| 上海城市街道小气候要素与绿化布局关系测析 |
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| 引用本文： | 张德顺,陈陆琪瑶,薛凯华,王振,姚驰远,陈一家. 上海城市街道小气候要素与绿化布局关系测析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2021, 43(4): 124-131. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20170359 |
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| 作者姓名： | 张德顺 陈陆琪瑶 薛凯华 王振 姚驰远 陈一家 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，高密度人居环境生态与节能教育部重点实验室，上海 200092 |
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| 摘 要： | 目的 阐述小气候要素与街道绿化布局的对应关系，指导城市街道绿化空间的适应性设计。 方法 基于街道绿化布局因素分类进行小气候要素的相关分析。对太阳辐射、空气温度和风速等小气候要素进行测析，探索小气候要素与街道绿化垂直结构的关系。 结果 （1）街道绿荫覆盖率与小气候要素的作用关系:绿荫覆盖率越高，对太阳辐射的削减效率越好，当覆盖率达到90%以上时，效果最为显著；绿荫覆盖率越高，降温效应的规律特征越显著，但过高的绿荫覆盖使得街道空间闭塞，导致其降温效应反而有所降低；绿荫覆盖率高于90%的街道，其绿化对风速削减效率比覆盖率为50% ~ 70%时高出21%以上。（2）街道绿化复层结构与小气候要素的作用关系:复层垂直结构中，结构越复杂，绿化量越大，所能发挥的太阳辐射削减效率越高，其总体对太阳辐射的平均削减效率为88.78%；复层垂直结构的日平均降温效率为8.69%；乔?灌?草在一天的自然周期内，对风速的削弱效率相对最好，乔?灌其次，乔?草再次，灌?草最弱；复层结构的日平均风速削减效率在77.61%左右。（3）垂直绿量比与小气候要素的作用关系:乔灌木所占总绿量的比值与太阳辐射削减效率呈现正相关性；乔灌木所占比例越高，平均降温效率也越高；在一天的自然周期内，当乔灌与草比例越接近1∶1时，对风速的削弱效率越好。 结论 基于街道绿化布局与小气候要素的关系，提出了调控街道绿化构成对提升小气候舒适度的技术对策:（1）为营造舒适的街道夏季小气候，宜保持70% ~ 90%的绿荫覆盖率；（2）通过适度的绿化复层结构增加遮荫和通风，但要避免过于复杂以致影响正常通风；（3）科学配比垂直绿量，综合考虑夏季绿荫覆盖率和冬季增温要求，通过种植落叶乔木并保持乔灌木占街道绿化的50%以上。
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| 关 键 词： | 小气候 城市街道 绿化布局 上海 |
| 收稿时间： | 2017-10-12 |
Determination and analysis of the relationship between microclimate elements and greening structures in the city streets of Shanghai: taking Xuhui District and Yangpu District as examples |
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| Zhang Deshun,Chen-Lu Qiyao,Xue Kaihua,Wang Zhen,Yao Chiyuan,Chen Yijia. Determination and analysis of the relationship between microclimate elements and greening structures in the city streets of Shanghai: taking Xuhui District and Yangpu District as examples[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2021, 43(4): 124-131. DOI: 10.12171/j.1000-1522.20170359 |
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| Authors: | Zhang Deshun Chen-Lu Qiyao Xue Kaihua Wang Zhen Yao Chiyuan Chen Yijia |
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| Affiliation: | 1.College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of High Density Human Settlement Environment Ecology and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200092, China2.Shanghai Land (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200125, China |
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| Abstract: | [Objective]This paper aims to explain the corresponding relationship between the microclimate elements and street greening layout,guide adaptability design of urban street green space.[Method]Based on field survey,the correlation between microclimate factors and street greening layout was elaborated,and the influence of several factors as solar radiation,air temperature and wind speed on vertical structure of street greening was explored in this study.[Result](1)The relationship between street shade coverage and microclimatic factors:the higher the shade coverage was,the better the reduction efficiency of solar radiation was.The effect was most pronounced when coverage reached more than 90 percent,and the rule characteristics of its cooling effect were more obvious.However,the excessive shade coverage made the street space closed,resulting in a reduced cooling effect.The efficiency of wind speed reduction was more than 21%higher than that of 50%-70%for the street greening with a green coverage rate of more than 90%.(2)Relationship between street greening cladding structure and microclimatic elements:in the multi-layer vertical structure,the more complex the structure is,the greater the greening amount will be,and the higher the solar radiation reduction efficiency will be.Its overall average reduction efficiency of solar radiation was 88.78%.The average daily cooling efficiency of the layered vertical structure was 8.69%.In the natural cycle of one day,the weakening efficiency of the wind speed was the best,followed by that of the treeshrub-grass,the tree-shrub next,tree-grass third,shrub-grass was the last.The average daily wind speed reduction efficiency of the laminated structure was about 77.61%.(3)Relationship between vertical green ratio and microclimatic elements:the ratio of total green content of trees and shrubs was positively correlated with the solar radiation reduction efficiency.The higher the proportion of trees and shrubs were,the higher the average cooling efficiency was.During the natural cycle of a day,the more the ratio of trees and shrubs to grass close to 1∶1,the better the weakening effect on wind speed was.[Conclusion]Based on the relationship between the layout of street greening and microclimate elements,the technical countermeasures for improving the comfort of microclimate by regulating the composition of street greening were proposed:(1)to build comfortable street summer microclimate,green shade coverage rate was appropriately maintained 70%-90%.(2)Shade and ventilation should be increased through a moderate greening cladding structure,but it should be avoided to be too complicated to affect the normal ventilation.(3)According to the scientific proportion of vertical green quantity,taking into account the requirements of green shade coverage in summer and temperature increase in winter,we should plant deciduous trees and keep trees and shrubs accounting for more than 50%of the street greening. |
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| Keywords: | microclimate urban street greening layout Shanghai |
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