蓖麻叶片粗提物对黄瓜瓜绢螟的作用

为了测定蓖麻对瓜绢螟的作用,也为黄瓜害虫无公害控制提供新的手段,用不同浓度的蓖麻叶片粗提物处理黄瓜叶片,测定瓜绢螟取食量、存活率及体内解毒酶活性的变化。结果显示,蓖麻叶片粗提物对瓜绢螟的取食和存活有明显的抑制作用,处理浓度越大,取食量和存活率越小。如用稀释200倍的蓖麻叶片粗提液处理黄瓜叶片,瓜绢螟的取食面积(1.89 cm2)仅为对照(3.51 cm2)的53.7%,存活率为对照的2.3%;600倍浸提液处理的瓜绢螟取食面积(3.43 cm2)为对照的97.7%,存活率为对照的51.4%。瓜绢螟幼虫虫龄对粗提物的作用有明显影响,粗提物对低龄幼虫的作用明显强于高龄幼虫,200倍液处理24 h后,1龄幼虫的存活率(22.22%)仅为5龄幼虫(66.67%)的33.33%。不同剂量蓖麻叶片粗提物处理后,瓜绢螟体内的谷胱甘肽转移酶、羧酸脂酶、多功能氧化酶等解毒酶活性迅速上升,随着处理剂量的增加,解毒酶的活性上升幅度增大。取食用稀释200倍的蓖麻粗提液处理的黄瓜叶片24 h后,1龄幼虫和5龄幼虫体内谷胱甘肽转移酶活性分别较对照高23.79%和78.02%,羧酸脂酶活性分别较对照高72.42%和23.84%,多功能氧化酶活性分别较对照高100.58%和122.39%。结果表明,蓖麻叶片粗提物对瓜绢螟有明显的拒食和毒杀作用。     

入侵植物假臭草和胜红蓟提取物的抑菌活性研究

假臭草和胜红蓟是我国南方常见的入侵植物,为了防治和利用其开发植物源抑菌剂,本试验采用牛津杯法检测了不同溶剂(70%乙醇、95%乙醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯)提取物对28种病原微生物的抑菌活性,并评估了不同器官部位提取物的抑菌活性。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物抑菌活性有差异,假臭草70%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)抑制活性最强,抑菌圈直径为26.28±0.75mm;胜红蓟95%乙醇提取物对腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidi)抑制活性最好,抑菌圈直径为17.31±0.46 mm。此外,假臭草和胜红蓟70%乙醇不同部位提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用表现为叶部提取物(22.31±0.34 mm和19.52±0.28 mm)茎部提取物(22.25±0.65 mm和12.75±0.45 mm)根部提取物(11.78±0.69 mm和9.05±0.53 mm)。假臭草提取物对12种细菌和1种真菌黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)具有抑制效果;胜红蓟提取物对9种细菌具有抑制效果。本研究结果为进一步研发具有潜力的植物源抑菌剂奠定了理论基础。     

Evaluation of insecticidal activity of diterpenes and lignans from Aristolochia malmeana against Anticarsia gemmatalis

The insecticidal activity of hexane extracts from the roots and leaves of Aristolochia malmeana was evaluated against Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae by topical application. Extract from the roots was the most active and caused 50% mortality in larvae at 308.4 microg/microL. From this extract, a clerodane diterpene, (-)-kolavenic acid, and three lignans, (-)-kusunokinin, (-)-hinokinin, and (8 S,8' R,9 S)-cubebin, were isolated by chromatography and partition procedures and then evaluated for their insecticidal activities either individually or in pairs. (-)-Kusunokinin showed higher activity against A. gemmatalis (LD10=9.3, LD50=230.1 microg/microL) than the crude extract, and its activity was dose-dependent, whereas the other constituents did not exhibit any significant activity. Together with (-)-kusunokinin and (-)-hinokinin, (-)-copalic acid, (-)-2-oxokolavenic acid, (-)- ent-6-beta-hydroxy-copalic acid, (8 R,8' R,9 R)- and (8 R,8' R,9 S)-cubebins, (-)-fargesin, and (-)-phillygenin were isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves. The compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.     

