低温层积时间和发芽温度对花楸种子萌发的影响

以花楸新采收种子和2~5℃下密封贮藏2年的陈种子为材料,在10种低温层积时间和6种发芽温度下进行种子萌发试验。结果表明:新种子解除休眠需要的低温层积时间(120 d)比陈种子(105 d)长,解除休眠后的种子在5~25℃的范围内均能萌发,发芽温度越高种子发芽越早,超过25℃种子产生二次休眠;5℃和10℃发芽温度下解除休眠种子的发芽率和发芽指数较高,但发芽较晚。     

濒危植物八角莲种子休眠特性的初探

八角莲种子在自然条件下具有休眠期长、萌发不良的生理特性,为了探讨和研究八角莲种子的休眠特性,采用种子吸水性检测、种子切割培养、GA3浸种法、河沙层积处理等方法研究其萌发特性。结果表明：八角莲种子种皮和胚乳制约、种子生理后熟是引起种子休眠的主要原因,用400mg.L-1的GA3溶液浸种24h或6-7℃低温层积均能在一定程度上解除休眠促进萌发,其中以6-7℃低温层积150d效果较好,发芽率和发芽势分别达到88.5%和30.4%。     

20种鸢尾属植物种子休眠与萌发响应机制研究

为探讨鸢尾属植物种子的休眠与萌发特性,以20种鸢尾属植物种子为试验材料,研究两组(冷层积0 d、冷层积60 d)8个温度处理(30℃、25℃、20℃、15℃、30℃/20℃、25℃/15℃、20℃/10℃、15℃/8℃)下的种子萌发时间进程、萌发率与校正的萌发速率指数。结果表明,鸢尾属植物种子休眠与萌发特性种间差异较大,在供试的20种鸢尾中,9个种的种子30 d内萌发率大于80%,种子非休眠。11个种的种子30 d内萌发率小于80%,种子休眠类型和休眠深浅程度不一。山鸢尾、金脉鸢尾、西南鸢尾和燕子花为生理休眠。暖层积能打破矮鸢尾和囊花鸢尾的休眠,冷层积60 d能打破山鸢尾、西南鸢尾、金脉鸢尾和燕子花的休眠。冷层积60 d能提高绝大部分非休眠鸢尾属植物种子的萌发速率,但降低了鸢尾这个种的萌发速率。16种非休眠和具有中浅度休眠的鸢尾属植物中,5个种不适宜冷层积60 d,最适萌发温度分别为25℃、20℃或25℃/15℃,11个种适宜冷层积60 d,最适萌发温度分别为30℃/20℃、25℃/15℃、20℃/10℃、25℃或20℃。不同的种有其最适宜的特定温度,25℃/15℃是一个适宜绝大多数鸢...     

层积处理对肉苁蓉种子形态的影响

通过解剖、显微观察和测量分析,研究了肉苁蓉种子的形态结构,并对层积处理后和未层积处理的种子形态进行比较.结果表明,低温层积3个月后肉苁蓉种子光泽度降低,种仁的长度和宽度均显著增加,说明层积处理可以有效加快肉苁蓉种子的后熟过程以打破休眠.     

贮藏方式对4种药食两用植物种子萌发的影响

为探明4种药用植物种子萌发特性和解除休眠的最佳贮藏条件,4种药食两用植物包括野甘草(Scoparia dulcis)、车前(Plantago asiatica)、土人参(Talinum paniculatum)和鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)种子进行30天的室温干燥贮藏、15℃暖层积、4℃低温层积和0℃冰冻贮藏,测定其萌发率和萌发速度。结果显示,4种植物种子扩散时活性极高(＞96%),土人参和鳢肠种子扩散时的萌发率分别为94%和98%,野甘草和车前种子扩散时萌发率不足30%。野甘草种子经过室温干燥贮藏(25℃：70.67%;25/15℃:26%)和15℃暖层积(25℃：82%;25/15℃:31.33%)其萌发率显著高于贮藏前(24-26%)、4℃低温层积(0.67-12%)和0℃冰冻贮藏(0-8%)的种子。经过4℃层积的车前种子萌发率(34%)显著大于贮藏前(29%)、室温干燥贮藏(16.7-18.7%)、15℃暖层积(11.3-13.3%)和0℃冰冻贮藏(0-0.6%)的种子。野甘草和车前种子在成熟时有较低萌发率,具有一定程度休眠;土人参和鳢肠为非休眠种子;室温干燥储藏和15℃暖温层积有效破除野甘草部分种子休眠、4℃低温层积可破除车前部分种子休眠,提高萌发率、加快萌发速度。     

