气动柔性扭转关节动态特性研究

基于力矩平衡原理建立了气动柔性扭转关节的基本动力学模型,基于绝热气体能量守恒方程建立了扭转关节FPA的充放气动态模型.分析了FPA初始壁厚、FPA平均半径、FPA初始角度、管接头出口面积等参数对扭转关节动态特性的影响.仿真结果表明:FPA初始壁厚、平均半径和初始角度对扭转关节转角和动态过程的影响较大,管接头出口面积对扭转关节转角和动态过程没有影响.实验结果与仿真分析基本吻合,表明建立的气动柔性扭转关节模型能够准确地描述其动态过程及特性.     

气动柔性扭转关节动态特性研究

基于力矩平衡原理建立了气动柔性扭转关节的基本动力学模型,基于绝热气体能量守恒方程建立了扭转关节FPA的充放气动态模型。分析了FPA初始壁厚、FPA平均半径、FPA初始角度、管接头出口面积等参数对扭转关节动态特性的影响。仿真结果表明：FPA初始壁厚、平均半径和初始角度对扭转关节转角和动态过程的影响较大,管接头出口面积对扭转关节转角和动态过程没有影响。实验结果与仿真分析基本吻合,表明建立的气动柔性扭转关节模型能够准确地描述其动态过程及特性。     

基于气动柔性驱动器的球果采摘末端抓持器

为实现球果的安全、可靠采摘,基于气动柔性驱动器(FPA)设计了球果采摘末端执行器,主要由3个FPA驱动的手指和基座构成.建立了手指指端在基座坐标系内的运动学方程,分析了末端抓持器在任意姿态下进行球果抓握的力学过程,建立了球果抓持数学模型.实验结果表明,所设计的球果采摘末端执行器可对成熟球果进行任意姿态的抓握,建立的数学模型可用于实际的采摘过程控制.     

3自由度气动柔性手指包络抓持力模型研究

提出了一种基于气动柔性驱动器的3个自由度手指指节法向力可控的包络抓持模型。分析了目标物体受力状况,按照手指指节与目标物体之间的各个接触力尽量均匀的原则,对目标物体受力进行了优化。建立了关于手指指节接触点所受到的法向力及摩擦力与关节驱动器输出力之间的力学模型。使用2个触力传感器,应用杠杆原理建立了接触点法向力及其作用点的测量模型。提出了指节接触点法向力的双闭环控制策略,设置了补偿器对摩擦力进行实时补偿,对压力反馈信号进行微分处理,用以消除压力检测信号中所包含的高频噪声。搭建了试验平台,试验结果表明:手指法向力动态响应时间为约1 s,误差范围稳定在±0.5 N。     

气动柔性摆动关节静态模型

提出了一种基于气动柔性驱动器( FPA)的摆动关节,该关节由左、右两个对称分布的弧形FPA并联而成,弧形FPA两个活动端与摆动关节的动平台固定连接,动平台可以绕着转动副摆动.改变两个弧形FPA的内腔气压,驱动左、右弧形FPA输出不同大小的转动角度,从而实现该关节的摆动运动.基于力矩平衡原理建立了摆动关节的静态模型,仿真分析表明摆动关节的转动角度与弧形FPA内腔气体压力基本呈线性关系,并且转动角度随初始角度、FPA平均半径、预拉伸角度的增大而增大,随FPA壁厚的增大而减小.实验结果表明所建立的数学模型能够描述摆动关节的静态特性.     

三指柔性气动夹爪结构设计与实验

针对水果表皮脆弱易损、不适合采用传统刚性夹爪抓取的问题,基于章鱼触手结构特征,结合仿生学原理和增材制造技术,设计并制作了一种结构简单、具有自适应性的由3个柔性手指和固定组件组成的适用于水果采摘的气动柔性夹爪。采用ANSYS模拟和测试柔性手指在不同气压下的弯曲情况,发现柔性手指可在低压下具有较大的弯曲变形,最大弯曲角为22.4°,气压为100kPa时,产生最大压力为2.38N;柔性夹爪的夹持力实验表明,在0~100kPa的压力范围,柔性夹爪可自适应抓取质量564g、直径100mm内的水果,并且水果表面没有损伤,抓取效果良好,达到设计目标要求。     

气动球果采摘柔性手爪设计与实验

针对球形果实采摘问题,采用气动多向弯曲柔性驱动器设计了2种规格带有回转腕部功能的多自由度3指采摘柔性手爪。该采摘柔性手爪采用中心对称结构,其柔性手指与驱动器复合一体,在气压下可产生贴合球果表面的弧状变形,3指协同配合运动抓取球果,并通过腕部旋扭分离方式完成采摘。研究了“刚柔耦合”驱动器的材料和制造工艺,建立了柔性驱动器形变模型,获得了其气压下的形变特性,并进行了相关实验验证。试制了采摘柔性手爪物理样机,研究分析了柔性手爪的工作空间、抓取模式和采摘时的力学性能,并在实验室搭建的采摘平台上进行了多种球果模拟采摘实验。结果表明,该采摘柔性手爪具有3种抓取模式,物形适应性好,抓取柔顺可靠、动作灵活,采摘主动安全、损伤小,适于多种球果的采摘。该柔性手爪采摘球果的尺寸范围为30~130 mm,三指交错强力握取球果的最大质量为1.28 kg。     

非完全对称气动柔性弯曲关节力学特性实验

为改进柔性机器人驱动器结构及数学模型,提出了一种非完全对称气动柔性弯曲关节及其数学模型。为了实现其实时闭环控制系统,进一步简化了原有数学模型,并对其力学特性进行了实验研究。搭建了力学特性实验平台,并对两种不同规格(长度分别为40、60 mm)的关节进行了测试。采用Matlab曲线及曲面工具箱对测试结果进行分析,得到了新型气动柔性弯曲关节的经验模型。该经验模型表明气动柔性弯曲关节的弯曲角度与初始长度、关节内外气压差、输出力之间存在非线性关系。与简化的数学模型比较,该经验模型具有更高的精度,其中输出角度模型相对误差平均值小于6.7%,输出力模型相对误差平均值小于2%。同时,该经验模型纠正了原有数学模型中,认为关节初始长度与弯曲角呈正比的错误结论。     

基于气动柔性驱动器的苹果采摘末端执行器研究

设计了一种基于气动柔性驱动器的苹果采摘末端执行器:以气动柔性驱动器作为其弯曲关节,用力学分析的方法对弯曲关节及末端执行器进行建模,分析建立关节弯曲量及输出力与其内腔气体压力之间的数学关系;建立了末端执行器抓取苹果目标的数学模型.实验结果表明:该末端执行器有较大的输出力,能很好地抓持苹果,并具有很好的柔顺性.     

基于气动柔性驱动器的苹果采摘末端执行器研

设计了一种基于气动柔性驱动器的苹果采摘末端执行器：以气动柔性驱动器作为其弯曲关节,用力学分析的方法对弯曲关节及末端执行器进行建模,分析建立关节弯曲量及输出力与其内腔气体压力之间的数学关系;建立了末端执行器抓取苹果目标的数学模型。实验结果表明:该末端执行器有较大的输出力,能很好地抓持苹果,并具有很好的柔顺性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。