黄河流域棉花品种产量及其组分的长期预测及技术研究

黄河流域棉花品种区域试验参试品种的皮棉产量、单株铃数、单铃重及衣分等资料为原始数据，应用谐波分析技术建立模型进行了拟合及预测研究。经拟合及精度检验，拟合指数均在0．90以上，历史符合率达100％，模型为一级精度。可预测第20轮区试参试品种的皮棉产量为1209kg·hm     

黄河流域棉花品种主要性状时间序列的变化趋势分析

以棉花黄河区试参试品种的主要性状为原始资料,运用线性回归、谐波及交叉谱分析的原理和技术,对各性状时间序列的线性趋势、周期性变化及相关关系进行了研究。线性回归结果显示,铃重、衣分及霜前花率呈增加趋势,生育期及枯萎病指呈下降趋势。谐波及交叉谱分析结果表明,各序列均存在明显的周期性变化,即皮棉产量、铃重、衣分、生育期及霜前花率以14年为主周期,单株铃数以5.6年为主周期,枯、黄萎病指以28年为主周期;且单株铃数、衣分及霜前花率与皮棉产量在2～3年周期上密切相关,铃重及枯、黄萎病指与皮棉产量在7年周期上密切相关,生育期与皮棉产量在9.3年周期上密切相关。这些结果为育种者掌握育种动态、修正育种目标、提高育种水平及棉花品种主要性状的长期预测提供了科学依据。     

黄河流域棉花品种产量性状时间序列的ARIMA模型预测研究

根据Box-Jenkins建模原理,采用ARIMA(p,d,q)动态模型对黄河流域棉花品种主要产量性状的时间序列进行了拟合及预测研究.结果显示,所建模型的残差序列均为白噪声,AIC＜274.425,模型拟合值与实际值的相关系数为0.9478～0.9767,拟合度为89.83%～95.39%,表明组建的ARIMA(p,d,q)模型结构合理、拟合效果好;两年试验结果,相对精度95.60%～99.75%,表明运用该种模型对棉花品种各产量性状时间序列的变化趋势进行拟合及预测是可行的,为育种者及时了解棉花品种的发展动向和前景提供了一种新的研究途径.     

远缘杂交棉花新品种石远321综合分析

利用棉花远缘杂交技术,用海岛棉（G.barbadense）、野生瑟伯氏棉(G.thurberi)、陆地棉(G.hirsutum)进行杂交,对杂交铃喷(滴)GA3(50ppm)、NAA（40ppm）、杂种胚离体培养,试管内染色体加倍,对获得的种间杂种进行回交较育,南繁北育,异地鉴定选育而成棉花新品种“石远321”。1993~1994年国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验,亩产子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉均居八个参试品种第一位,其中霜前皮棉产量885 kg/hm2,比对照增产19.7%,是1982~2000年19年间国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验中霜前皮棉增产幅度最大的一个品种。     

远缘杂交棉花新品种石远321的综合分析

利用棉花远缘杂交技术,用海岛棉(G.barbadense)、野生瑟伯氏棉(G.thurberi)、陆地棉(G.hir-sutum)进行杂交,对杂交铃喷(滴)GA3(50ppm)、NAA(40ppm)、杂种胚离体培养,试管内染色体加倍,对获得的种间杂种进行回交较育,南繁北育,异地鉴定选育而成棉花新品种“石远321”。1993—1994年国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验,亩产子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉均居八个参试品种第一位,其中霜前皮棉产量885kg/hm2,比对照增产19.7%,是1982—2000年19年间国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验中霜前皮棉增产幅度最大的一个品种。     

高产、优质、广适棉花新品种百棉985

百棉985是河南科技学院育成的高产、优质、广适棉花新品种,2015年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.2010-2011年参加黄河流域棉区中熟常规品种区域试验,籽棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉的单产依次比对照品种中植棉2号增产10.9％、13.3％和14.0％,均居同期参试品种第1位;2012年参加生产试验,籽棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉单产依次比对照品种中植棉2号增产8.7％、11.0％和11.9％,均居同期参试品种第1位.抗性鉴定,耐枯萎病,耐黄萎病,抗棉铃虫.     

