含分布式发电接入的农村电网多目标规划

分布式发电（distributed generation,DG）接入对农村电网损耗、电压及可靠性有很大影响,为了充分发挥DG接入的经济技术效益,提出了一种多目标分布式电源规划方法。该方法以设备投资成本、系统有功损耗、停电损失及购电费用4个指标最小为目标函数,利用判断矩阵获得各目标函数权重,通过加权将多目标优化转化成单目标优化问题,采用改进遗传算法实现了DG位置及容量的优化配置。为了避免因DG可选布点太多、导致算法计算速度慢的问题,根据配电网损耗、电压及可靠性指标改善效果,提出了一种实用的确定DG候选位置的方法。IEEE33节点系统仿真结果表明,本文提出的DG规划模型和求解方法能够有效提高农村电网的投资效益和性能指标。     

考虑分布式电源影响的配电网降损分析

配电网的降损节能始终是电力行业业内人士关注的重要问题之一。该文研究通过分布式电源（distributed generation,DG）的配置实现配电网降损的方法。首先,在不考虑DG接入最大容量限制的前提下,在负荷均匀分布条件下的配电网,以降损效果最明显为原则,确定了配置DG的“2/3原则”。对于负荷非均匀分布条件的配电网,根据“2/3原则”确定DG的初始配置点,然后在满足功率平衡、节点电压、线路传输功率、DG接入容量限制的条件下,以负荷的平均功率因数为基准,以配电网的损耗最小为原则确定DG配置容量和位置。以实际配电网为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法在不同负荷情况下降损效果非常明显。利用该文提出的方法,可以有效地实现配电网降损节能的目标,而且在实际配电网中非常容易使用。     

农村电网改造中网架更新的优化方法

为了适应负荷逐年增长的趋势,对现有网络的网架更新是必需的。该文给出了负荷预测模型,定义了电力网的适应度,根据最小、最大负荷增长率确定规划期末的最小、最大负荷。并且分析了网络的适应度,确定了适应度不满足要求的路径。然后在遵循满足电压质量、投资最小、损耗最低的原则前提下,确定了网架更新方案。并且以农网的实际干线为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法可以确定网架的薄弱部分,易于确定网架更新方案,改善网络的节点电压及减小电能损失,而且在保证辐射式网架结构的前提下可以适用于多电压等级、多干线区域网的网架更新。     

农村主动型配电网优化调度线性模型与算法

针对电源出力对电网损耗和电压分布的仿真研究表明,沿减小节点电压偏移和提高电网电压水平2个方向搜索可以获得最佳调度方案。为了优化调整分布式电源出力使主动型配电网供电成本尽可能小,该文在对分布式电源对配电网电压分布与线损影响仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种主动型配电网实时优化调度线性化模型和求解方法,分别通过在迭代计算中逐步缩小节点电压限值区间和求解在相同电压偏移前提下全网电压水平最高的优化计算实现最优调度方案的搜索。由简化的配电网回路电压方程,将节点电压表示为节点注入功率的线性函数,从而得到优化调度线性模型,并用IEEE33节点算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。研究结果可为主动配电网优化调度决策方案提供参考。     

基于区域划分的农村有源配电网动态重构方法

分布式电源和电动汽车的大规模接入,使得农村配电网的"源-荷"侧呈现显著不确定性。传统农村配电网的拓扑结构无法应对"源-荷"双重不确定性所带来的冲击和影响,急需研究新的农村有源配电网动态重构方法。该研究考虑"源-荷"时变特性,提出了一种基于区域划分的农村有源配电网动态重构方法。首先,对配电网络结构进行区域初始划分,确定主干线区域和分支线区域;然后,以促进区域间分布式电源的协同应用为目标,基于图论算法对区域初始划分结果进行动态优化;其次,对网络重构方案进行网络拓扑约束的检验与修正;最后,采用快速非支配排序策略确定最优方案。通过IEEE 33节点和PG&E 69节点算例验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。算例结果表明,所提方法能够有效促进分布式电源消纳、降低线损和改善电压分布。尤其是在69节点算例中所提算法的优化效果更显著,提升了系统日DG平均消纳利用率16.09个百分点,日线损降低了55.32%。     

分布式电源的配电网潮流计算

分析了分布式发电系统的特点和发展状态,重点研究了分布式发电系统接入电网的数学模型,并对常见的几种分布式电源的节点类型进行了划分,归结为PQ节点、PV节点、PI节点和P-Q（V）节点。分别针对这些类型的节点的各自特点,提出了基于前推回代法的配电网三相不平衡潮流计算方法,并根据分布式电源对电压的调节和无功补偿能力,研究了不同类型电源对配电网电压的影响。     

考虑分布式电源的农村配电网网络重构

分布式电源接入农村配电网改变了农网的网络结构和运行方式,辐射结构是农电网运行、保护和调度的基础.该文建立了考虑分布式电源的配电网重构非线性整数优化数学模型,引入离散的二进制决策变量表示配电网的支路状态,建立了严格的数学模型保证配电网的辐射运行,提出分支定界法结合原始对偶内点法精确求解农村配电网网络重构,通过对分支节点检测,去掉不可行节点;通过增加安全因子,避免混合非线性整数规划陷入局部最优.结果表明该方法是一种可行的配电网重构方法,可为农村配电网最优运行提供参考.     

主动型配电网日前调度策略研究

相对于传统配电网,主动型配电网可以合理利用其双向调度功能,充分发挥分布式发电容量,在保护环境的同时还可以提高电力公司的效益。以电力公司效益最大为调度目标,针对主动型配电网调度问题,该文计及输电和高压配电网网损的影响,提出了一种配电网日前优化调度模型,通过该模型对微电网电源交互功率和分布式电源进行优化调度,同时确定最佳渗透率,不仅可以有效地削峰填谷,还可以根据最佳渗透率调整分布式电源的功率,使电力公司效益最大化。算例研究表明,电网中接在距离电源点较近的节点下的主动型配电网,通过该文提出的优化调度模型,得出渗透率为21.14%时,电力公司效益最高。该研究可为主动型配电网日前调度策略以及分布式电源最佳渗透率的制定提供参考。     

分布式电源增大配电网下游保护范围

利用Matlab/simulink建立了含分布式电源的配电网仿真模型,每条线路上均装有三段式距离保护。并且比较全面地分析了分布式电源不同容量、不同接入位置配电网距离保护的影响。当分布式电源位置越靠近故障点时,上游的距离保护范围越延长,而下游的距离保护没有受到影响;当分布式电源容量逐渐增大时,上游的距离保护范围逐渐缩短,下游的距离保护也没有受到影响。仿真试验结果表明配电网中分布式电源的接入后,对其上游的距离保护的灵敏度和选择性产生一定影响,对其下游的距离保护没有影响。     

计及负荷不确定性的农网无功优化方法

为了提高农网无功优化的降损效果及适应能力,考虑了影响负荷统计的不确定因素,设定负荷系数和功率因数为模糊数,对农网的负荷进行分析,确定三阶梯的负荷分布。根据已知节点电压和干线首端的功率,分析潮流确定主干线,按最大负荷时网络损耗最小确定补偿位置,然后以计算支出费用最少为目标确定无功补偿容量的上下限。以内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗实际电力网的干线为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法在负荷变动时降损效果明显,可以适应农网的无功优化的需要。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.