饲料中添加酵母免疫多糖对黄河鲤生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

将480尾初始体重(150±0.52)g的黄河鲤(Huanghe cyprinus carpio)随机分成6组,分别饲喂基础饲料中添加0%(对照组)、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.30%和0.40%酵母免疫多糖的日粮,进行为期8周的摄食生长试验,探讨饲料中添加酵母免疫多糖对其生长和非特异性免疫力的影响.试验结果表明,当饲料中添加0.20%、0.30%和0.40%酵母免疫多糖时生长性能显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),饲料中添加酵母免疫多糖,试验组黄河鲤血液白细胞吞噬活力和血清溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).因此,饲料中添加适宜含量的酵母免疫多糖可显著提高黄河鲤生长率和非特异性免疫力.     

黄柏对点带石斑鱼生理生化指标的影响

试验研究饵料中添加黄柏对点带石斑鱼[(84.11±0.5)g]生理生化指标的影响。设对照组(0 g/kg,C)、低剂量组(5 g/kg,LD)、中剂量组(10 g/kg,MD)、高剂量组(20 g/kg,HD)4组,每组3个重复,连续喂食7、14、28 d后取样。试验结果表明:饵料中添加黄柏能显著提高血液红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、NBT阳性细胞数,血清白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、一氧化氮(NO)含量,血清溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶活力(CAT),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)比值,显著降低血清黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活力及丙二醛(MDA)、尿酸(UA)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CRAE)含量。黄柏对血红蛋白(HB)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)含量影响不显著。黄柏对点带石斑鱼的生理生化指标有着显著的作用,建议最佳添加剂量为10 g/kg。     

不同维生素组合对点带石斑鱼生长性能的影响

采用U122(1210)均匀试验设计,通过在相同基础日粮中分别添加维生素A(VA)、维生素D(VD)、维生素K(VK)、叶酸、维生素B1(VB1)、维生素B2(VB2)、维生素B6(VB6)、泛酸钙、烟酰胺和肌醇,对试验鱼进行9周的饲养试验,研究其对点带石斑鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饵料系数(FC)、蛋白质效率(PER)及肌肉和肝脏中RNA/DNA等指标的影响.结果表明:(1)不同维生素组合能显著影响点带石斑鱼WGR、SGR、PER及肌肉和肝脏中RNA/DNA等指标(P<0.05);对FC影响禾显著(P>0.05).(2)肌肉及肝脏中RNA/DNA比率的大小依WGK的大小呈规律性的变化.第10组生长最快,其FC最低、PER最高,肌肉及肝脏中RNA/DNA也最高.(3)以WGR为因变量(Y),10种维生素为自变量(X1、X2……X10)建立回归方程:Y=30.62794+0.00204X1+0.00330X2+0.10748X4+0.11866X5-0.07566X7+0.11400X8+0.01335X9+0.00613X10-0.000000143915X12-0.01123X32+0.00091170X62-0.00028190082-0.00000173X102(R2=0.9982),由此可求最优配比.     

中药调节非特异性免疫力对防控非洲猪瘟的意义

非洲猪瘟是当下威胁猪场的主要传染病,其多样化的传染源和复杂的传播途径给传统生物安全形成了巨大的挑战。在传统生物安全基础之上,使用中药来调节动物非特异免疫力,进而保护易感动物已被行业重视并认可。但目前缺乏非特异性免疫力与非洲猪瘟两者关系的研究以及非特异性免疫力改善关键评价的指标。本文就中药对非特异性免疫的影响展开综述,发现中药可有效调节非特异性免疫力,对非洲猪瘟的防控具有积极意义。     

不同添加剂对杂交鳢生长及非特异性免疫力的影响

以初体质量为(90.5±4.86)g的杂交鳢为研究对象,在黑鱼膨化料的基础上,设4种不同添加剂组,分别喷涂添加0.5%的甜菜碱(1组)、0.12%的免疫多糖(2组)、0.12%的益生菌(3组)和0.5%氨基酸复合物(甘氨酸与丙氨酸的比例为1:1)(4组);以膨化料对照组(5组),探讨不同类型饲料添加剂对杂交鳢生长、肌肉成分及非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加甜菜碱、免疫多糖及益生菌对提高杂交鳢增重率、肌肉蛋白含量、肥满度、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸含量、非特异性血清免疫酶活力和降低饲料系数都有一定的作用,且三者间无显著性差异;而添加氨基酸复合物仅对杂交鳢氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量及鲜味氨基酸含量有提高作用。     