黄河流域棉花品种主目标性状的分布特点及其相关性研究

以黄河流域棉花品种区域试验参试品种为资料,对构成棉花产量和纤维品质的主目标性状的分布特点及其相关关系进行研究。分布特点显示,皮棉产量主要集中在900~1 300 kg/hm2,2.5%跨长集中在27~30 mm,比强度集中在18~22 cN/tex,麦克隆值集中在3.7~4.9;从不同年代及不同单位育成品种来看,20世纪70年代至21世纪初皮棉产量明显提高,2.5%跨长和比强度有所改善,但麦克隆值呈逐渐变粗趋势,河北、河南及江苏省育成品种该趋势更加明显。偏相关分析表明,皮棉产量与单株铃数、单铃重及衣分呈极显著正相关,与2.5%跨长、比强度及麦克隆值呈显著或不显著的负相关。典型相关分析进一步表明,皮棉产量和纤维品质两组性状之间存在真实的相关关系,单株铃数与2.5%跨长、衣分与麦克隆值的相关性是导致产量和品质两组性状相关的主要原因。     

基于协方差阵结构优选的作物品种区域试验分析

论述了线性混合模型方差协方差结构与作物品种区域试验分析模型的对应关系,以我国2005-2006年东北华北玉米8组区域试验资料为例,按照线性混合模型分析原理及模型拟合信息量准则与似然比测验,对区域试验品种方差协方差的结构特性及不同方差协方差结构模型在品种效应估计与评价的差异状况进行了探讨。结果表明,在分析的所有试验中,环境间品种效应方差协方差均不符合方差分析模型假设的同质性结构,而是呈现为各种异质性结构;产量效应测验差异显著的品种对数目在方差分析模型与最佳方差协方差结构线性混合模型间的一致率平均为86%,品种产量效应排序在两种模型间也存在明显不同,品种产量效应估计的平均误差在最佳方差协方差结构线性混合模型小于在方差分析模型。     

安徽省棉花品种产量与纤维品质发展趋势预测的研究

本文以１９８２～１９９２年安徽省棉花品种区域试验的年度平均皮棉产量及其组分和纤维品质指标为资料，建立ＧＭ（１．１）动态模型，对棉花新品种产量与纤维品质的发展趋势进行研究。结果表明，皮棉产量呈上升趋势，到２０００年可达１４７９．３６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，产量组分中单株铃数、衣分呈上升趋势，单铃重呈下降趋势，分别可达２３．０５８个、４２．０５１％和４．５９ｇ。在纤维品质指标中，主体长度和细度均呈上升趋势，单强、断裂长度和成熟系数呈下降趋势，到２０００年分别可达３２．２８２ｍｍ、５７７８ｍ／ｇ、３．５３９ｇ、２１．３２６ｋｍ和１．４７ｇ。、－０．３１２和０．５５８。２．２纤维品质指标的发展趋势分析纤维品质指标主体长度、单强、细度、断裂长度以及成熟系数的ＧＭ（１．１）模型及精度（表４）。由表４所得模型预测值与实际值基本吻合，经检验，模型精度除断裂长度为三级外，其它均达一、二级标准，预测值可靠。利用表４模型预测１９９５、２０００年纤维品质指标，并以１９９１年为基数计算到２０００年安徽省棉花新品种纤维品质指标平均年递增、递减百分率（表５）。表５结果表明，９０年代棉花新品种纤维品质指标的发展趋势是：主体长度和细度升高，预计到２０     

河北省棉花产量灰色理论分析与预测

为了解河北省棉花产量变化的规律,明确今后育种工作的目标和前景,利用灰色系统理论的GM (1,1)模型,依据1980~2003年河北省审定的棉花品种的区域试验产量,建立预测模型为: ^X(1)(k+1) ＝38965.718385e 0.024221－37990.718385。并在生产因素保持相对稳定的条件下,据此模型对河北省棉花生产进行规划性预测,为生产的规划与决策提供科学信息。明确棉花育种的总体目标是优化品种和品质结构,保持适纺中支纱品种选育的优势,重视发展目前市场短缺的长绒和中短绒陆地棉新品种选育。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.