羧酸吡啶铬对肥育猪胴体组成及肉质的影响

取体重６０ｋｇ左右健康“杜长宁”三元杂交肥育猪６０头,按饲养试验要求分成对照和试验２个处理组,饲喂相同的玉米－豆粕型日粮,其中对照组不添加羧酸吡啶铬,而试验组添加２００μｇ／ｋｇ羧酸吡啶铬。结果表明：①羧酸吡啶铬能明显改善肥育猪的胴体组成。与对照组相比,试验组胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积分别提高了７．２６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）和７．０９％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;脂肪率、板油重和平均背膘厚度分别降低了１２．７７％（Ｐ     

吡啶羧酸铬对重产蛋鸭生产性能的影响

选用停产后重新开产前的金定鸭90只，研究日粮中添加不同水平吡啶羧酸铬对重产蛋鸭生产性能的影响。日粮中添加铬水平分别为0、100、200、400、800μg／kg。试验期为6周。结果表明，日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬200μg／kg和400μg／kg有促进重产蛋鸭早期开产的趋势，提高产蛋率、平均蛋重和蛋壳品质。重产蛋鸭日粮适宜铬水平200-400μg／kg，过高或过低的铬水平均不能发挥重产蛋鸭的最佳地生产性能。     

能量水平与铬营养对猪肉质脂肪性状的影响

近年来,许多学者正在研究通过营养学途径来调控猪生长以达到改善胴体品质和肉质的目的。营养素虽然不能改变动物体的遗传性状,但可以调控数量性状基因的表达而改变该性状[1]。     

肉鹅日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬的观察

选90只体重相近的14日龄马岗鹅，随机分为3组，在日粮中分别添加0.0,0.2和0．4mg／kg吡啶羧酸铬(以铬计)。结果：添加吡啶羧酸铬可以显著地降低肉鹅的腹脂率，降低皮脂率．降低血清中的CHOL，使HDL—C略有提高。在环境应激(高温闷热)条件下，补铬能显著提高肉鹅的体重，但胸腿肌率、屠宰率与对照组差异不显著。     

肥育后期添加维生素E、吡啶羧酸铬对肥育猪肉品品质的影响

主要研究了维生素E、吡啶羧酸铬对于肥育猪肉品品质的影响效果.试验将45头体重80 kg左右二元杂交猪（杜长）,随机分配到对照组和试验组,共分为3组,每组设3个重复,每个重复5头猪.结果表明,维生素E对于肉色、滴水损失、肌乳酸、肌糖原、挥发性盐基氮具有明显的改善作用,而对于大理石花纹评分、pH值、肌内脂肪的作用效果不明显.吡啶羧酸铬对于肉色、肌乳酸、挥发性盐基氮具有明显的改善作用,而对于大理石花纹评分、pH值、肌内脂肪、肌糖原的作用效果不明显,对于滴水损失还有不利的影响.     

吡啶羧酸铬和天冬氨酸镁对猪肉品质的影响

选择48头体重接近(86.0±5.1)kg的杜长大肥育阉公猪,研究天冬氨酸镁和吡啶羧酸铬对猪宰前应激肉品质的影响。试验猪分为4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头,采食玉米-豆粕型日粮(DE,13.18MJ/kg;CP,14.6%)。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+1.0%天冬氨酸镁(MgAsp);Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+0.3mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬(Crpi);Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮+1.0%MgAsp+0.3mg/kgCrpi。每头猪每日饲喂2.8kg上述试验日粮,7d后运到屠宰场。结果表明,日粮中补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁、吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均降低了血清中皮质醇含量,减缓了屠宰前的应激反应;给宰前的育肥猪补充吡啶羧酸铬、吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可降低宰后糖原分解(P0.05),补充天冬氨酸镁也有降低宰后糖原分解的趋势。补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁及吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可显著降低宰后短时间内猪背最长肌和股二头肌乳酸含量(P0.05);日粮中补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁及吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可极显著(P0.01)降低背最长肌和股二头肌pH和滴水损失,分别降低PSE肉发生率75.1%、49.8%和75.1%(P0.05),而对系水力无显著影响(P0.05));复合添加吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁组猪的滴水损失、背最长肌和股二头肌色值都显著低于单独添加吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁组,这说明吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁在改善肉质指标方面具有一定的加性效应,二者同时添加效果最好。     