提高猪的非特异性免疫力是突出病魔重围的必由之路

本文分析了饲养方式、品种雷同化、生境条件恶化在猪群疫情频发中的作用,提出来提高猪的非特异性免疫力是突出病魔重围的必由之路的新观念,并围绕此新观念提出了八项长远措施和十六项稍加努力就可见效的近期措施。     

锌对点带石斑鱼生长和生理生化指标的影响

在锌(Zn)含量为58.93 mg/kg的基础饵料中添加0、13、39、91和195 mg/kg的Zn,制成5种试验饵料,连续喂食点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)幼鱼6周,观察Zn对点带石斑鱼生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,试验鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)、肌肉和肝胰脏中RNA/DNA随Zn添加量的增加而升高。随着饵料中Zn添加量的增加,饵料系数(FC)逐渐降低,蛋白质效率(PER)逐渐升高。适量的Zn能提高消化酶和抗氧化酶活力,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。为维持较高消化酶活力,建议点带石斑鱼饲料中Zn添加量为108.50~137.37 mg/kg,饲料中Zn含量为167.43~196.30 mg/kg。为使点带石斑鱼生长速度最快,建议饲料中Zn添加量为238.66~291.49 mg/kg,饲料中的Zn含量为297.59~350.42 mg/kg。     

不同能量蛋白质比饲料对点带石斑鱼幼鱼体内消化酶活性的影响

采用9种不同能量蛋白质比的饲料投喂点带石斑鱼幼鱼,分析比较不同营养水平的饲料对点带石斑鱼体内消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着饲料中能量蛋白质比的增加,点带石斑鱼胃肠道脂肪酶活性呈现出增强的趋势.在饲料中同一淀粉含量下,不同能量蛋白质比的变化,未引起胃肠道淀粉酶活性呈现规律性变化.随着饲料中蛋白质含量的提高,胃肠道蛋白酶活性也随着增强.在饲料中同一蛋白质水平下,能量蛋白质比的变化,并未引起肠蛋白酶活性呈现规律性的变化,但当饲料中蛋白质水平在47%～53%,胃蛋白酶活性有随着能量蛋白质比的升高而增强的趋势.点带石斑鱼幼鱼饲料以在蛋白质水平47%、能量蛋白质比在31.62～35.54 kJ/kg范围内,胃、肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性较强.     

饵料中蛋白质、糖类、脂类对点带石斑鱼生长的影响

采用均匀设计U5(53)法研究了饵料中蛋白质(X1)、糖类(X2)、脂类(X3)对点带石斑鱼生长的影响。试验进行了56d。对增重率(Y1)、特定生长率(Y2)、饵料系数(Y3)做线性回归分析,得出增重率的回归方程为:Y1=-128.392+26.4063X3+0.0252005X12-1.11842X3(2R2=0.9672),特定生长率的回归方程为:Y2=-1.13695+0.280137X3+0.000250155X12-0.011822X3(2R2=0.9617),饵料系数的回归方程为:Y3=3.42262-0.0335425X2-0.0557297X3-0.00046018X12(R2=0.9860)。Y1max=106.502时,X1=56、X3=11.805;Y2max=1.307时,X1=56、X3=11.848;Y3min=0.73时,X1=56、X2=14、X3=14。糖类在Y1、Y2两个回归模型中被剔除。在糖类含量固定为6.00%的情况下,根据特定生长率的等值线图得出生产中饵料中蛋白质、脂类最适含量分别为48.30%和11.85%。     

艾叶粉对鲤鱼生长性能、抗氧化功能和非特异性免疫力的影响

试验研究艾叶粉对鲤鱼生长性能和非特异性免疫力的影响,选用300尾健康的鲤鱼,分为4组.对照组鲤鱼饲喂基础饵料,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础饵料中添加艾叶粉1％、2％、3％.试验期60d.结果 显示,与对照组比较,饵料中添加2％艾叶粉,鲤鱼日增重、碱性磷酸酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P＜0.05),添加3％艾叶粉鲤...     

Effects of dietary arginine on hematological parameters and innate immune function of channel catfish

The effects of elevated dietary arginine on the hematology and immune function of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were evaluated by means of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Healthy juvenile channel catfish (average weight, 34.8 g) were fed casein-gelatin-based diets containing 28% crude protein and supplemented with crystalline L-arginine (ARG) at 0.5, 1, 2, or 4% of diet. An intact-protein diet containing 1.3% arginine also was included to investigate the effects of amino acid form (crystalline-free amino acids versus intact protein). Each purified diet was fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of fish for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental feeding period, the fish were injected intraperitoneally with two doses (3 d apart) of 2 mg lipopolysaccharide/kg body weight. Six days after the initial injection, the fish were anesthetized and tissue samples were obtained to evaluate hematological and humoral and cellular immune parameters, including phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), blood cell counts, plasma protein, and hepatic superoxide dismutase activity. High dietary levels (4% ARG) resulted in significantly higher levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and circulating erythrocytes. Dietary ARG did not significantly affect MCV and the number of circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes. In vitro, a moderate level (2 mM) of ARG in the culture media was found to be ideal in significantly enhancing phagocytosis. This study demonstrates that some aspects of the immune system of channel catfish are sensitive to changes in dietary ARG.     