蒲公英不同部位抑菌作用及代谢物差异的UPLC-MS/MS分析

为了研究蒲公英不同部位抑菌作用和代谢物成分的差异,本物采用打孔法和超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了蒲公英根、茎叶和花的水提取物和醇提取物对5种致病菌的抑菌作用,并对不同部位的代谢物成分进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,蒲公英不同部位初提取物对变形杆菌、嗜根考克氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有抑菌作用,而对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌均无抑菌作用;醇提法的抑菌效果优于水提法,花提取物的抑菌活性最强,根最弱。蒲公英的不同部位共鉴定出449种代谢物,根、茎叶和花中相对含量最高的物质分别为反油酸(脂类)、γ-亚麻酸(脂类)和木犀草素(黄酮类);且根、茎叶和花中相对含量排名前20的物质中黄酮类分别有0种、3种和8种,表明黄酮类物质可能是蒲公英中的主要抑菌活性物质。正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)结果显示,木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷在花中上调幅度最大,橙皮素C-丙二酰己糖苷为根中特有物质。本研究结果为利用蒲公英不同部位研制和开发新型药物提供了理论依据。     

骆驼蓬种子提取物对斜纹夜蛾的生物活性效应

用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、苯、石油醚等7种溶剂对骆驼蓬种子进行冷浸提取。提取率分别为23．91％。18．68％．17．80％，18．49％，14．31％．15．13％，17．96％。7种提取物中．以种子乙醇提取物(ESPH)对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的非选择性拒食活性最高。24h拒食率为70．15％。采用酸水总生物碱提取法对ESPH进行初步分离。得到氯仿、正丁醇、水及总生物碱萃取物。生物测定结果表明．总生物碱萃取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的生长发育抑制作用最为强烈，其次为氯仿萃取物。     

A piperidine amide extracted from Piper longum L. fruit shows activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae

Mosquito larvicidal activity of Piper longum fruit-derived materials against the fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti was examined. A crude methanol extract of P. longum fruits was found to be active against the larvae, and the hexane fraction of the methanol extract showed a strong larvicidal activity of 100% mortality. The biologically active component of P. longum fruits was characterized as pipernonaline by spectroscopic analyses. The LC(50) value of pipernonaline was 0.25 mg/L. The toxicity of pipernonaline is comparable to that of pirimiphos-methyl as a mosquito larvicide. In tests with available components derived from P. longum, no activity was observed with piperettine, piperine, or piperlongumine.     

Antifeedant and insecticide properties of a limonoid from Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) with potential use for pest management

In the course of screening for novel naturally occurring insecticides from plants, the activity of the fruit extract of the Argentinian Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) and its recently described limonoid meliartenin were investigated. The antifeedant activity of the fruit extract was tested on a variety of herbivore and granivorous insects through choice tests. Sixteen of 17 species belonging to three orders consume significantly less food when treated with the extract. The bioactivity of the isolated active compound meliartenin and its interchangeable isomer 12-hydroxiamoorastatin (1) was further studied. In choice tests, compound 1 inhibited feeding of Epilachna paenulata Germ. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) larvae, with an ED(50) value of 0.80 microg/cm(2), comparable to that of azadirachtin (2) and lower than that of toosendanin (3) (0.72 and 3.69 microg/cm(2), respectively), both compounds used for comparison purposes. In no-choice tests, E. paenulata larvae reared on food treated with 1 or 2 ate less, gained less weight, and suffered greater mortality rates than control larvae. The activity of compound 1 was comparable to that of 2, with LD(50) values of 0.76 and 1.24 microg/cm(2), respectively, at 96 h. Shorter LT(50) values were recorded for 1 at 4 and 1 microg/cm(2) in comparison with 2. Thus, M. azedarach fruit extract and its active principle have interesting potential for use in pest control programs.     

Feeding deterrents from Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz against two stored-product insects

The screening for insecticidal principles from several Chinese medicinal herbs showed that the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus possessed significant feeding deterrence against two stored-product insects (Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais). From the methanol extract, two feeding deterrents were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The compounds were identified as fraxinellone and dictamnine from their spectroscopic data. Fraxinellone was demonstrated to possess feeding deterrent activity against adults and larvae of T. castaneum as well as S. zeamais adults with EC50 values of 36.4, 29.1, and 71.2 ppm, respectively. Dictamnine was shown to have feeding deterrent activity against adults and larvae of T. castaneum as well as S. zeamais adults with EC50 values of 57.6, 47.9, and 91.7 ppm, respectively.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of alkylamides from Echinacea angustifolia

Echinacea has been known for its immunostimulatory activity, and its alkylamide components have been linked to such biological activity. Consequently, alkylamides in Echinacea angustifolia were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide from fresh and dried roots at 45-60 degrees C and 34-55 MPa, and the alkylamide yield in the extracts was determined. The yield of alkylamides from fresh roots increased with temperature yet decreased with pressure, whereas the yield from air-dried roots (moisture content 8.4%) increased with both temperature and pressure. Freeze-drying of the roots to a moisture content of 4.9% did not result in any further increase in the yield compared to that of air-dried roots. Alkylamide yield of the ground dried roots extract was the highest (p < or = 0.05) among those from fresh, ground and unground E. angustifolia roots. Supercritical fluid extraction therefore shows potential for the recovery of alkylamides from dried Echinacea roots.     

