinal cell proliferation) and slaughtered 1 h later. Visceral organs were weighed, and subsamples were obtained to evaluate visceral DNA, RNA, and protein contents (frozen samples) as well as intestinal morphology (fixed samples). Final BW; eviscerated BW (EBW); total visceral weight; and liver fresh, dry, and dry fat-free weights were increased (P<.10) in protein-supplemented ewes compared with controls, but were not influenced by increasing levels of UIP. Tissue weights of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were not greatly influenced by treatment. There were no differences among treatments in intestinal DNA and protein concentrations and the ratios RNA:DNA and protein:DNA. Jejunal RNA concentration and content was increased (P<.10) in low compared with medium and high treatments. Jejunal RNA content also was decreased (P<.10) in high compared with the medium UIP treatment. Liver RNA and protein contents were increased (P<.10) with protein supplementation. In contrast, contents of RNA, DNA, and protein in duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon were not influenced by treatment. In addition, neither the rate of intestinal proliferation (BrdU labeling) nor intestinal morphology (crypt depth, villus length, or villus width) were affected by treatment. These data indicate that the influence of protein supplementation on visceral growth involves primarily the liver and not the intestines. These data also indicate that visceral growth, except in jejunum, are not altered by differing levels of UIP supplementation.     

Zinc-amino acid complexes for swine

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sources of dietary zinc on gain, feed conversion and blood and bone traits of swine. In the first experiment 96 pigs were used in a 28-d study. The pigs were fed diets with no supplemental Zn or with either 9 or 12 ppm supplemental Zn from zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc methionine (ZnMet) or zinc methionine with picolinic acid (ZnMet w/PA), each with or without 5% added corn oil. There were differences (P less than .05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between the pigs fed the two organic Zn sources, with those fed ZnMet w/PA showing the better gains and feed conversion. However, neither organic Zn source resulted in pig performance that was different from either the diet with no supplemental Zn or the diets supplemented with Zn from ZnSO4. In the second experiment the same dietary Zn sources and treatments were fed as in Exp. 1 except that corn oil was deleted as a variable. No differences in ADG, ADFI, feed/gain (F/G) or in changes in serum Zn or Cu were observed among treatments during either the 21-d nursery or the 56-d growing periods. During the subsequent 56-d finishing period ADG and ADFI were greater (P less than .01) for pigs fed the Zn-supplemented diets than for those fed the diets without supplemental Zn. There were no differences among treatments in F/G during the finishing period. Zn content of bone ash was lower (P less than .01) in the non-Zn-supplemented pigs. These data suggest that the Zn sources used are of similar biological value and do not support the theory that picolinic acid aids Zn absorption.