吡啶羧酸铬对生长肥育猪生产性能、胴体性状及血清生化指标的影响

本试验选用 40头体重约 2 8kg的杜× (大×长 )三元杂交猪 ,随机分为 4组 ,分别饲喂添加0、2 0 0、 40 0、 60 0 μg/kg铬 (吡啶羧酸铬 )的玉米—豆粕型饲粮 (生长、肥育期粗蛋白水平分别为1 7 0 %、 1 5 0 % ) ,直至体重约 95kg左右结束。结果表明 ,铬水平对生长期 (约 2 8～ 60kg)日增重、采食量、料重比无显著影响 ,也不影响血清钙、镁、钾、钠、氯、尿素氮浓度。虽然肥育阶段 (约 60～ 95kg) 40 0 μg/kg铬组的日增重和 60 0 μg/kg铬组的日增重、饲料转化效率有降低趋势 ,但各组间日增重、料重比、采食量差异不显著。铬不影响肥育猪血清镁、钾、钠、尿素氮浓度 ,但对氯、钙浓度有影响 (P <0 0 5 )。纵观全期来看 ,铬不影响生长肥育猪全期的生产性能 (P >0 0 5 )。虽然 60 0 μg/kg铬组有增加瘦肉率、降低脂肪率的趋势 ,但肥育猪各组间胴体性状无显著差别。以上结果提示 ,在本试验条件下 ,添加 2 0 0～ 60 0 μg/kg铬 (吡啶羧酸铬 )对生长肥育猪生产性能和胴体性状无显著影响。     

吡啶羧酸铬对猪的作用效果

１概述铬为人和动物正常代谢所必需的微量元素。其作用是作为葡萄糖耐受因子（ＧｌｕｃｏｓｅＴｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅＦａｃｔｏｒ,ＧＴＦ）的重要组成成分。ＧＴＦ是一种能够维持动物血液中葡萄糖正常的物质,其化学结构至今尚未完全弄清,但研究者们相信其中可能含有烟酸、谷氨酸、半脘氨酸、甘氨酸和三价铬（Ｃｒ３ｒ）。没有铬,ＧＴＦ就没有活性。ＧＴＦ的作用是增加动物的葡萄糖耐受量和增强胰岛素活性,促进胰岛素与细胞受体结合,进而刺激动物机体组织对葡萄糖的摄取。铬对脂类代谢的作用是维持血液的正常胆固醇水平,影响脂肪和胆固醇…     

吡啶羧酸铬对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用144羽1日龄体重均一、健康的艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分成6个日粮处理组:1组为对照组,喂基础日粮;2~6组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加0·5、1、1·5、2和2·5mg/kg铬(以吡啶羧酸铬形式),研究在日粮中添加不同浓度的吡啶羧酸铬(CrPi)对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加铬浓度为0·5~1mg/kg的吡啶羧酸铬时,能显著提高肉仔鸡增重,明显改善肉仔鸡的饲料效率(P<0·05)。日粮中添加铬(CrPi形式)能够提高经济效益。     

Influence of level of dietary protein or energy on effects of ractopamine in finishing swine.

