不同温度条件下添加剂对青贮苜蓿细胞壁成分和体外干物质消化率的影响

用第2茬紫花苜蓿草,采用交叉分组设计调制了青贮。试验设20℃、30℃和40℃3个贮藏温度区,设对照(CON)、添加0.0004%乳酸菌(LAB)、添加0.005%纤维素酶(CEL)和添加0.0004%乳酸菌 0.005%纤维素酶(MIX)4个添加处理。贮存55d开封后测定青贮的细胞壁成分(总纤维-OCW、低消化性纤维-Ob、高消化性纤维-Oa)含量和体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)。结果有以下几种倾向:添加CEL和MIX可使青贮的OCW和Ob含量减少;添加LAB和MIX可提高青贮的IVDMD;添加CEL可降低青贮的IVDMD;在20℃~40℃,随贮藏温度的升高,青贮的Oa含量和IVDMD提高,Ob含量降低。     

乳酸菌和纤维素酶对早籼稻秸秆青贮饲料品质的试验

为了开发利用南方丰富的稻草秸秆资源,满足奶水牛生产的需要,在稻草中添加复合乳酸菌与复合纤维素酶的方法青贮,采用不同的复合乳酸菌与复合纤维素酶添加水平,试验设对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组进行处理,常温条件下青贮35d后开封进行青贮饲料品质评定。结果表明:试验各组青贮饲料中DM和ADL含量无显著变化(P0.05),而其它指标均有显著变化(P0.05)。CP含量随复合乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂添加量的增加而增大,其中试验Ⅲ组比对照组高8.41%;NDF和ADF含量随乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶制剂添加量的增加而下降,试验Ⅲ较对照组低10.92%和0.48%。试验结果表明乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶制剂的添加可以使青贮稻草饲料品质得到明显改善。     

乳酸菌发酵多肽饮料的工艺研究

探讨乳酸菌发酵多肽饮料的生产工艺条件和工艺配方,试验结果表明,乳酸菌多肽饮料最优工艺条件为：菌种鼠李糖乳杆菌,发酵温度37 ℃、接种量3%,发酵时间9 h,冷藏温度6 ℃,冷藏时间12 h;乳酸菌多肽饮料最优工艺配方为：酸度50 （0T）、白砂糖12%、β-CD 0.6%、香精0.04%,稳定剂0.6%.在此工艺条件和工艺配方下生产的乳酸菌饮料口感最佳,并具有一定的ACE抑制活性.     

不同温度条件下添加剂对青贮苜蓿细胞壁成分和体外干物质消化率的影响

用第2茬紫花苜蓿草,采用交叉分组设计调制了青贮。试验设20℃、30℃和40℃3个贮藏温度区,设对照（CON）、添加0．0004％乳酸菌（LAB）、添加0．005％纤维素酶（CEL）和添加0．0004%乳酸菌＋0．005％纤维素酶（MIX）4个添加处理。贮存55d开封后测定青贮的细胞壁成分（总纤维-OCW、低消化性纤维-Ob、高消化性纤维-Oa）含量和体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）。结果有以下几种倾向：添加CEL和MIX可使青贮的OCW和Ob含量减少;添加LAB和MIX可提高青贮的IVDMD;添加CEL可降低青贮的IVDMD;在20℃～40℃,随贮藏温度的升高,青贮的Oa含量和IVDMD提高,Ob含量降低。     

向日葵副产物微贮复合发酵条件的响应曲面优化分析

本试验旨在研究向日葵副产物的最优发酵条件,为该资源的合理利用提供基础。试验采用响应曲面优化法,在向日葵副产物青贮中添加乳酸菌、糖蜜、尿素和纤维素酶4种复合发酵剂,其中乳酸菌的添加量分别为1×10⁵、5×10⁵和1×10⁶CFU/g,尿素的添加量分别为0.1%、0.3%和0.5%,糖蜜的添加量分别为2%、3%和4%,纤维素酶的添加量分别为0.05%、0.10%和0.15%,选择中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和乳酸(LA)含量为优化目标,进行复合发酵条件30 d的厌氧发酵(真空袋法)。结果表明：NDF和LA含量的二次多项式模型均极显著(P<0.01),决定系数(R2)分别为0.88和0.82。其中,糖蜜和纤维素酶添加量对NDF含量的曲面效应影响极显著(P<0.01),尿素和纤维素酶添加量的交互作用对NDF含量的曲面效应影响显著(P<0.05)。乳酸菌添加量对LA含量的曲面效应影响极显著(P<0.01),糖蜜添加量对LA含量的曲面效应影响显著(P<0.05),乳酸菌和糖蜜添加量的交互作用对LA含量的曲面效...     