Effects of trehalose supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal innate immunity of juvenile chicks

1. Trehalose is composed of two molecules of D-glucose joined by an α,α-1,1 glucosidic linkage and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study investigated the effect of feeding a trehalose-supplemented diet on the growth performance, as well as the oxidative status and the intestinal innate immunity of juvenile chicks.

2. A total of 16 d-old male broiler chicks were used in this study: two groups of 8 birds were fed on a 0% (control) or 0.5% trehalose-supplemented diet for 18 d.

3. The mean body weight of the trehalose group was significantly greater than that of the control group, but feed efficiency was not altered by feeding the trehalose-supplemented diet. No differences in the levels of lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle, liver and plasma were observed between the control and trehalose-supplemented groups. The mRNA levels of interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-like ligand 1A, interleukin-10, NADPH oxidase 4 and inducible NO synthase were significantly reduced by the trehalose supplementation.

4. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with trehalose after hatching may have beneficial effects on the growth performance of juvenile chicks, probably by improving their intestinal innate immunity.

     

复方中草药对斜带石斑鱼生长性能及消化酶活性的影响

以斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)[初始体重为(19.72±0.22)g]为对象,分别向基础饲料中添加0%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%复方中草药,研究对其生长性能、体成分及消化酶活力的影响。试验分4组(CK、F1、F2和F3),每组3个重复,每重复15尾鱼,饲养试验共42 d。结果表明:F1和F2组的增重率(WGR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05);F2组的特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、肥满度(CF)、肝体指数(HSI)也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而饲料系数(FCR)和腹脂率(MSI)则显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。F2组粗脂肪含量和F3组灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但各组水分和粗蛋白含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。F2组胃、肠和肝胰脏的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明,在斜带石斑鱼饲料中添加1.0%的复方中草药,可明显提高石斑鱼生产性能和消化酶活力。     

肽聚糖在非特异性免疫中的信号作用

非特异性免疫在动物机体抵抗有害微生物感染中发挥着重要作用。对有害病原体的检测和清除是生物体生存必需的。肽聚糖(Peptidoglycan,PGN)作为一种绝大多数细菌细胞壁的重要成分,在宿主识别和刺激相应免疫应答过程中起到关键信号作用。本文主要论述PGN在动物机体非特异性免疫系统中引起的信号传导过程和这一过程中主要的信号蛋白;介绍PGRPs蛋白家族和最新发现的Nods蛋白家族。     

Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects

The increasing economic importance of fish parasitoses for aquaculture and fisheries has enhanced the interest in the defence mechanisms against these infections. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are mounted by fish to control parasite infections, and several mechanisms described for mammalian parasitoses have also been demonstrated in teleosts. Innate immune initiation relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognizing receptors (PRRs). A number of PRRs, mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs), have been characterized in fish, and some molecules susceptible of functioning as PAMPs are known for some fish parasites. A lectin-carbohydrate interaction has also been described in some host fish-parasite systems, thus probably involving C-type lectin receptors. Inflammatory reactions involving cellular reactions, as phagocytosis and phagocyte activity (including oxidative mechanisms), as well as complement activity, are modulated by many fish parasites, including mainly ciliates, flagellates and myxozoans. Besides complement, a number of humoral immune factors (peroxidases, lysozyme, acute-phase proteins) are also implicated in the response to some parasites. Among adaptive responses, most data deal with the presence of B lymphocytes and the production of specific antibodies (Abs). Although an increasing number of T-cell markers have been described for teleosts, the specific characterization of those involved in their response is far from being obtained. Gene expression studies have demonstrated the involvement of other mediators of the innate and adaptive responses, i.e., cytokines [interleukins (IL-1, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)], chemokines (CXC, CC), as well as several oxidative enzymes [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)]. Information is scarcer for factors more directly linked to adaptive responses, such as major histocompatibility (MH) receptors, T cell receptors (TCRs) and IgM. Expression of some immune genes varied according to the phase of infection, and proinflammatory cytokines were mainly activated in the early stages. Gene expression was generally higher in the target tissues for some skin and gill parasites, as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Neoparamoeba spp. and Lepeophtheirus salmonis, thus confirming the relevance of mucosal immunity in these infections. The existence of protective responses has been demonstrated for several fish parasites, both in natural infections and in immunization studies. Most information on the mechanisms involved in protection deals with the production of specific Abs. Nevertheless, their levels are not always correlated to protection, and the precise involvement of immune mechanisms in the response is unknown in many cases. No commercial vaccine is currently available for piscine parasitoses, although experimental vaccines have been assayed against I. multifiliis, Cryptobia salmositica and scuticociliates. The known information points to the need for integrated studies of the mechanisms involved in protection, in order to choose the optimum antigen candidates, adjuvants and formulations.     

