植物根系对矿区土壤抗冲性增强效应分析

文章研究了植物根系对阜新海州露天矿排土场和孙家湾煤矿矿区坡面土壤的保护作用.结果表明 :在相同径流冲刷强度与相同冲刷时间条件下,表层根系丰富的坡面提高土壤抗冲性能的效果.针对植物根系对土壤抗冲性的增强效应的研究表明 :植被是引起坡面土壤特性空间变异的最主要因素,且植被在改善土壤结构、增强土壤抗冲性方面起重要作用.     

林分根系分布及其对土壤抗冲性的影响

对各林分根系的分布及对其土壤抗冲性进行了分析,得出各林分根系对土壤抗冲性的增强值随降雨强度的增大而减小,各林分根系对土壤抗冲性的增强值随土层深度的增加而减小,对土壤抗冲性的增强效应依次为毛竹林＞柑桔林＞杉木-南酸枣-木荷混交林＞杉木林.     

毛竹等3个竹种的根系分布特征及其林地土壤抗冲性比较研究

植物根系在土壤生态环境方面有两大作用:一是根系能够改善土壤物理性质,二是根系尤其是≤2 mm径级的须根具有稳定土层结构,提高土壤抗冲性的生物力学性质.本文研究了3种竹子(菲自竹、毛竹、黄皮刚竹)根系在土壤中的分布和生长状况,比较了3种竹子与其它植物在土壤抗冲性方面的区别.研究结果表明,散、混生竹类林地土壤的抗冲性能力优于剌槐林地及农地,3个竹种根系对土壤抗冲性的影响也有所区别,菲白竹大于毛竹,毛竹大于黄皮刚竹.     

祁连山青海云杉天然林林分径级结构空间分布格局分析

对祁连山东段青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)24块森林资源连续清查固定样地的林木径级结构分布进行了分析。结果表明:祁连山青海云杉天然林林木径级呈现出小径级木(6¹2cm)所占比例较大,大径级木(2612cm)所占比例较大,大径级木(26³6cm)及特大径级木(≥38cm)所占比例较小,而且低海拔、低密度下样地林木径级结构呈现不规则状分布;随海拔高度和密度的增加,林分内小径级木所占比例大体呈逐渐增大,大径级木及特大径级木所占比例逐渐减小的趋势,林木径级结构均呈现反J型分布;对林木径级分布状况采用线性函数拟合,三次函数能很好的拟合呈反J型分布的林木径级结构;林木平均胸径与密度之间的相关系数为0.513,呈显著负相关关系,平均胸径与海拔之间的相关系数为0.018,相关性不明显。     

植被根系与土壤抗蚀抗冲性的研究综述

植被根系与土壤抗蚀抗冲性的关系主要体现在两方面:一是根系改善了土壤的物理性质,增加入渗;二是根系的结构布局和形态特征,从力学方面考虑,具有提高土壤抗蚀抗冲性的功能.文章从植被根系、土壤抗蚀抗冲性和及二者的关系三方面,综述了典型的乔、灌、草和作物根系研究发展概况和在土体中的分布规律及提高土壤抗蚀抗冲性的相关因素和力学机制...     

雷公山水青冈林乔木层主要植物种群空间分布格局

应用立木大小级对水青冈群落中的水青冈(Fagus longipetiolata)和青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)两个优势种群径级结构进行了对比分析,同时采用方差/均值的t检验法、Morisita指数Iq的F检验法、丛生指数I、负二项式指数K、平均拥挤系数m*和聚块性指数m*/m判定并检验了两种优势种群的分布格局,并按径级分样地进行了格局类型及强度的比较。结果表明,在分布格局上,水青冈种群V级占优势,在3个样地中分别达到52%,49.1%,49.4%,Ⅰ级没有,Ⅱ级较少,表现为衰退种群;青冈栎种群Ⅳ级较多,Ⅰ、V级在个体数量比水青冈种群多;群落中两优势种群均呈集群分布。分析径级结构得出,随径级增大,水青冈种群由随机分布向集群分布过渡,而青冈栎种群则由集群分布向随机分布过渡。     