Soybean (Glycine max) Extracts Impact on Plant and Soil Biology

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the phytotoxic effect of aqueous extract from fresh and oven-dried leaves and roots of soybean plants on maize growth and on rhizosphere soil. The extract prepared from fresh leaves of drought-stressed soybean plants significantly increased the accumulation of proline, soluble sugar, and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content of maize-treated plants. Increase in antioxidant activity like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and endogenous ABA was recorded in treated plants. The soybean leaf extracts prepared from drought-stressed plants significantly decreased the soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of maize cultivated soil. The soybean drought-stressed leaf extracts prepared plants were found more effective in modulating the physiology of maize, indicating the higher allelopathic potential of soybean.     

Evaluation of the light-sensitive cytotoxicity of Hypericum perforatum extracts, fractions, and pure compounds

Hypericum perforatum (Hp) is known for possessing antidepressant and antiviral activities. Despite its use as an alternative to conventional antidepressants, the identification of the cytotoxic chemicals derived from this herb is incomplete. In this study, the cytotoxicity of Hp extracts prepared in solvents ranging in polarity, fractions of one extract, and purified compounds were examined in three cell lines. All extracts exhibited significant cytotoxicity; those prepared in ethanol (no hyperforin, 3.6 microM hypericin, and 134.6 microM flavonoids) showed between 7.7 and 77.4% cell survival (p < 0.0001 and 0.01), whereas the chloroform and hexane extracts (hyperforin, hypericin, and flavonoids not detected) showed approximately 9.0 (p < 0.0001) and 4.0% (p < 0.0001) survival. Light-sensitive toxicity was observed primarily with the ethanol extracts sequentially extracted following removal of material extracted in either chloroform or hexane. The absence of light-sensitive toxicity with the Hp extracts suggests that the hypericins were not playing a prominent role in the toxicity of the extracts.     

植物提取物对菜青虫的拒食活性研究

测定了广西30科74种植物提取物对菜青虫4龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,在10 m g/mL浓度下,处理24 h,拒食率在90%以上的有鸦胆子(果实)、番荔枝、灵香草和木防已等4种植物提取物;拒食率在80%~90%的有楝科一种A(学名待定)、海木、木花生、鸦胆子(枝叶)和毛鸦胆子(果实)等5种植物提取物;拒食率在70%~80%的有米仔兰、海南木和鱼藤等3种植物提取物;处理48 h,鸦胆子(果实)、番荔枝、灵香草和木防已等4种植物提取物仍然维持高拒食活性,拒食率在9 0%以上;拒食率在80%~90%仅有海木1种植物提取物;拒食率在70%~80%的有米仔兰、楝科一种A(学名待定)、鸦胆子(枝叶)和毛鸦胆子(果实)等4种植物提取物;其余的供试植物提取物24 h和48 h的拒食率均在70%以下。     

Comparison of acid phosphatases in two genotypes of white clover with different responses to applied phosphate

Two white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes, identified by their differing ability to increase in biomass in response to added phosphorus (P) (high P responder, low P responder) were subjected to P deprivation and examined for differences in root growth, root surface acid phosphatase activity, and soluble and ionically‐bound root cell wall isoform profile. As leaf P levels declined, the high P responder showed a greater increase in biomass allocated to the roots, and highest root surface acid phosphatase activity. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The onset of P deprivation enhanced the intensity of several acid phosphatase isoforms in the P deprived root extracts from both genotypes. After 11 days, one basic isoform (resolved atpH4.5) was enhanced in the cell wall extract, an enhancement that was also observed after 26 days. However, for the soluble isoforms, a temporal separation of response was observed in both genotypes. After 11 days, there was no discernable enhancement of the major staining basic isoform or in the major staining acidic isoform (resolved at pH 8.8) in extracts from P‐deprived roots. After 26 days, these isoforms were enhanced in extracts from P‐derived root tissues. Further, a second acidic isoform could now be discerned as a major staining enzyme in P‐derived root extracts from both genotypes.     

杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响

试验研究杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响测定结果表明,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫的生物活性影响高于杠柳根皮氯仿提取液和石油醚提取液,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫幼虫有较强的拒食作用和生长抑制作用,胃毒作用一般。用100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂3龄、4龄、5龄菜青虫幼虫后24h其拒食率分别为94.9%、87.8%和92.7%,拒食后幼虫的化蛹率和蛹重均比对照显著降低。100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂4龄菜青虫幼虫后24h和72h其生长抑制率分别为96.6%和82.5%。杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫成虫产卵具有明显忌避作用,用50~100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液喷雾处理油菜苗后2~4d其产卵忌避率达89.5%以上。     

Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora,growing wild in Lebanon,against phytopathogenic fungi

Petroleum ether (PE) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. The efficacy of PE extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. Wild marjoram (Origanum syriacum) PE extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. It resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germination of the six fungi included in the assay, namely, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, and Verticillium dahlia. The other plant extracts showed differential activities in the spore germination test, but none was highly active against mycelial growth. Inula viscosa and Mentha longifolia were highly effective (>88%) in spore germination tests against five of six fungi tested, whereas Centaurea pallescens, Cichorium intybus, Eryngium creticum, Salvia fruticosa, and Melia azedarach showed >95% inhibition of spore germination in at least two fungi. Foeniculum vulgare showed the least antimycotic activity. Fractionation followed by autobiography on TLC plates using Cladosporium sp. as a test organism showed that O. syriacum PE extracts contained three inhibition zones, and those of Inula viscosa and Cichorium intybus, two, whereas the PE extracts of the remaining plants showed each one inhibition zone. Some of the major compounds present in these inhibition zones were identified by GC-MS. The possibility for using these extracts, or their mixtures, to control plant diseases is discussed.     

Lithium toxicity in plants

Abstract

The toxicity of Li to three plant species was studied to determine if there were interactions with other elements and to determine if a chelating agent modified Li toxicity. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen), grown in solution culture, were sensitive to 0.5 X10^‐3Li which resulted in 10 μg/g in leaves, 48 in stems, and 24 in roots. Higher concentrations of Li produced marked reductions in plant yield accompanied by increased Li concentrations in leaf, stem, and root tissues. For most treatments, root concentrations of Li were lower than those in shoots, but those in stems were higher than those in leaves. Higher levels of Li decreased Zn in leaves, increased Ca in stems, and generally increased Fe and Mn in all plant tissues. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in slightly increased Ii levels in leaves, stems, and roots. Bush bean plants were injured slightly with 25 μg Li/g of Yolo loam soil applied as LiCl; 50 μg Li/g soil caused more severe injury. Leaf concentrations of about 200 μg Li/g resulted in significant yield reduction and around 600 μg//g of leaves resulted in severe toxicity. There were some interactions of Li with other elements which resulted in an increase of them in both leaf and stem tissues. Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) were severely stunted when grown with 500 and 1000 μg Li/g soil as Li oxalate. Increasing the soil pH even further with lime and decreasing it with S had no influence on the toxicity. Shoot concentrations of Li ranged from 800 to over 2000 in the various treatments resulting in severe disruption of the Ca and K balance. Leaf concentrations of Li were higher than those for stems in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. C.V. Acala 442). Cotton was tolerant of a leaf concentration of 587 μg Li/g. High levels of Li increased concentrations of several elements in cotton leaves and in stems. Cotton leaves accumulated more Li than did bush beans.     

不同光强下龙葵对镉的吸收积累及生理响应

采用土培方法探讨了不同光强（自然光和50%遮光）和镉（Cd）不同添加量（0、 25、 50、 75和100 mg/kg）复合处理下,龙葵对Cd的吸收累积特征,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）、 过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及叶绿素、 丙二醛（MDA）、 谷胱甘肽（GSH）和植物螯合肽（PCs）含量等的变化特征。结果表明, 自然光条件下龙葵叶绿素b、 叶绿素a+b以及地上和地下部Cd富集量均显著低于遮光处理; 叶和根的SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下随土壤Cd添加量的增大先升后降,而在遮光处理下则持续升高; 除Cd 25 mg/kg处理时根POD及叶CAT活性在不同光强处理下没有显著差异外,其余Cd添加量处理下SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下均显著高于遮光处理; 自然光条件下龙葵叶和根的MDA含量显著高于遮光处理,而叶和根的GSH含量和叶中PCs含量均显著低于遮光处理。研究结果表明,遮光环境促进了龙葵对Cd的富集,并且减轻了Cd对龙葵的氧化胁迫。     

