脱水蒜片干燥工艺的节能优化

为了减少脱水蒜片干燥过程的能量消耗,该文选取干燥介质温度,切片厚度、装料量3个因素,运用二次正交旋转组合设计的方法,对热风循环法生产脱水蒜片的工艺参数进行优化,得到了生产条件与脱水蒜片能量消耗及产量之间的数学关系,其最佳生产条件为干燥介质温度为62.3℃,切片厚度为2.38 mm,装料量为2.69 kg/m2,预测理论最小能耗1.96 kWh/kg。按62℃、2.4 mm、2.7 kg/m2进行验证试验,实际生产能耗2.05 kWh/kg,产量为4.11 kg/h,与国内一般生产的平均能耗相比较,可节能27%左右。     

真空微波和冷冻干燥组合降低胡萝卜片的干燥能耗

为减少脱水蔬菜冷冻干燥过程的能耗,以胡萝卜片为试材,采用真空微波和冷冻干燥组合的工艺,即先微波真空后冻干（组合Ⅰ）和先冻干后微波真空干燥（组合Ⅱ）。组合Ⅰ的优化参数为：真空微波阶段微波功率密度1.6 w/g,脱去40个百分点的湿基水,冻干阶段升华干燥4 h,解析干燥3 h;组合Ⅱ的优化参数为：冻干阶段升华干燥7 h;真空微波干燥功率密度选1.0 w/g以下,采用温度控制模式。所干燥胡萝卜片的β-胡萝卜素保留率和复水率等与纯冻干产品接近,体积保留率比纯冻干稍小,但仍能保持平直的外形;2种组合干燥工艺比纯冻干分别节能47.0%和54.2%,且干燥时间可缩短一半。     

真空微波和冻干组合降低胡萝卜片的干燥能耗

为减少脱水蔬菜冷冻干燥过程的能耗,以胡萝卜片为试材,采用真空微波和冷冻干燥组合的工艺,即先微波真空后冻干（组合Ⅰ）和先冻干后微波真空干燥（组合Ⅱ）。组合Ⅰ的优化参数为：真空微波阶段微波功率密度1.6w/g,脱去40个百分点的湿基水,冻干阶段升华干燥4 h,解析干燥3 h;组合Ⅱ的优化参数为：冻干阶段升华干燥7 h;真空微波干燥功率密度选1.0w/g以下,采用温度控制模式。所干燥胡萝卜片的β-胡萝卜素保留率和复水率等与纯冻干产品接近,体积保留率比纯冻干稍小,但仍能保持平直的外形;两种组合干燥工艺比纯冻干分别节能47.0%和54.2%,且干燥时间可缩短一半。     

甜高粱茎秆固态发酵制取燃料乙醇中试项目能耗分析

对以甜高粱茎秆为原料燃料乙醇中试项目的工艺进行了描述,对乙醇及副产品生产进行了能耗分析。该项目采用固态发酵工艺,乙醇转化率达到理论值的95.8%,并对剩余的茎秆渣进行综合利用,实现了余热回收利用,具有低排放的环保特性。项目年产无水乙醇1000t/a、发酵秸秆蛋白饲料1500t/a和秸秆纤维纸浆5000t/a。能耗分析表明,在考虑余热回收情况下,系统全年生产总能耗为4.31×106kW·h/a,无水乙醇的单位生产能耗为2759.67kW·h/t,蛋白饲料的单位生产能耗为36.86kW·h/t,秸秆纤维纸浆的单位生产能耗为298.41kW·h/t。无水乙醇生产工艺中回收余热量8.9×105kW·h/a。该系统中乙醇生产能量回收率为62.9%,高于以玉米等粮食原料生产乙醇的能量回收率。     

基于能耗分析的真空冷冻干燥食用菌汤块制备中试

为了降低冷冻干燥过程中能耗、推动冻干技术在食品中的应用,该研究应用在线调控预冻-冷冻干燥一体化设备进行食用菌汤块制备中试研究。对实际生产中冻结阶段(预冻温度、装盘物料厚度)、升华阶段(干燥仓压强、加热板温度)、解析阶段(水分转换点、升温工艺)等工艺进行了试验分析及优化,得出了适宜食用菌汤块冻干的节能工艺条件。提出了解析阶段的分步阶段升温法,并对解析阶段冻干曲线进行了拟合分析。结果表明,预冻温度设定为-35℃,装盘物料厚度为15mm,干燥仓压强为25Pa,汤块含水率为83.1%;升华阶段加热板温度为-10℃,解析阶段起始点为1 148 min,汤块含水率为9.2%,解析阶段采用分步阶段升温工艺(-10℃→2.5℃(70 min)→15℃(70 min)→27.5℃(70 min)→40℃(144 min))为较优选择,在此条件下,制备的汤块成品率为99.2%,感官品质指标综合分值为8.37,能耗为1.75 k W·h/kg,汤块含水率为4.3%。Boltzmann模型能较好表征解析阶段的冻干过程。该研究为冻干过程参数优化和能耗分析提供参考,为冻干技术应用于方便食品开发提供了技术依据。     

龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺优化

为了确定龙眼真空冷冻干燥的工艺参数,以"乌龙岭"龙眼为材料,采用电阻法测量龙眼真空冷冻干燥的物料共晶点和共熔点温度,并应用单因素和正交试验,以冻干品形态保持、色泽、生产能耗等指标进行综合评定考察冻干效果,优化龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺.结果表明:龙眼真空冷冻干燥物料的共晶点温度和共熔点温度分别为-26.0℃和一20.0℃;优化的技术工艺为龙眼果肉剪半或剪成片形,温度段设定为95℃(7 h)→85℃(1 h)→75℃(1.5 h)→65℃(3 h)→55℃(至结束),干燥仓真空值60～70 Pa,物料最高温度为50℃.应用该优化的技术工艺可达到最大限度地节省生产能耗,提高冻干品形态保持率的效果,冻干品外观色泽呈白色至微淡黄色.     

南美白对虾太阳能干燥能耗参数优化及中试

为降低南美白对虾干燥能耗,提高南美白对虾干燥品质,该文探讨了实验室太阳能干燥温度、风速及干燥量对干燥效果的影响和中试试验。通过实验室试验确定干燥温度范围为45～55℃,风速6～8 m/s,干燥量3～4 kg,响应面分析法分析了太阳能干燥温度、风速及干燥量与干燥能耗的关系,建立了二次回归模型,确定南美白对虾太阳能干燥最佳工艺参数为：干燥温度为53.40℃,风速为7.43 m/s,干燥量为3.65 kg。在实验室数据的基础上进行了中试试验,结果表明干燥鲜虾量100 kg（煮后69.5 kg）得到38.16 kg产品,所需总能耗549827.05 kJ,其中太阳能提供了379619.05 kJ,实际耗电47.28kW·h（折合能量170208 kJ）。太阳能干燥单位质量（1 kg）南美白对虾实际能耗0.68 kW·h/kg,相比热风纯电加热器干燥节能1.51kW·h/kg,相比燃煤烘房干燥可减少0.75kg/kg CO2排放。该研究结果为南美白对虾太阳能干燥工业化生产提供参考。     

二次冷凝除霜冷库制冷系统运行特性

针对冷库蒸发器除霜能耗大的问题,以二次冷凝除霜冷库为研究对象,建立了系统热力学模型,通过试验验证了二次冷凝除霜模型的有效性,并对比热气旁通除霜模型验证其节能性。为优化二次冷凝除霜冷库除霜性能,设计试验研究不同因素对系统运行能耗的影响,通过改变不同的蒸发器传热温差、蒸发温度和冷凝温度,获得系统除霜周期能耗并进行对比分析。结果表明：1)蒸发器传热温差宜取7～9℃;2)蒸发温度降低,二次冷凝除霜周期能耗增加,但相比热气旁通除霜节能性增加,当冷凝温度为34～38℃,蒸发温度为-20～-10℃时,单位冷库容积二次冷凝除霜周期能耗为0.055～0.080 kW·h/m³,相比热气旁通除霜节能12.7%～15.8%;3)冷凝温度增加,二次冷凝除霜周期能耗增加,同时相比热气旁通除霜节能性增加,当蒸发温度为-15℃,冷凝温度为34～38℃时,单位冷库容积二次冷凝除霜周期平均能耗为0.067 5～0.078 5 kW·h/m³,相比热气旁通除霜节能12.3%～16.5%。该研究可为制冷系统的节能运行提供参考。     

热板-微波联合真空冷冻干燥茭白工艺优化

为降低新鲜茭白冻干作业能耗,提高冻干成品的品质,以总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差值为考察指标,开展了热板冻干、微波冻干、热板-微波联合冻干试验研究。研究表明:35℃热板冻干后茭白品质好,但能耗高;60℃热板冻干能耗低,但水分升华过快对茭白微观结构造成较大破坏,降低了茭白品质;采用35℃热板冻干8 h后,再采用60℃热板冻干或3 k W微波冻干可有效降低冻干能耗,同时冻干后茭白品质良好。在此基础上,采用均匀设计法,开展热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数优化试验研究,通过逐步回归分析,得出了冻干总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的三元二次回归方程,并通过四维切面等位线图分析了上述4个考察指标受3个试验因素取值变化的影响机理。最后,采用综合加权评分和逐步回归分析得出综合指标关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的回归方程,进一步确定加热板温度为30℃、脱水转换点为72%、微波功率为3 k W为最优的热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数,此时综合加权评价指标值76.07,总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差分别为90.6 k W·h、51.86%、10.59、4.32。该研究为制定产品优良、高效节能的冻干工艺提供参考。     

真空冷冻干燥过程参数对升华干燥能耗影响的组合试验研究

介绍了真空冷冻干燥过程参数对冻干能耗影响的试验研究，主要进行了对冻干过程影响显著的物料厚度、干燥室压强和加热板温度3个过程参数的二次正交回归组合试验和分析。得到这3个主要影响因素在其它二因素取5个不同水平时对升华干燥时间和干燥能耗的影响曲线和分析结果，表明影响冻干过程能耗的主次因素依次为：冻干物料厚度、加热板温度、干燥室压强，以及冻干时间和冻干能耗与这3个因素按二次规律变化，且变化规律具有明显的一致性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.