长白山区水曲柳根呼吸的季节动态及影响因子

为了探讨林木呼吸的季节动态及影响因素,采用LI-COR-6400-06测定并研究长白山红松针阔混交林中天然水曲柳根系呼吸的季节变化规律,分析根系呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤全氮含量等因子的关系。结果表明:天然水曲柳不同径级根系呼吸速率在生长季节均有明显的季节动态,其中7月最高,10月最低,呈单峰曲线,呼吸速率在1.02～9.27μmol·g-1s-1之间;水曲柳根系呼吸速率与10cm深处土壤温度季节变化一致,二者呈显著指数相关(P<0.05);根系呼吸与土壤湿度呈二次曲线相关,即当土壤湿度在一定范围内时根系呼吸速率与其成正比,而当土壤湿度超过一定值时根系呼吸速率则与土壤湿度成反比;根系呼吸速率与土壤N含量呈线性相关,并且随树木年龄的增加呼吸速率下降;不同径级根系呼吸温度系数Q10值在2.21～2.71之间变化,且Q10值随根系径级增大而降低,表明细根对土壤温度的敏感性高于粗根。     

金沙江干热河谷不同土壤水分对台湾青枣根系生长的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同水分处理下台湾青枣根系的分布状况,调查分析了不同径级根系数量、根系含水率、根系密度等项目。结果表明:台湾青枣根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土壤中,根系数量随土壤含水量的降低而增加,但根系含水率则是随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,而根系数量则随着土壤含水量的减少而增多的特征。因此,A处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%-55%)是台湾青枣生长的最适水量,通过人为控制土壤含水量,以此调节根系生长与空间分布,最终达到调控作物生长和产量。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地土壤抗冲性研究

为了探讨森林火灾对土壤抗冲性的影响,以大兴安岭地区三种不同火烧强度的火烧迹地为研究对象,采用原状土冲刷法对土壤抗冲性进行测定,并结合枯落物蓄积、持水性能及植物根系差异变化进行综合对比分析,结果表明:火烧迹地的土壤抗冲性显著低于未过火地段(P<0.01),随着火烧强度的增加,土壤的抗冲性能逐渐减弱,抗冲系数总体变化趋势为:重度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<轻度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。四种样地类型的枯落物蓄积量总体趋势为轻度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<重度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。4种样地类型的枯落物最大持水率及有效拦蓄率皆表现为重度火烧迹地<中度火烧迹地<轻度火烧迹地<未过火天然林。在浅层土壤中,重度火烧迹地的根密度及根系总长度均值皆为四者中最小。研究表明:未火烧天然林的土壤抗冲性表现最优,重度火烧迹地的土壤抗冲性能最弱,应与及时治理与植被恢复。     

长江三峡重庆库区不同植被条件下土壤抗冲性研究

以长江三峡重庆库区典型针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林及农地(对照)为研究对象,通过室内放水冲刷试验,分析探讨了森林表层与亚表层土壤的抗冲时间特性和坡度效应。结果表明:土壤抗冲性随冲刷时间延长而增强,表层土壤抗冲性为前5 min抗冲指数变化最为剧烈,亚表层土壤抗冲性为前3 min抗冲指数变化最为剧烈,典型林地土壤抗冲指数随时间变化特征为幂函数关系;林地土壤抗冲指数与坡度关系为xK e0.0755 0.0755,农地土壤抗冲性受坡度影响最为强烈,竹林土壤抗冲性受坡度影响最小;农地较林地土壤抗冲性明显降低,林地中,针阔混交林土壤抗冲性最强,森林有较好的抵抗土壤冲刷的作用。     

宿迁市公路边坡绿化常见草本植物根系固土特性研究

本文以江苏省宿迁市绿化常用草本植物高羊茅为研究对象,通过植物学和材料力学的研究方法,对高羊茅根系的土体分布特征和单根抗拉力学特性进行研究分析。结果显示:在0~40 cm土层中,高羊茅直径≤1.0 mm的根系密度大于直径>1.0 mm的根系,且其生物量随土层深度的增加而减少;高羊茅根系的单根抗拉力与根系直径之间呈正相关关系,抗拉强度与直径之间呈负相关关系。研究表明高羊茅根系具有较强的固土护坡能力,可以有效增强土体稳定性,在减缓公路土石边坡水土流失方面发挥较大作用。     

紫穗槐根系形态与固土护坡效应研究

本文采用紫穗槐根系的现场调查和根系扫描图像数据的方法,通过对根长量、根长密度、根体积和单位体积土中含根量4根系指标数据的测定和分析,研究根系对边坡土体水土保持的效果。结果显示,紫穗槐属于深根性直根树种,主干根的优势极为显著,分布最深可达50 cm土层以下,须根在各个土壤层次中均有不同径级根系的分布,根长和根量指标也随着土层的加深而均匀递减。根系能够对土体起到锚固和加筋作用,对边坡表层土体的水土侵蚀起到有效保护作用。     