The effect of ractopamine, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on growth, nutrient utilization, and carcass composition was studied in pigs fed either 18% CP, 12% CP, or 18% CP restricted (RES = 67% of ad libitum) diets. The 18 and 12% CP diets provided 3.52 and 3.68 Mcal of DE/kg, respectively. All pigs were fed a low-protein (12% CP) diet during pretreatment growth from 15 to 60 kg. Ractopamine at 20 or 30 ppm (30 ppm for RES pigs) in the diet was fed from 60 kg live BW until slaughter at 105 kg (9 pigs/treatment). No ractopamine treatment effect (P greater than .05) was observed for either daily gain or gain/feed, although gain/feed was improved by 8% in both of the ad libitum groups. Ractopamine treatment resulted (P less than .01) in an overall reduction of carcass lipid by 8%, an increase of carcass protein by 5%, and a 21% improvement in the efficiency of protein utilization; the greatest changes occurred in the pigs fed the 12% CP diet (-17%, +11%, and +32%, respectively). The ad libitum daily feed intake was 15% less for pigs fed the 12% CP diet than for those fed the 18% CP diet (P less than .01), and there was a 10% reduction in intake of both diets with the addition of ractopamine (P less than .05). Both carcass lipid and protein deposition seemed to be closely related to energy intake (P less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

猪肉品质的评价及日粮蛋白质氨基酸对肉质的影响

主要阐述猪肉品质的评价指标和日粮蛋白质氨基酸对肉质的影响,结果:日粮蛋白质和氨基酸水平可对肉的嫩度、瘦肉率、肌间脂肪造成影响,故通过日粮营养调控,从而提高肉的品质。     

Effect of chromium propionate and metabolizable energy on growth,carcass traits,and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of Cr propionate (CrProp) and metabolizable energy (ME) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. One hundred forty-four Cambrough-22 barrows were allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (six replicates of six pigs per replicate; average initial and final body weight were 27 and 113 kg, respectively). The dietary treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal basal (B; low ME), 2) B + 200 ppb of Cr (as CrProp), 3) B + 200 kcal ME/kg (4.5% added fat; high ME), or 4) B + 200 kcal ME/kg + 200 ppb of Cr. At trial termination, three pigs per replicate were killed to determine dietary effects on carcass traits and pork quality. Overall average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. During the early growing period, average daily gain was increased in pigs fed the CrProp-low-ME diets, but decreased in pigs fed the CrProp-high ME diets (Cr x ME, P < 0.04). Feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the high-ME diets during the early growing period. Forty-five min and 24 h pH were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. The CIE L* tended (P = 0.07) to be increased and shear force tended (P = 0.06) to be decreased in pigs fed high-ME diets. Subjective marbling was increased (P < 0.03) and longissimus muscle percentage moisture and thaw loss were decreased (P < 0.04) in pigs fed CrProp. Chromium propionate had no consistent effect on growth and carcass traits in this experiment; however, CrProp did affect some aspects of pork quality.     

生长肥育猪性别对甲基吡啶铬使用效果的影响

选择 48头平均体重为 30.7kg± 3.1kg的三元杂交健康生长猪，按单因子随机区组设计分为两个处理，分别饲喂未加甲基吡啶铬的日粮和添加 0.05％甲基吡啶铬的日粮。试验结果显示：同对照组青年母猪相比，试验组青年母猪的平均日增重（ ADG）（ P=0.27）、饲料转化效率（ FCR）（ P=0.08）和瘦肉率（ P=0.20）得到不同程度的提高和改善；同对照组阉公猪相比，试验组肥育阉公猪的 ADG和 FCR受到显著（ P=0.04）抑制，瘦肉率表现出降低的趋势（ P=0.27）。结论：性别是影响生长肥育猪对甲基吡啶铬使用效果的一个重要因素。     

吡啶羧酸铬对育成期笼养蛋鸭生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮铬水平对育成期笼养蛋鸭生长性能、血液生化指标的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,选择健康28日龄金定蛋鸭180只,随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸭。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组(Ⅱ～Ⅴ组)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.15、0.30、0.45、0.60 mg/kg铬(吡啶羧酸铬),试验期6周。结果表明:①在饲粮中添加铬(吡啶羧酸铬)对笼养蛋鸭的日增重影响差异显著(P<0.05),但对采食量和料重比影响差异不显著(P>0.05);②一定量的铬(吡啶羧酸铬)对笼养蛋鸭的血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯产生显著影响(P<0.05),并促进了血清总蛋白、白蛋白的提高,同时显著降低了血清尿素氮的含量(P<0.05)。最终通过二次曲线回归方程对添加量和测定指标结果进行回归分析,得出结论:铬(吡啶羧酸铬)在育成期笼养蛋鸭饲粮中最适宜的添加量为0.297 0～0.422 5 mg/kg。     