引发剂对黄檗种子休眠解除作用的研究

黄檗种子具休眠特性,且休眠程度因种子产地和年份不同有较大差异,常规低温层积解除种子休眠的方法在实际生产中效果不甚理想。为了解决黄檗种子的萌发率低的问题,探究最有效的打破种子休眠方式,采用了各种化学引发剂浸种处理,以及协同4℃或8℃低温层积处理。结果表明,NAA、6-BA、KNO3、PEG6000溶液浸种可部分解除种子的休眠,并显著提高种子发芽率;用引发剂溶液浸种后4℃层积30天可有效解除种子休眠,其中GA3(1000 mg/L)、NAA(80 mg/L)、6-BA(400 mg/L)、KNO3(1.0%)、PEG6000(20 g/L)溶液浸种后4℃层积30天可有效解除种子休眠,分别将黄檗种子发芽率分别从11.50%升高到91.00%、94.00%、97.00%、94.50%、83.00%。引发剂可有效打破黄檗种子休眠,促进种子萌发并能缩短低温层积时间。     

解除酸浆种子休眠方法的研究

采用针刺、层积、双氧水（H2O2）法、硝酸钾（KNO3）法和赤霉素（GA3）法对酸浆种子进行处理,研究不同处理对酸浆种子萌发的影响。结果表明：低温层积40天可有效地打破酸浆种子的休眠;赤霉素处理是打破酸浆种子休眠最为快速有效的方法,解除酸浆种子休眠的最佳浓度为0.08%;而针刺法、KNO3法和H2O2法对酸浆种子的解除休眠作用并不明显。说明酸浆种子休眠的主要原因是胚存在后熟作用且种子内部可能存在萌发抑制物质,而种皮的机械束缚不是抑制酸浆种子萌发的原因。     

果树种子层积处理如何进行

北方落叶果树种子大部分具有自然休眠的特性，所以果实或种子成熟入土后，只有少数能够发芽（如杏和山杏），而多数种子不能够发芽，播种前需要通过层积处理来解除休眠。即通常将种子与干净的河沙按照一定比例混合，然后放置在低温和通气良好的条件下，经过一段时间来完成种子的后熟过程。种子与河沙的比例：大粒种子为1：5-10，小粒种子为1：3～5，河沙要求拌水。层级处理具体该如何进行呢？方法如下：     

层积对肉苁蓉种子后熟作用的研究

研究了层积处理过程中肉苁蓉种胚的生长与发育,并对层积前后种子内部蔗糖、可溶性总糖、淀粉等碳水化合物含量,以及可溶性蛋白含量进行测定.结果表明,2～5℃低温层积处理,可在3个月的时间内完成胚的形态后熟,种子胚率由24.1%增长到62.4%左右.经过后熟作用,种子中蔗糖、可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增高.     

刺楸种子层积后熟过程中两种磷酸酯酶的作用

在四种不同的层积处理条件下,两种磷酸酯酶的活性呈现不同的变化。无论是持续的低温(0～5℃)还是温暖(15～20℃)处理,碱性磷酸酯酶的活性很低.并且各处理条件下,酶活性的变化有相似的趋势,似乎说明碱性磷酸酯酶同剌楸种子的后熟无明显的相关性。酸性磷酸酯酶在15～20℃层积处理过程中,随处理时间的延长,酶活性逐渐增强,种子基本完成胚形态后熟时,酶活性达到最高;低温层积过程中,酸性磷酸酯酶活性较低,而且变化很平缓。因此,酸性磷酸酯酶在剌楸种子后熟过程中反应的适宜条件是15～20℃,对低温处理不敏感。通过阶段变温层积(先温暖后低温层积和先低温后温暖层积)处理进一步证明酸性磷酸酯酶可能主要同剌楸种子的形态后熟有关。利用生长促进物质GA_3,抑制物质ABA及香豆素处理结果证明,GA_3可以促进酸性磷酸酯酶的活性,而对碱性磷酸酯酶无作用,ABA和香豆素对两种磷酸酯酶的活性均有比较明显的抑制作用,表明GA_3和酸性磷酸酯酶在剌楸种子后熟过程中起积极的作用。     