然林及坡耕地转变为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性变化

以川西低山区天然林及其人工更新形成的1年生（Ⅰ1）、2年生（Ⅰ2）和3年生（Ⅰ3）巨桉林,坡耕地及其退耕形成的1年生（Ⅱ1）、2年生（Ⅱ2）和3年生（Ⅱ3）巨桉林为研究对象,研究土壤抗蚀性变化。结果表明：天然林转变为巨桉林后土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径、结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况和团聚度降低,土壤不稳定团粒指数、分散率、侵蚀系数和受蚀性指数增加;相反,坡耕地转变为巨桉林后土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径、结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况和团聚度增加,土壤不稳定团粒指数、分散率、侵蚀系数和受蚀性指数降低。土壤抗蚀性综合主成分值呈现出天然林〉Ⅰ1〉Ⅰ3〉Ⅰ2及坡耕地〈Ⅱ1〈Ⅱ2〈Ⅱ3变化规律。说明天然林改为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性会有所降低,但随着种植年限的增加土壤抗蚀性有上升趋势,而坡耕地改为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性随种植年限的增加而增加。     

Coarse root growth of Veronese poplar trees varies with position on an erodible slope in New Zealand

Poplars are commonly planted on moist, unstable pastoral hill country to prevent or reduce soil erosion, thereby maintaining hillslope integrity and pasture production. Mechanical reinforcement by poplar root systems aids slope stabilisation, particularly when the roots are anchored into the fragipan or underlying rock. Total root length, mass and distribution of coarse roots (≥2 mm diameter) were determined for three Populus deltoides × nigra ‘Veronese’ trees in their 12th growing season after being planted as 3 m poles at upper slope (TU), mid-slope (TM) and lower slope (TL) positions on an erodible hillslope near Palmerston North in the southern North Island. Most of the roots were distributed in the top 40 cm of soil. Depth of penetration of vertical roots was dependent on slope position and limited by the available depth of the soil above a fragipan (0.35 m at the upper slope to 1.4 m at the lower slope). Roots penetrated the fragipan at the upper slope position where the soil depth was shallowest, and at the mid-slope, but not the lower slope position. Total coarse root length was 287.9 m for TU, 1,131.3 m for TM and 1,611.3 m for TL, and total coarse root dry mass (excluding root crown) was 8.15 kg for TU, 38.77 kg for TM and 81.35 kg for TL.     

窄冠刺槐根系的研究

2006年10月用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法,研究了窄冠刺槐根系的分布特征、根系生物量以及不同密度林分根系空间分布特征.结果表明:窄冠刺槐个体根系水平分布在株间可达到6.6 m,在行间可达到5.0 m;主根可深达2 m以上,侧根垂直分布集中在10～40 cm土层内.窄冠刺槐根系生物量占全株生物量的16.82％,主根、侧根的生物量在根系生物量中分别占87.13％、12.87％.窄冠刺槐林分根系生物总量和根总长分别为6 160.2～10 940.55kg·hm-2和970.35～1 607.4 km·hm-2,并呈现出根系生物总量和根总长与林分密度成正相关的规律.在垂直方向上,林分根系中直径D<15 mm的根主要分布在地下0～20 cm土层内,而直径D≥15 mm的根主要分布在地下20～40 cm土层内;在水平方向上,直径D≥5 mm的根数量随距树干距离增加而减少,而直径D<1 mm的根数量则随距树干距离增大而增大,主要集中分布在距树干0.5～1.5 m范围内.     

Structural root growth of young Veronese poplars on erodible slopes in the southern North Island,New Zealand

In New Zealand poplars are commonly planted on moist, unstable pastoral hill country to prevent or reduce soil erosion, thereby maintaining hillslope integrity and pasture production. Mechanical reinforcement by poplar root systems aids slope stabilisation. Root mass and distribution were determined for three Populus deltoides × nigra ‘Veronese’ trees aged 5, 7 and 9.5 year planted as 3 m poles at 8 m × 8 m spacing on a hillslope near Palmerston North in the southern North Island. Most of the structural roots (≥2 mm diameter) were distributed in the top 40 cm of soil. Vertical roots penetrated to about 1.0 m, being the depth of the soil above a fragipan. Total structural root dry masses (excluding root crown) were 0.57, 7.8 and 17.90 kg for the trees aged 5, 7 and 9.5 year, respectively. Total structural root length was 79.4 m for the 5 year tree and 663.5 m for the 9.5 year tree. Surrounding trees were estimated to increase root mass density to 3 times and root length density to 4–5 times the contribution of the single tree at 9.5 year. The study indicated that root development of wide-spaced poplar trees on hillslopes was minimal in the first 5 years but then increased rapidly. These results suggest that poplar trees established from poles may take at least 5 years to develop a structural root network that will effectively bind soil.     

