饵料中蛋白质、糖类、脂类对点带石斑鱼生长的影响

采用均匀设计U5(53)法研究了饵料中蛋白质(X1)、糖类(X2)、脂类(X3)对点带石斑鱼生长的影响。试验进行了56d。对增重率(Y1)、特定生长率(Y2)、饵料系数(Y3)做线性回归分析,得出增重率的回归方程为:Y1=-128.392+26.4063X3+0.0252005X12-1.11842X3(2R2=0.9672),特定生长率的回归方程为:Y2=-1.13695+0.280137X3+0.000250155X12-0.011822X3(2R2=0.9617),饵料系数的回归方程为:Y3=3.42262-0.0335425X2-0.0557297X3-0.00046018X12(R2=0.9860)。Y1max=106.502时,X1=56、X3=11.805;Y2max=1.307时,X1=56、X3=11.848;Y3min=0.73时,X1=56、X2=14、X3=14。糖类在Y1、Y2两个回归模型中被剔除。在糖类含量固定为6.00%的情况下,根据特定生长率的等值线图得出生产中饵料中蛋白质、脂类最适含量分别为48.30%和11.85%。     

不同营养组合对半滑舌鳎生长的影响

试验用均匀设计U5(53)法配制5组不同蛋白质、糖类、脂类组合水平的饲料,对体重(60±1.48)g的半滑舌鳎幼鱼进行77d的养殖,研究了5组饲料对半滑舌鳎生长的影响。结果表明,投喂B组饵料系数最低,增重率、特定生长率均高于其它各组。用WSUT均匀设计软件对增重率Y1、特定生长率Y2和饵料系数Y3做回归方程(蛋白质X1、糖类X2和脂类X)3:Y1=-406.1680+16.3719X1-0.1527X12+0.1920X2X3(R2=0.9925)、Y2=-3.2135+0.13272X1-0.0012X12+0.0016X2X3(R2=0.9968);Y3=16.1141-0.5241X1+0.0047X12-0.0025X22(R2=0.9994),当X1=53.61、X2=15、X3=15时;Y1max=75.89,Y2max=0.74,Y3min=1.01。     

青海湖裸鲤体重和体尺性状的剖分与相关回归分析

对51条青海湖裸鲤体重、体尺性状剖分测定及应用SAS(6.12版)系统软件进行相关回归分析,结果表明:Y1(体重)与X1(头重)、X2(鳍重)、X3(躯尾重)、X4(肠容物重)相关系数极显著,其最优回归方程式:总方程:Y1=-2.24390+0.99898X3+1.30604X4(R2=0.9210p0.0001),♀:Y1=1.93002+0.88362X3+1.24584X4(R2=0.9198P0.0001),♂:Y1=8.97641+1.20310X3(R2=0.9956p0.0001)。Y2(体长)与X5(头长)、X6(躯干长)、X7(尾长)相关系数极显著,其最优回归方程式:♀:Y2=3.62909+2.25776X5+1.10367X7(R2=0.8150p0.0032),♂:Y2=0.97145+0.95331X6(R2=0.9534p0.0077)。     

基于康奈尔净碳水化合物与蛋白质体系的瘤胃非降解蛋白质小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的简化评定技术

本试验旨在简化基于康奈尔净碳水化合物与蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评定瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的技术。小肠可吸收氨基酸来自菌体蛋白和RUP,CNCPS根据溶解性将饲料粗蛋白质(CP)分为A、B1、B2、B3和C共5种组分,只有3种B组分可以过瘤胃并在小肠中消化。为评定RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸的贡献,CNCPS需要分别测定3种B组分的瘤胃降解率,3种过瘤胃B组分的小肠消化率需采用不同常数。选择18份饲料样品,其中精料12份,粗料6份,测定CNCPS评定RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸流量所需数据,同时对饲料CP的瘤胃动态降解率及不同时间点RUP的体外小肠消化率进行了测定,通过这些数据提出简化评定方法。结果表明:1)精料和粗料均以8 h的CP瘤胃降解率(X,%)与有效降解率(Y,%)间相关性最强,二者间呈线性相关,精料和粗料方程分别为Y=12.652+0.828X,r=0.990,P0.000 1和Y=10.967+0.886X,r=0.980,P=0.000 6。2)精料2 h RUP小肠消化率(X,%)与RUP小肠有效消化率(Y,%)间相关性最强,方程为Y=0.026+0.879X,r=0.970,P0.000 1;粗料8h RUP小肠消化率(X,%)与RUP小肠有效消化率(Y,%)间相关性最强,方程为Y=-0.002+0.960 X,r=0.995,P0.000 1。3)简化方案经可靠性评估得出,8 h CP瘤胃降解率和RUP小肠消化率简化CNCPS模型预测的小肠氨基酸流量(X,‰)与CNCPS预测的小肠氨基酸流量(Y,‰)相关性最强,精料方程为Y=-0.056+1.409X,r=0.999,P0.000 1;粗料方程为Y=0.003+2.120 X,r=0.999,P0.000 1。精料和粗料的简化评定结果与CNCPS评定结果的均方根误差分别为0.245和0.005,变异系数分别为7.08%和4.49%。综合得出,基于CNCPS,得到了预测RUP小肠可吸收氨基酸流量的简化模型,简化后的精料和粗料模型分别为Y=-0.056+1.409×[AA×(100-D8)×CP×ID8],r=0.999,P0.000 1和Y=0.002+2.120×[AA×(100-D8)×CP×ID8],r=0.999,P0.000 1,Y为RUP中的某种氨基酸小肠可吸收流量(‰),D8为CP的8 h瘤胃降解率(%),ID8为RUP的8 h小肠消化率(%),AA为不溶性蛋白质中该氨基酸含量(%)。     