钦工肉圆乳酸发酵工艺的研究

为了探讨不同发酵条件对乳酸菌发酵肉圆的影响,以获得肉圆发酵的最佳工艺条件。选取发酵温度、接种量、食盐添加量和葡萄糖添加量4个因素,采用正交表L9（34）进行正交试验,并对试验结果进行分析。结果表明：①影响pH值的因素顺序为接种量、葡萄糖添加量、食盐添加量、发酵温度;②乳酸菌发酵肉圆的最佳工艺条件为：发酵温度34℃,接种量3.0mL,食盐添加量0.6%,葡萄糖添加量1.5%。结论：采用乳酸菌发酵肉圆,可以制得口感好、更营养、保质期长的食品。     

乳酸菌剂和纤维素酶对青贮香蕉茎叶品质的影响

本试验旨在探究乳酸菌剂和纤维素酶对香蕉茎叶青贮品质的影响。试验设置4个试验组,分别为0.02 g乳酸菌冻干粉/kg香蕉茎叶、0.2 g纤维素酶/kg香蕉茎叶、0.02 g乳酸菌冻干粉+0.20 g纤维素酶/kg香蕉茎叶组和一个空白对照组。结果显示:乳酸菌组和纤维素酶+乳酸菌组的pH值显著低于纤维素酶组和对照组(P0.05),纤维素酶+乳酸菌组的pH值最低。3个试验组的氨态氮含量都极显著低于对照组(P0.01),氨态氮/总氮都显著低于对照组(P0.05),其中乳酸菌组的氨态氮和氨态氮/总氮最低,氨态氮含量比对照组低26.67%。各试验组未检测出丁酸且乳酸含量都极显著高于对照组(P0.01),其中纤维素酶+乳酸菌组和乳酸菌组的乳酸含量比对照组分别高58.86%和34.39%。青贮后各组的粗蛋白质含量差异不显著,单宁含量较青贮前降低了33.33%,差异极显著(P0.01)。现场评定和实验室评定结果显示,青贮质量由高到低的顺序为纤维素酶+乳酸菌组(优等)乳酸菌组(优等)纤维素酶组(良好)对照组(一般)。说明香蕉茎叶单独青贮是可行的,向其中加入适量的乳酸菌剂或纤维素酶能明显提高青贮品质。若考虑经济效益,对于香蕉茎叶而言,乳酸菌剂是一种有效的青贮添加剂。     

蝌蚪源乳酸菌的人工高密度培养条件的优化

本文研究了蝌蚪源乳酸菌生长繁殖的环境条件(温度、接种量、起始pH等)和培养基组成(氮源、碳源等),优化确定了蝌蚪源乳酸菌密度培养的适宜培养条件起始pH6.5,培养温度37℃,培养基配比为麦芽糖∶乳糖(1∶1)2%、牛肉浸膏10%、缓冲盐A0.5%,NaCl0.25%,MgSO40.1%,接种量5%,结合优化的培养条件,可使蝌蚪源乳酸菌活菌数得到进一步提高。     

正交设计在苜蓿青贮添加剂试验中的应用研究

初花期收获的苜蓿经过不同时间的晾晒(水分含量分别是80.3%、71.2%、62.5%、40.3%),添加不同含量的乳酸菌(0、106、107、108cfu/g)、纤维素酶(0、0.025、0.05、0.1 g/kg)和葡萄糖(0、10、15、20 g/kg)进行苜蓿青贮的4因子4水平的正交试验。结果表明,凋萎苜蓿组(水分含量为71.2%)青贮时,在4个水分组中具有最好的青贮质量,即降低青贮料中的NH3-N含量和生成更多的乳酸。4个因子对苜蓿青贮品质的影响顺序依次是葡萄糖添加量>苜蓿含水量>纤维素酶添加量>乳酸菌添加量。正交试验所得的最佳组合是:苜蓿水分含量为71.2%,乳酸菌的添加量为106cfu/g,纤维素酶的添加量为0.1 g/kg,葡萄糖的添加量为20 g/kg。     

添加纤维素酶和乳酸菌对“桂牧1号”杂交狼尾草青贮品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶和乳酸菌单独添加、混合添加对“桂牧1号”杂交狼尾草青贮品质和营养价值的改善效果,将杂交狼尾草经全株收割、粉碎后,分别添加纤维素酶（CEL）、乳酸菌（LD1、LD2）、乳酸菌+纤维素酶（CEL+LD1 ～ LD2）,密封袋密封60 d后,测定饲料品质和营养成分。结果表明：纤维素酶组、LD2组青贮料pH含量和对照组差异不显著（P > 0.05）,纤维素酶+乳酸菌（CEL+LD1 ～ LD2）组青贮料pH分别为4.54、4.50,比对照组高。纤维素酶组及纤维素酶+乳酸菌组氨态氮含量比对照组含量分别低18.44%、26.95%、16.31%。LD2组青贮料中无丙酸、丁酸产生。杂交狼尾草青贮时单独添加纤维素酶,青贮饲料粗蛋白质（CP）含量较对照组高6.08%（P < 0.05）,酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）分别低于对照组2.93%、4.81%（P < 0.05）,表明单独添加纤维素酶能够提高青贮品质。青贮料中添加乳酸菌益4-J1,可有效抑制丙酸、丁酸产生,对青贮品质有改善作用。 [关键词] 纤维素酶|乳酸菌|“桂牧1号”杂交狼尾草|青贮品质     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.