Anchorage properties at the interface between soil and roots with branches

Roots play an important role in stabilizing and strengthening soil. This article aims to study the mechanical properties of the interface between soil and roots with branches, using the pullout test method in the laboratory.The mechanical properties of the soil–root with branches interface is determined through the pullout-force and rootslippage curve(F–S curve). The results of investigating 24 Pinus tabulaeformis single roots and 55 P. tabulaeformis roots with branches demonstrated three kinds of pullout test failures: breakage failure on branching root, breakage failure on branching node, and pullout failure. The branch angle had a remarkable effect on the failure mode of the roots with branches: the maximum pullout force increased with the sum of the branch diameters and the branch angle.The peak slippage and the initial force had a positive correlation with the sum of the branch diameter. The significance test of correlation between branch angle and the initial force, however, showed they had no correlation.Branch angle and branch root diameter affect theanchorage properties between root system and soil.Therefore, it is important to investigate the anchorage mechanics of the roots with branches to understand the mechanism of root reinforcement and anchorage.     

Distribution and tensile strength of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) roots growing on slopes of Caspian Forests, Iran

Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio (RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran. RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m. In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength. Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function. The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences. In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m. The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively. The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different. In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function. The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively. Results of Spearman’s bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots. The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, following a power law equation. Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength. Biography: Ehsan Abdi (1978– ), Male, Ph.D candidate, in the Department of Forestry, University of Tehran, Karaj 31585-3314, Iran.     

外生菌根真菌及其接种白皮松生长对煤矸石胁迫的反应

研究外生菌根真菌铆钉菇菌菌丝在煤矸石提取液中的生长模式,并对接种和未接种的白皮松在不同比率煤矸石混合基质中的生长和存活作探索性研究。结果表明:铆钉菇菌在85%煤矸石提取液中生长良好。虽然煤矸石环境抑制了菌丝的发展,降低了苗木的接种率,但对于接种后的幼苗,其在不同比率煤矸石混合基质中的各项生长指标都优于未接种幼苗。其中,接种幼苗干质量和侧根数,显著多于未接种幼苗。纯煤矸石的环境中真菌和植物都很难生存和发展,但与少量的黄土(15%)混合后,各项生长指标都得到显著改善。这个结果说明,为了保证煤矸石生态治理工程中的成功,有必要在矸石中混合一定土壤以保证生物技术的顺利实施。     

In situ measurement of water absorption by fine roots of three temperate trees: species differences and differential activity of superficial and deep roots

The spatial heterogeneity of water uptake by fine roots under field conditions was analyzed in situ with miniature sap flow gauges in a mature beech-oak-spruce mixed stand. Sap flow rate (J), sap flow density (Jd), and root surface-area-specific flow rate (uptake rate, Js) were measured for eight to 10 small-diameter roots (3-4 mm) per species in the organic layer (superficial roots) and in the mineral soil (30-80 cm, deep roots) during four months in summer 1999. We calculated Js by relating J to the surface area of the section of the fine root system distal to the position of the gauge on the root. When measured synchronously, roots of the three species did not differ significantly in mean Js, although oak roots tended to have lower rates. However, Jd decreased in the sequence spruce > beech > oak in most measurement periods. Microscopic investigation revealed differences in fine root anatomy that may partly explain the species differences in Jd and Js. Oak fine roots had a thicker periderm than beech and spruce roots of similar diameter and spruce roots had fewer fine branch rootlets than the other species. Synchronously recorded Jd and Js of nearby roots of the same tree species showed large differences in flow with coefficients of variation from 25 to 150% that could not be explained by patchy distribution of soil water. We hypothesize that the main cause of the large spatial heterogeneity in root water uptake is associated with differences between individual roots in morphology and ultrastructure of the root cortex that affect root radial and root-soil interface conductivities. The high intraspecific variation in Js may mask species differences in root water uptake. Superficial roots of all species typically had about five times higher Jd than deep roots of the same species. However, Js values were similar for superficial and deep roots in beech and spruce because small diameter roots of both species were more branched in the organic layer than in mineral soil. In oak, deep roots had lower Js (maximum of 100 g m(-2) day(-1)) than superficial roots (about 1000 g m(-2) day(-1)). We conclude that temperate tree species in mixed stands have different water uptake capacities. Water flow in the rhizosphere of forests appears to be a highly heterogeneous process that is influenced by both tree species and differences in uptake rates of individual roots within a species.