生长猪低蛋白质日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸平衡模式的研究

试验通过研究低蛋白质饲粮中可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平对生长猪生产性能和尿素氮的影响,以建立生长猪日增重和料重比对日粮可消化氨基酸的回归模型.选取体重30 kg的三元(杜×长×大)杂交生长猪68头,随机分为17个处理,每个处理4头猪,运用4因素5水平二次回归正交组合设计(1/2实施),研究得出日增重和料重比对日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平的回归方程.生长猪日增重(Y1,g)对日粮可消化赖氨酸(X1,%)、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸(X2,%)、苏氨酸(X2,%)和色氨酸(X4,%)水平的回归方程为:Y1=-5.568 0 7.587 8X1 3.045 2X2 9.183 5X3 4.226 9X4 5.200 4X1 X2-1.905 6X1X3 2.233 4X1X4-6.005X12-7.3694X22-7.5432X32-22.073242=(R2:0.964 0,P<0.05);生长猪料重比(Y2,g)对日粮可消化赖氨酸(X1,%)、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸(X2,%)、苏氨酸(X3,%)和色氨酸(X4,%)水平的回归方程为:Y2=12.176 0-9.843 6X1-19.043 2X2-2.486 7X3-11.733 0X4-1.875 0X1 X2-6.875 0X1 X3 1.562 5X1X4 8.986 6X12 23.274 5X22 7.968 4X32 33.470 5X42(R2=0.921 3,P<0.01);日增重达到最大值(0.775 kg)时,日粮的可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平分别为0.78%、0.48%、0.51%和0.14%.相应的氨基酸比例为Lys:(Met Cys):Thr:Trp=100:61:64:18.料重比最小(2.69)时,对应的日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸 胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平分别为0.77%、0.44%、0.49%和0.16%.氨基酸比例为Lys:(Met Cys):Thr:Trp=100:57:64:21.对日增重和料重比进行综合考虑,获得最佳生产性能的可消化氨基酸的比例范围为Lys:(Met Cys):Thr:Trp=100:(57～61):64:(18～21).     

小尾寒羊生长曲线拟合研究

利用SPSS 11.5软件中的11种曲线回归模型对小尾寒羊羔羊体重和体尺进行曲线拟合,根据相关指数R2和T检验选择建立最优回归方程,并对曲线模型估计值与测量值进行了比较。生长发育最优回归方程如下,体高:Y=41.058 6+5.368 6X-0.370 7X2;体长:Y=46.263 3+13.116 1ln X;胸围:Y=48.779 5X0.261 6;胸宽:Y=14.036 7X0.231 2大腿围:Y=27.234 2X0.169 6;腰角宽:Y=5.678 6+6.375 5X-1.329 9X2+0.097 5X3管围:Y=e(2.149 1-0.407 8/X);体重:Y=9.062 8X0.733 0,上述拟合曲线方程均可靠(R2都在0.917 1~0.994 0之间),可以用来预测小尾寒羊早期生长发育体重及体尺。     

铜、铁、锌、锰不同组合水平对鲤鱼生长的影响

试验采用均匀设计U9(95)经60d试验,研究Cu(x1)、Fe(x2)、Zn(x3)、Mn(x4)不同组合水平对鲤鱼生长的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,各因素与增重呈显著的回归关系:①y=6.8167+0.021515x4+0.0021885x1x4-0.00009120x2x4+0.00000924x32,拟和度R2=95.1%(P<0.05),最优组合为x1=23.5mg/kg,x2=141.7mg/kg,x3=89mg/kg,x4=31.8mg/kg,此时增重为70.42g,比试验最优组处理7增重高17.05%。②Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn与体增长呈显著的回归关系,y=0.55167+0.0001557x3-0.00019352x1x4-0.0000089x22,拟和度R2=93.9%(P<0.05),最优组合为x1=0.4mg/kg,x2=72.4mg/kg,x3=104mg/kg,x4=24.4mg/kg。各试验组的净增重、相对生长率、饵料系数优于对照组,其中以处理7最优。     