Effects of high-protein/low-carbohydrate swine diets during the final finishing phase on pork muscle quality

The aim of this study was to lower the glycogen stores in pork muscle in order to improve pork muscle quality by feeding an ultra-high-protein/low-carbohydrate (HIPRO) diet. Forty-eight barrows (average live weight = 92 kg) were assigned across five treatments and two replications (four or five pigs per treatment by replication combination). All barrows were fed a control diet (13.1% CP) until their assigned treatment began. A treatment was the number of days the barrows were fed the HIPRO diet prior to slaughter (0, 2, 4, 7, or 14 d). The HIPRO diet (35.9% CP) was 97% extruded soybeans. Daily feed intake and weekly live weights were recorded for all barrows. At-death blood glucose levels were determined. Muscle pH, temperature, and electrical impedance were measured in the longissmus lumborum and semimembranosus muscles at 45 min, 3 h, and 24 h postmortem. Glycolytic potential; Minolta L*a*b* values; visual scores for color, firmness, and marbling; water-holding capacity traits (drip loss, purge loss, and cooking loss); and Warner-Bratzler shear force values were determined in the longissmus thoracis et lumborum. Weight gain per day decreased the longer the pigs were fed the HIPRO diet (P < 0.05). Daily feed intake decreased during the 1st wk on the HIPRO diet but returned to near-control levels during the 2nd wk, which when coupled with the continued decreases in daily gain resulted in substantial decreases in feed efficiency during the 2nd wk on the HIPRO diet (P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels and glycolytic potentials were not lowered by feeding the HIPRO diet (P > 0.05); therefore, no differences in rate of pH decline or ultimate pH among dietary treatments were found (P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no differences among dietary treatments in any of the measured meat quality attributes (P > 0.05). Feeding barrows the HIPRO diet for a time period prior to slaughter decreased feed intake, rate of gain, and feed efficiency and was not effective at lowering glycolytic potential or improving pork muscle quality.     

Effects of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Cr propionate (CrProp) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of crossbred finishing gilts. Dietary treatments were 0 or 200 ppb Cr (as CrProp; as-fed basis), and each treatment was replicated four times with five gilts per replicate pen. Gilts were fed diets containing 0.82% lysine from 73 to 80 kg BW and 0.64% lysine from 80 to 115 kg BW. At the end of the trial, carcass and pork quality data were collected from four gilts per replicate. Average daily gain, ADFI, and G:F were not affected (P = 0.76 to 0.96) by CrProp. Before delivery at the abattoir, shrink loss was determined after an 18-h fast (fasting shrink) and after hauling (shipping shrink) pigs for 2.66 h (209.2 km). Fasting, shipping, and overall shrink were not affected (P = 0.14 to 0.39) by CrProp. Carcass length was increased (P = 0.03) in pigs fed CrProp. Loin muscle area, 10th-rib backfat thickness, average backfat thickness, dressing percent, muscle score, fat-free lean, and percent lean were not affected (P = 0.18 to 0.95) by CrProp. Twenty-four-hour loin pH was increased (P = 0.10) in pigs fed CrProp, but 45-min loin and ham pH and 24-h ham pH were not affected (P = 0.39 to 0.83) by CrProp. Subjective (color, marbling, firmness, and wetness) and objective (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*, a*, b*) assessments of the loin muscle (at the 10th-rib interface) were not affected (P = 0.62 to 0.99) by CrProp. Forty-eight-hour drip (P = 0.10) and 21-d purge loss (P = 0.01) were decreased in pigs fed CrProp, but cook and total loss (drip + cook loss) and shear force were not affected (P = 0.35 to 0.53) by CrProp. Plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations were not affected (P = 0.28 to 0.97) by CrProp after transportation or during exsanguination. These data indicate that CrProp may improve some aspects of pork quality (loin pH, drip and purge loss) but not growth performance or carcass traits.     