Inheritance of seed size in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary The inheritance of seed weight in cowpea was examined in a field planting of the parents, reciprocal F₁s, F₂s and backcrosses to both parents of a cross between TVu 1977-OD (small seeded) and ACC 70002 (large).Seed weight was inherited quantitatively and small seed was partially domiminant to large seed size. Gene action was predominantly additive but dominance and additive × additive epistatic effects were also significant.Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 85.1±5.3% and 75.4±18.6% respectively. The minimum number of loci involved in the inheritance of seed size was eight, and each gene pair contributed up to 1.02 g increase to seed weight. The estimate of genetic advance from F₂ to F₃ generations with 5% selection intensity was 3.58 g.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development Project/National Cowpea Improvement Program, B.P. 1783, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta.Department of Primary Industries, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick 4370, Queensland, Australia.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, P.O. 502 324, A.P., India.     

Heat stress during seed development affects forage brassica (Brassica napus L.) seed quality

In two consecutive seasons, forage rape (Brassica napus L.) plants were exposed to short periods (240°C hr) of heat stress (30°C day/25°C night) during seed filling (80% seed moisture content = S1), at physiological maturity (50% seed moisture content = S2) and at both S1 plus S2 (=S3) in a Biotron before being returned to the field until seed harvest. Seeds were hand harvested at 14% seed moisture content and their quality assessed by measuring germination, seed vigour (using the accelerated ageing and conductivity tests) and seed mass (as determined by thousand seed weight). Heat stress at both S1 and S2 caused a small (<10%) but significant reduction in germination in both seasons. There was a significant heat stress timing interaction in the first but not the second season. Reductions in germination were a result of increased abnormal seedling production not seed death. All three heat stress treatments significantly reduced seed vigour, with S3>S2>S1. Seed mass was reduced by heat stress at S1 but not at S2. Variable seed vigour in high‐germinating New Zealand‐produced forage rapeseed lots is most likely explained by short periods of heat stress during seed development.     

桔梗种子活力研究进展

本文综述了桔梗种子活力形成的影响因素,测定及保持方法,浸种、种子引发和种子包衣等提高活力的方法,展望了桔梗种子活力研究的前景.     

Inheritance of seed phytate in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Phytic acid (PA) is the main storage organic form of phosphorus (P) in seeds of cereals and legumes. It is a strong inhibitor against the absorption of nutrients in monogastric animals. The objective of this study was to determine the variation of total P (TP) in seeds of mungbean germplasm and investigate the inheritance of seed P compound and phytate contents. TP content in seeds of 250 accessions were found to range from 2.34 to 5.75 mg/g. The inheritance was studied in the F₂ population derived from a cross between 2 accessions with the lowest and highest PA contents, viz. V1658BBR and V1141BG. Broad-sense heritability estimates of TP, inorganic P (IP), and phytate P (PhyP) contents were 80.8, 78.6 and 80.7%, respectively. The 9:7 segregation ratio of F₂ population in this study indicated that high TP and PhyP were controlled by dominant alleles at 2 independent loci of major genes showing duplicated recessive epistasis.     

QTL analysis of seed dormancy in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effective cumulative temperature (ECT) after heading would be a more reasonable parameter for seed sampling of pre-harvest sprouting/seed dormancy (SD) tests in segregating populations than the days after flowering. SD is an important agronomic trait associated with grain yielding, eating quality and seed quality. To identify genomic regions affecting SD at different grain-filling temperatures, and to further examine the association between SD and ECT during grain-filling, 127 double haploid (DH) lines derived from a cross between ZYQ8 (indica)/JX17 (japonica) by anther culture were analyzed. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their digenic epistasis for SD were identified using a molecular linkage map of this population. A total of four putative QTLs for SD (qSD-3, qSD-5, 6 and 11) were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 6 and 11, together explaining 41.4% of the phenotypic variation. Nine pairs of digenic epistatic loci were associated with SD on all but chromosome 9, and their contributions to phenotypic variation varied from 2.87%–8.73%. The SD QTL on chromosome 3 was identical to the QTLs found in other mapping populations with different genetic backgrounds, which could be a desirable candidate for gene cloning and marker-assisted selection in rice breeding.     

Inheritance of seed coat colour in broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary The inheritance of the seed coat colours violet, spotted, brown, green, red, black and beige was investigated in a 10×10 diallel cross between broad bean (Vicia faba L. major) lines. Spotted seed colour was dominant over any uniform seed coat colouring. Brown was dominant over black, green and normal (beige colour). Black and red seed parents behaved as recessive in all F₁ progenies. A 3 (coloured): 1 (normal) segregation ratio was observed in the F₂ of crosses of violet, brown, black, red and spotted seed coat parents to nornal seed coloured parents. Green x beige gave a segregation ratio of 9:7 in F₂. When two parents with different seed coat colour were involved in a cross, the F₂ showed a typical digenic segregation ratio thus demonstrating two unlinked and sometimes epistatic loci.Segregation of a multiallelic series at two loci explains all segregation ratios observed for seed coat colour in broad bean.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling seed longevity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) after various periods of seed storage

Seed longevity varies considerably in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.), but the underlying genetic mechanism of longevity has not been well elucidated. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control seed longevity after various periods of seed storage were sought using recombinant inbred lines derived from a combination involving ‘Milyang23’(Indica‐type) and ‘Akihikari’ (Japonica‐type). In all, 12 QTLs for germination and normal seedling growth were detected as indices of seed longevity on chromosome 7 (one region) and chromosome 9 (two regions) in treated seeds that had been stored under laboratory conditions for 1, 2 or 3 years.‘Milyang23’ alleles of all QTLs promoted germination and normal seedling growth after all durations of storage. These QTL regions were detected repeatedly in more than one seed condition. Therefore, we infer that these regions control seed longevity.     

Lowering seed gossypol content in glanded cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines

Cottonseed is a rich source of high quality protein, but its value as an animal feed is limited by gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound contained in glands located throughout the plant. This compound helps protect the plant from pests. Totally glandless varieties have been developed, but not adopted as these plants are left vulnerable to pests. This study describes a breeding strategy to decrease the levels of gossypol in the seed while maintaining a high enough concentration of toxin in vegetative plant parts to offer protection from pests. Preliminary studies indicated that crosses between varieties with different gland densities and distributions produced a range of glanding patterns. By selecting within the resulting progeny, we have identified F₇ generation progeny that have <0.30% total gossypol in the seed, while still possessing glands at critical locations on the vegetative plant parts. These new lines will be a valuable source of germplasm for developing low seed gossypol varieties. Seed from these varieties would provide a new source of inexpensive protein for animal feeding rations.     

Cultivar variation for seed development in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Summary A controlled environment study was undertaken to clarify the factors responsible for poor seed set and to study seed development, ovule degeneration and seed abortion, both morphologically and cytologically, in three Japanese cultivars of white clover. Although the mean number of ovules per floret was 4.2–5.1, the average number of seeds per floret was found to be only 2.3–2.7. Microscopic examination of carpels from 0 to 28 days following floret maturity and pollination showed that 26–33% and 8–17% of the total seeds lost occurred within the first three days and the third through fifth day following pollination, respectively. Beyond this period occasional seed abortion was observed at all stages of seed development, but this represented a very small proportion (2–7%) of the total seeds lost.A stain clearing technique was used to examine the cytoplasmic state of the embryo sac in intact, unfertilized, mature ovules and embryos of the ovules at 3 and 5-day periods following pollination. It was found that 20–22% of unfertilized and matured ovules were sterile, suggesting that ovule degeneration before fertilization was the major cause for the high percentage of seeds lost within a 0 to 3-day period following pollination. Cytological observations revealed that abortion of developing seed was due to a sudden arrest in embryo growth and that the early development of the embryo of such aborting seed was normal. Either nutrient shortage or meiotic irregularities may be the cause for high ovule sterility or post-fertilization abortion of developing seeds.