日粮营养素对反刍动物免疫能力的影响

近年来，由于禁用或限用某些抗生素药物添加剂，人们的饲料安全意识提高，倍加关注动物营养与免疫关系的研究。 影响反刍动物免疫能力的营养素包括：蛋白质、能量、维生素和矿物质。每种营养素都可能影响特异免疫或非特异免疫。了解这些营养素间的互作很重要。任何一种营养素缺乏或过量都能影响其他营养素的作用。本文仅讨论日粮能量与蛋白质、维生素Ｅ与硒、锌、铜和铬对反刍动物免疫能力的影响。１特异免疫与非特异免疫 动物通过调节特异免疫和非特异免疫的反应强度来维持机体正常的防御机能。特异免疫主要有两种：１）体液免疫：血液循环…     

Effects of a dietary application of a yeast cell wall extract on innate and acquired immunity, on oxidative status and growth performance in weanling piglets and on the ileal epithelium in fattened pigs

Potential immunomodulatory effects of a cell wall extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y; Antaferm MG) were tested in pigs: in trial I, 0.03% Y and in trial II 0.3% Y was used. Based on earlier observations that Y may increase feed intake, two treatment groups, Y-a (fed ad libitum) and Y-r (fed restrictively) were studied in comparison with a control group (C) in both trials. Y-r received the amount of feed consumed by C. Immune status was surveyed by determining phagocytic activity and oxidative burst of neutrophils and blood concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp), and immunoglobulin (Ig) G and A. Oxidative stress was monitored by recording reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and total antioxidant capacity. In a third trial, fattened pigs were used for morphological and immunohistochemical studies (IgM and IgA as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) in ileal epithelium. Pigs fed 0.03% Y for 2 weeks prior to slaughter were compared with the C group. Feed intake was identical in the Y-a and Y-b groups and data subsets were accordingly pooled. Treatment and time as well as treatment x time interactions were detectable for most of the parameters studied, but a distinct immunomodulatory effect of Y was not consistently identifiable and performance did not improve. In trial III, the intestinal parameters investigated were not different between Y and C.     

日粮不同蛋白水平对塞北乌骨鸡血液生化指标、血清免疫指标及屠宰性能的影响

试验采用单因子方差设计,选用450只40日龄塞北乌骨鸡,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,各试验组日粮蛋白分别为低蛋白Ⅰ组(15.5%),低蛋白Ⅱ组(16.0%),中蛋白Ⅲ组(16.5%),高蛋白Ⅳ组(17.0%)和高蛋白Ⅴ组(20.7%)。结果表明,不同蛋白水平日粮对塞北乌骨鸡的产蛋率和料蛋比有显著性影响(P<0.05)。其中,产蛋率:中蛋白组显著高于低蛋白组(P<0.05);料蛋比:中蛋白组显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。总蛋白、白蛋白和葡萄糖随着日粮蛋白水平的提高而呈现先上升后下降,但总体含量有增加的趋势。不同蛋白水平日粮对血清中T_4含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),而对T_3,IGF-Ⅰ和GH有显著影响(P<0.05)。IgG:中蛋白组最高,与高蛋白Ⅳ组差异不显著(P>0.05),分别比低蛋白组两组和高蛋白Ⅴ组高22.63%,12.41%,10.95%(P<0.05)。IgA:中蛋白组最高,显著高于低蛋白Ⅰ组、高蛋白组,分别为16.32%,12.93%,17.01%(P<0.05);IgM:中蛋白组最高,分别比低蛋白Ⅰ组,高蛋白Ⅳ组,Ⅴ组显著高5.32%,2.37%,3.55%(P<0.05),其他组间差异不显著(P>0.05);屠宰性能:中蛋白组的胸肌率显著高于其他组(P<0.05),屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌质量、腿肌质量、胸肌率和腿肌率没有规律性变化。由此可知:中蛋白日粮对塞北乌骨鸡产蛋性能、血液常规指标、血清免疫指标及屠宰性能的影响为最佳添加剂量。