日粮蛋白质和能量水平对猪肉品质的影响研究

猪肉品质的调控是一个复杂的生理生化过程,受诸多因素的影响,而日粮蛋白质和能量水平是影响肉质的关键因素。本文综述了蛋白质（氨基酸）、能量以及两者的比例对猪胴体肉品质的影响。     

Impact of dietary energy level and ractopamine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs

A total of 54 finishing barrows (initial BW = 99.8 ± 5.1 kg; PIC C22 × 337) reared in individual pens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 levels of ractopamine (0 and 7.4 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary energy (high, 3,537; medium, 3,369; and low, 3,317 kcal of ME/kg) to determine the effects of dietary ractopamine and various energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. High-energy diets were corn-soybean-meal-based with 4% added fat; medium-energy diets were corn-soybean meal based with 0.5% added fat; and low-energy diets were corn-soybean meal based with 0.5% added fat and 15% wheat middlings. Diets within each ractopamine level were formulated to contain the same standardized ileal digestible Lys:ME (0 mg/kg, 1.82; and 7.4 mg/kg, 2.65 g/Mcal of ME). Individual pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the beginning and conclusion (d 21) of the study. On d 21, pigs were slaughtered for determination of carcass characteristics and meat quality. No ractopamine × energy level interactions (P > 0.10) were observed for any response criteria. Final BW (125.2 vs. 121.1 kg), ADG (1.2 vs. 1.0 kg/d), and G:F (0.31 vs. 0.40) were improved (P < 0.001) with feeding of ractopamine diets. Feeding of the low-energy diet reduced (P = 0.001) final BW and ADG compared with the high- and medium-energy diets. Gain:feed was reduced (P = 0.005) when the medium-energy diets were fed compared with the high-energy diets. Additionally, G:F was reduced (P = 0.002) when the low-energy diets were compared with the high- and medium-energy diets. Feeding ractopamine diets increased (P < 0.05) HCW (93.6 vs. 89.9 kg) and LM area (51.2 vs. 44.2 cm(2)). The LM pH decline was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by feeding ractopamine diets. The feeding of low-energy diets reduced (P = 0.001) HCW when compared with the high- and medium-energy diets and reduced (P = 0.024) 10th-rib backfat when compared with the high- and medium-energy diet. These data indicate that feeding ractopamine diets improved growth performance and carcass characteristics, while having little or no detrimental effect on meat quality. Reductions in energy content of the diet by adding 15% wheat middlings resulted in impaired ADG, G:F, and 10th-rib backfat. There were no ractopamine × energy level interactions in this trial, which indicates that the improvements resulting from feeding ractopamine were present regardless of the dietary energy levels.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for carcass composition and pork quality traits in a commercial finishing cross

A QTL study for carcass composition and meat quality traits was conducted on finisher pigs of a cross between a synthetic Piétrain/Large White boar line and a commercial sow cross. The mapping population comprised 715 individuals evaluated for a total of 30 traits related to growth and fatness (4 traits), carcass composition (11 traits), and meat quality (15 traits). Offspring of 8 sires (n = 715) were used for linkage analysis and genotyped for 73 microsatellite markers covering 14 chromosomal regions representing approximately 50% of the pig genome. The regions examined were selected based on previous studies suggesting the presence of QTL affecting carcass composition or meat quality traits. Thirty-two QTL exceeding the 5% chromosome-wise significance level were identified. Among these, 5 QTL affecting 5 different traits were significant at the 1% chromosome-wise level. The greatest significance levels were found for a QTL affecting loin weight on SSC11 and a QTL with an effect on the Japanese color scale score of the loin on SSC4. About one-third of the identified QTL were in agreement with QTL previously reported. Results showed that QTL affecting carcass composition and meat quality traits segregated within commercial lines. Use of these results for marker-assisted selection offers opportunities for improving pork quality by within-line selection.