Pressurized fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from Phormidium species

In the search for new functional ingredients with potential use in the food industry, extracts of unknown species of microalgae, such as Phormidium species have been studied. Three solvents of different polarities (i.e., hexane, ethanol, and water) have been used to obtain pressurized liquid extracts with different compositions. Moreover, extractions were performed at four different extraction temperatures (50, 100, 150, and 200 degrees C) with 20 min as extraction time. Antioxidant activity of the extracts has been measured by the TEAC assay. In general, hexane and ethanol extracts showed a higher antioxidant capacity that was mainly attributed to carotenoid compounds, as the TEAC value trend seems to be similar to the carotenoid content of the extracts. On the other hand, the high antioxidant activity of the 200 degrees C water extracts is likely related to the presence of Maillard reaction compounds produced by thermal degradation of the sample. beta-Carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin were identified in 150 degrees C ethanol extracts. Four different microbial species ( Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger) were used to screen the potential antimicrobial activity of the Phormidium sp. extracts. The most sensitive microorganism was the yeast, C. albicans, whereas the fungus, A. niger, was the most resistant. In general, no drastic differences were found for solvents and temperatures tested, showing a very diverse nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity of these microalgae. In ethanol extracts, antimicrobial activity could be mainly attributed to the presence of terpenes (i.e., beta-ionone, neophytadiene) and fatty acids (i.e., palmitoleic and linoleic acids) in the samples. Toxicity studies carried out with the extracts evaluated in the present work showed a cellular toxicity lower than those of other cyanobacteria such as Spirulina plantensis.     

Carboanhydrase-Aktivität und extrahierbares Zink als Maßstab für die Zink-Versorgung von Pflanzen

Carboanhydrase activity and extractable zinc as indicator of the zinc supply of plants 1. Maize, millet, tobacco, sugar-beet and vine were grown under controlled environmental conditions with different zinc concentrations in the substrate. Plant growth, zinc and phosphorus content of the dry matter, extractable zinc and carbonic anhydrase activity in the leaves were measured. 2. Increasing supply of zinc to strongly zinc deficient plants resulted in a marked increase of growth, whereas total zinc content of the leaf dry matter was only slightly and carbonic anhydrase activity was strongly affected. In extremely zinc deficient plants carbonic anhydrase activity was close to zero even though the zinc content of the dry matter was higher than 10 μg/g. Therefore carbonic anhydrase activity appears to reflect the amount of physiologically active zinc in the leaf tissue. It seems to be useful to decide critical cases even at latent zinc deficiency. 3. The P/Zn ratio is also an indicator of zinc supply when plants are extremely zinc deficient, but not under latent deficiency. Moreover the P/Zn ratio can vary in a wide range when plants are well supplied with zinc. 4. The zinc concentration of aqueous leaf extracts increased with increasing level of zinc. 2-3 μg Zn/ml extract were found to be sufficient for all plant species used and all conditions of growth applied. Apparently, the Zn-concentration of the aqueous leaf extract is a better parameter of zinc supply than total zinc or carbonic anhydrase activity which, in addition, is much more difficult to determine.     

云南省4种蕨类植物提取液的抑菌活性

为了合理开发利用蕨类植物资源,本研究利用圆纸片法分析了云南省4种蕨类植物单芽狗脊蕨（Woodwardia unigemmata）、蜈蚣蕨（Pteris vittata）、鸡足山耳蕨（Polystichum jizhushanense）和灰绿耳蕨（Polystic-hum eximium）的提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococus aureus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的抑菌活性。抑菌试验结果表明,当4种蕨类植物提取液浓度分别为10%、8%、6%和4%时,对照组无抑菌圈出现,单芽狗脊蕨提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑菌活性,灰绿耳蕨提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌无抑菌活性,其它的蕨类植物提取液对供试微生物都表现出不同程度的抑菌活性;并且这4种蕨类植物提取液至少对一种供试细菌具有抑菌活性,抑菌活性范围为8～14mm,平均抑菌圈直径为11.2mm,4种提取液对枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌活性效果最明显。由此,我们推测本研究中的4种蕨类植物均有抗菌物质存在,并将有望成为筛选抗菌新型药物的种质资源。