25～35kg生长猪可消化氨基酸的需要量

本试验采用单因子试验设计法研究饲粮蛋白质 (CP)和可消化氨基酸水平对生长猪生产性能的影响。试验共设 5个处理 ,饲粮可消化赖氨酸 (Dlys)水平分别为 0 .4 0 %、0 .55%、0 .70 %、0 .85%和 1 .0 % ,Dlys/CP之比为 5%。饲粮等能 ( 1 3.72MJDE/kg) ,等氨基酸模式。其中 ,赖氨酸与可消化含硫氨基酸 (D-SAA)、可消化苏氨酸 (DThr)、可消化色氨酸 (DTrp)之比为 1 0 0 59 6 2 1 9。试猪为大白×长白杂交猪 ,平均起始重 2 5.1 8kg ,结束重 36 .86kg。结果表明 ,生长猪的平均日增重 (Y1)和饲料转化率 (Y2 )均随饲粮赖氨酸水平 (x)的增加呈显著的二次曲线变化。Y1(g) =-4 90 .4 2 7+ 2 6 91 .0 31X -1 50 1 .84 1X2 　　R2 =0 .996 2Y2 =9.891 -1 6 .784X + 9.36 5X2 R2 =0 .990 9当赖氨酸水平分别为 0 .8959%、0 .896 1 %时 ,平均日增重和饲料转化率分别达 71 5g和 2 .37。由此推算 ,2 5～ 35kg生长猪达到最大生产性能的Dlys、D -SAA、DThr、DTrp及CP的需要量分别为 0 .896 %、0 .52 9%、0 .556 %、0 .1 70 %、1 7.92 0 % ,饲粮CP/DE为 1 3.0 6g/MJ,Dlys/CP为 5.0 0 % ,Dlys/DE为 0 .6 5g/MJ。     

不同维生素组合对点带石斑鱼生长性能的影响

采用U122(1210)均匀试验设计,通过在相同基础日粮中分别添加维生素A(VA)、维生素D(VD)、维生素K(VK)、叶酸、维生素B1(VB1)、维生素B2(VB2)、维生素B6(VB6)、泛酸钙、烟酰胺和肌醇,对试验鱼进行9周的饲养试验,研究其对点带石斑鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饵料系数(FC)、蛋白质效率(PER)及肌肉和肝脏中RNA/DNA等指标的影响.结果表明:(1)不同维生素组合能显著影响点带石斑鱼WGR、SGR、PER及肌肉和肝脏中RNA/DNA等指标(P<0.05);对FC影响禾显著(P>0.05).(2)肌肉及肝脏中RNA/DNA比率的大小依WGK的大小呈规律性的变化.第10组生长最快,其FC最低、PER最高,肌肉及肝脏中RNA/DNA也最高.(3)以WGR为因变量(Y),10种维生素为自变量(X1、X2……X10)建立回归方程:Y=30.62794+0.00204X1+0.00330X2+0.10748X4+0.11866X5-0.07566X7+0.11400X8+0.01335X9+0.00613X10-0.000000143915X12-0.01123X32+0.00091170X62-0.00028190082-0.00000173X102(R2=0.9982),由此可求最优配比.     

生长猪植物性饲料可消化磷预测模型的研究

本文旨在通过测定常用植物性饲料中总磷、植酸磷和天然植酸酶的含量,并结合动物试验的结果,探讨建立猪植物性饲料可消化磷预测模型的可行性,为磷资源的有效合理利用、降低养殖业排泄物对环境的磷污染提供简便方法。选用19种植物性饲料原料和2种配合饲料,在分析测定其总磷、植酸磷和天然植酸酶酶活的基础上,以25 kg左右三元杂交生长瘦肉型猪为试验动物,采用6×6(2个)、4×4(3个)拉丁方设计,以玉米淀粉-豆粕为基础日粮,分别按替代法和回归法,测得了单一饲料原料中磷的表观消化率和真消化率,并建立了可消化磷的预测模型。所建立的预测模型分别为:表观可消化磷(g/kg)Y=-0.411 0.405X1-0.227X2 0.003 15X3(R2=0.822,RSD=0.272,P<0.001),其中X1=总磷(g/kg),X2=植酸磷(g/kg),X3=植酸酶活(FTU/kg),下同;真可消化磷(g/kg)二元模型Y=0.062 9 0.655X1-0.412X2(R2=0.859,RSD=0.386,P<0.001),三元模型Y=-0.220 0.589X1-0.304X2 0.003X3(R2=0.882,RSD=0.244,P<0.001)。可以用饲料总磷、植酸磷和天然植酸酶酶活指标来预测植物性饲料可消化磷的含量,比较而言,对真可消化磷预测结果的准确性更高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …